Abstract
The 2(1H)-pyrazinones have been demonstrated to be versatile building blocks for the synthesis of biologically active compounds. Here, an efficient method is described for the decoration of these interesting scaffolds. Microwave-assisted palladium catalyzed reactions allow the easy introduction of different substituents at the C3- and even at the rather unreactive C5-position of the pyrazinones. Stille, Suzuki, Heck, Sonogashira reactions, in addition to reductive dechlorinations, and cyanation reactions are investigated.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Hoornaert, G., 2(1H)-pyrazinones and 2H-1,4-oxazin-2-ones and their use in heterocyclic synthesis, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., (1994) 583–589.
Tutonda, M., Vanderzande, D., Hendrickx, M. and Hoornaert, G., Generation of specifically substituted pyridines and pyridinones from 2(1H)-pyrazinones and acetylenes: A FMO description, Tetrahedron, 46 (1990) 5715–5732.
Tahri, A., Buysens, K. J., Van der Eycken, E. V., Vandenberghe, D. M. and Hoornaert, G. J., Synthesis of α-carbolines and β-carbolinones via intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions of 2(1H)-pyrazinones, Tetrahedron, 54 (1998) 13211–13226.
Tahri, A., De Borggraeve, W., Buysens, K., Van Meervelt, L., Compernolle, F. and Hoornaert, G. J., Divergent pathways in the intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of 2(1H)-pyrazinones substituted at the 3 position with a Phenylalkyne Containing Side Chain, Tetrahedron, 55 (1999) 14675–14684.
Buysens, K. J., Vandenberghe, D. M., Hoornaert, G. J., Synthesis of new pyrrolo[3,4-b]-and [3,4-c]pyridin(on)es and related 1,7-naphthyridinones and 2,7-naphthyridines via intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions of 2(1H)-pyrazinones, Tetrahedron, 52 (1996) 9161–9178.
Kaval, N., Van der Eycken, J., Caroen, J., Dehaen, W., Strohmeier, G. A., Kappe, C. O. and Van der Eycken, E., An exploratory study on microwave-assisted solid-phase Diels-Alder reactions of 2(1H)-pyrazinones: The elaboration of a new tailor-made acid-labile linker, J. Comb. Chem., 5 (2003) (in press).
De Borggraeve, W. M., Rombouts, F. J. R., Van der Eycken, E. V., Toppet, S. M. and Hoornaert, G. J., Synthesis of a conformationally restricted dipeptide analogue and its evaluation as β-turn mimic, Tetrahedron Lett., 42 (2001) 5693–5695.
De Borggraeve, W. M., Rombouts, F. J. R., Verbist, B. M. P., Van der Eycken, E. V. and Hoornaert, G. J., Stereoselective intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions of 3-alkenyl(oxy)-2(1H)-pyrazinones, Tetrahedron Lett., 43 (2002) 447–449.
Vekemans, J., Pollers-Wieërs, C. and Hoornaert, G., A new synthesis of substituted 2(1H)-pyrazinones, J. Heterocyclic Chem., 20 (1983) 919–923.
Buysens, K. J., Vandenberghe, D. M., Toppet, S. M. and Hoornaert, G. J., Generation of 6-alkylidene/benzylidene-3,6-dihydropyrazin-2(1H)-ones by reaction of 6-bromomethylpyrazin-2(1H)-ones with methoxide and further conversion into specifc piperazine-2,5-diones and pyrazin-2(1H)-ones, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I, (1996) 231–238.
Van der Eycken, E., Appukkuttan, P., De Borggraeve, W., Dehaen, W., Dallinger, D. and Kappe, C. O., High-speed microwave promoted hetero-Diels-Alder reactions of 2(1H)-pyrazinones in ionic liquid doped solvents, J. Org. Chem, 67 (2002) 7904–7907.
For an overview see Loupy, A., Microwaves in Organic Synthesis, Wiley-VCH Weinheim, 2002, Chapter 11 by Olofsson, K., Hallberg, A. and Larhed, M., pp. 379–403.
Larhed, M., Moberg, Ch. and Hallberg., A. Microwave-accelerated homogeneous catalysis in organic chemistry, Acc. Chem. Res., 35 (2002) 717–727.
Hayes, B. L., Microwave Synthesis: Chemistry at the Speed of Light, CEM Publishing, 2002.
Blettner, C. G., König, W. A., Stenzel, W. and Schotten, T., Microwave-assisted aqueous Suzuki cross-coupling reactions, J. Org. Chem., 64 (1999) 3885–3890.
Wang, J. X., Hu, Z., Wei, B. G. and Bai, L., Microwave-promoted palladium catalyzed Heck cross coupling reaction in Water, J. Chem. Res., Synop., (2000) 484–485.
Venkatraman, S., Huang, T. and Li, C.-J., Carbon-carbon bond formation via palladium-catalyzed reductive coupling of aryl halides in air and water, Adv. Synth. Catal., 344 (2002) 399–405.
Rai, R., Aubrecht, K. B. and Collum, D. B., Palladiumcatalyzed Stille couplings of aryl-, vinyl-and alkyltrichlorostannanes in aqueous solution, Tetrahedron Lett., 36 (1995) 3111–3114.
Roshchin, A. I., Bumagin, N. A