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Conductivities of Three-Layer Live Human Skull

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Abstract

Electrical conductivities of compact, spongiosum, and bulk layers of the live human skull were determined at varying frequencies and electric fields at room temperature using the four-electrode method. Current, at higher densities that occur in human cranium, was applied and withdrawn over the top and bottom surfaces of each sample and potential drop across different layers was measured. We used a model that considers variations in skull thicknesses to determine the conductivity of the tri-layer skull and its individual anatomical structures. The results indicate that the conductivities of the spongiform (16.2-41.1 milliS/m), the top compact (5.4-7.2 milliS/m) and lower compact (2.8-10.2 milliS/m) layers of the skull have significantly different and inhomogeneous conductivities. The conductivities of the skull layers are frequency dependent in the 10-90 Hz region and are non-ohmic in the 0.45-2.07 A/m2 region. These current densities are much higher than those occurring in human brain.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, USA

    M. Akhtari, H.C. Bryant & M.A. DiMauro

  2. Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA

    M. Akhtari, A.N. Mamelak & W.W. Sutherling

  3. Senior Scientific, Albuquerque, NM, USA

    E.R. Flynn

  4. Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA

    L. Heller

  5. Department of Neurology, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA

    J.J. Shih

  6. The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA

    J.J. Shih

  7. Department of Physics, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

    M. Mandelkem

  8. Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA

    A. Matlachov

  9. Scientific Software Engineering, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA

    D.M. Ranken & E.D. Best

  10. Department of Radiology, VA Medical Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA

    R.R. Lee

  11. Epilepsy and Brain Mapping Program, Huntington Memorial Hospital, Pasadena, CA, USA

    A.N. Mamelak & W.W. Sutherling

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Akhtari, M., Bryant, H., Mamelak, A. et al. Conductivities of Three-Layer Live Human Skull. Brain Topogr 14, 151–167 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014590923185

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