Abstract
Synthetic hexaploid wheats (Triticum aestivum L) derived from crosses between durum wheat [Triticum turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] and diploid wheat (Aegilops tauschii Coss.) have been developed as a means of transferring desirable characteristics of Aegilops tauschii Coss. such as disease resistance and abiotic stress tolerance into modern bread wheat genotypes. In a growth room experiment using soil culture, we studied a group of 30 synthetic hexaploid wheat accessions together with modern wheat genotypes in order to identify new sources of zinc efficiency for further improvement of zinc efficiency in modern wheat genotypes. There was considerable genetic variation in expression of zinc deficiency symptoms (slight to severe), zinc efficiency (70–100%), shoot Zn concentration (5.8–10.5 and 33–53 mg/kg DW under deficient and sufficient Zn, respectively), shoot Zn content (3.8–10.6 and 34.0–64.6 μg/plant, under deficient and sufficient Zn, respectively) and Zn utilization (0.096–0.172 and 0.019-0.033 g DW/μg Zn under deficient and sufficient Zn, respectively) within synthetic accessions. The presence of synthetic accessions with greater zinc efficiency (100%) than zinc efficient modern wheat genotypes (85%) indicates that the synthetic hexaploids can be used to improve current levels of zinc efficiency in modern wheat genotypes. Synthetic hexaploids may also be a good source of high grain Zn concentration (28–66 mg Zn/kg seed DW).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Barker S J, Stummer B, Gao L, Dsipain I, O'Conner P J and Smith S E 1998 A mutant in Lycopersicon esculentumMill. with highly reduced VA mycorrhizal colonisation: isolation and preliminary characterization. Plant J. 15, 791-797.
Cakmak I 2000 Tansley Review No. 111 Possible roles of zinc in protecting plant cells from damage by reactive oxygen species. New Phytol. 146, 185-205.
Cakmak I, Marschner H and Bangerth F 1989 Effects of zinc nutritional status on growth, protein metabolism and levels of indole-3-acetic acid and other phytohormones in bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.). J. Exp. Bot. 40, 405-412.
Cakmak I, Sari N, Marschner H, Kalayci M, Yilmaz A, Eker S and Gulut K Y 1996 Dry matter production and distribution of zinc in bread wheat and durum wheat genotypes differing in Zn efficiency. Plant Soil 180, 183-181.
Cakmak I, Ekiz H, Yilmaz A, Torun B, Koleli N, Gultekin I, Alkan A and Eker S 1997 Differential response of rye, triticale, bread and durum wheats to zinc deficiency in calcareous soils. Plant Soil 188, 1-10.
Cakmak I, Torun B, Erenoglu B, Ozturk L, Marschner H, Kalayci M, Ekiz H and Yilmaz A 1998 Morphological and physiological differences in the response of cereals to zinc deficiency. Euphytica 100, 349-357.
Cakmak I, Cakmak O, Eker S, Ozdemir A, Watanabe N and Braun H J 1999a Expression of high zinc efficiency in Aegilops tauschiiand Triticum monococcumin synthetic hexaploid wheats. Plant Soil 215, 203-209.
Cakmak I, Tolay I, Ozkan H, Ozdemir A and Braun H J 1999b Variation in zinc efficiency among and within Aegilopsspecies J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 162, 257-262.
Genc Y, McDonald G K, Rengel Z and Graham R D 1999 Genotypic variation in the response of barley to zinc deficiency. InGenetics and molecular biology of plant mineral nutrition. Eds. G Gissel-Nielson and A Jensen. pp. 205-221. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
Genc Y, McDonald G K and Graham R D 2000 Effect of seed zinc content on early growth of barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) under low and adequate soil zinc supply. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 51, 37-46.
Genc Y, McDonald G K and Graham R D 2002 A soil-based method to screen for zinc efficiency in seedlings and its ability to predict yield responses to zinc. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 53, 409-421.
Gomez K A and Gomez A A 1984 Statistical procedures for agricultural research. 2nd Edition. pp. 680. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Graham R D 1984 Breeding for nutritional characteristics in cereals. Adv. Plant Nutrition 1, 57-102.
Graham R D, Ascher J S and Hynes C S 1992 Selecting for Znefficient cereal genotypes for soils of low zinc status. Plant Soil 146, 241-250.
Graham R D and Welch R M 1996 Breeding for staple food crops with high micronutrient density. Working papers on Agricultural Strategies for Micronutrients No. 3. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C.
Graham R D, Senadhira D, Beebe S, Iglesias C and Monesterio I 1999 Breeding for micronutrient density in edible portions of staple food crops: conventional approaches. Field Crops Res. 60, 57-80.
Hacisalihoglu G, Hart J J, Wang Y H, Cakmak I and Kochian L V 2003 Zinc efficiency is correlated with enhanced expression and activity of zinc-requiring enzymes in wheat. Plant Physiol. 131, 595-602.
Kalayci M, Torun B, Eker S, Aydin M, Ozturk I and Cakmak I 1999 Grain yield, zinc efficiency and zinc concentration of wheat cultivars grown in a zinc-deficient calcareous soil in field and greenhouse. Field Crops Res. 63, 87-98.
Lewis J, Graham R D and McDonald G K 2001 Evaluation of wheat cultivars for zinc and manganese efficiency. InProc. 10th Assembly of Wheat Breeding Society of Australia. Eds. R Eastwood, G Hollamby, T Rathjen and N Gororo. pp. 133-136. Mildura, Australia.
Lonergan P F 2001 Genetic characterization of QTL mapping of zinc nutrition in barley (Hordeum vulgareL.). Ph.D. Thesis. University of Adelaide, Australia.
Marschner H and Cakmak I 1989 High light intensity enhances chlorosis and necrosis in leaves of zinc-, potassium-, and magnesium-deficient bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) plants. J. Plant Physiol. 134, 308-315.
Nelson J C, Sorrels M E, Van Deynze A E, Lu Y H, Atkinson M, Bernard M, Leroy P, Farris J D, Anderson J A 1995 Molecular mapping of wheat: major genes and rearrangements in homoeologous groups 4, 5, and 7. Genetics 141, 721-731.
Ogbonnaya F C, Gororo N N, Eastwood R F, Eagles H A, Brown J S and Lagudah E S 2001 Perspective on the exploitation of synthetic wheats for agronomically useful genes. InProc. 10th Assembly of Wheat Breeding Society of Australia. Eds. R Eastwood, G Hollamby, T Rathjen and N. Gororo. pp. 38-44. Mildura, Australia.
Rengel Z 1995 Carbonic anhydrase activity in leaves of wheat genotypes differing in Zn efficiency. J. Plant Physiol. 147, 251-256.
Rengel Z and Graham R D 1995a Importance of seed Zn content for growth on Zn-deficient soil. I. Vegetative growth. Plant Soil 173, 259-266.
Rengel Z and Graham R D 1995b Importance of seed Zn content for growth on Zn-deficient soil. II. Grain yield. Plant Soil 173, 267-274.
Takkar P N and Walker C D 1993 The distribution and correction of Zn deficiency. InZn in Soils and Plants. Ed. A. D. Robson. pp. 151-166. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
Yilmaz A, Ekiz H, Gultekin I, Torun B, Karanlik S and Cakmak I 1998 Effect of seed Zn content on grain yield and zinc concentration of wheat grown in zinc deficient calcareous soils. J. Plant Nutr. 21, 2257-2264.
Zarcinas B A 1984 Analysis of soil and plant material by inductively coupled plasma-optical spectrometry: comparison of digestion procedures for major and trace constituents in plant material. Aus. CSIRO Div. Soils. Div. Rep. No. 70.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Genc, Y., McDonald, G. The potential of synthetic hexaploid wheats to improve zinc efficiency in modern bread wheat. Plant and Soil 262, 23–32 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:PLSO.0000037024.55764.26
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:PLSO.0000037024.55764.26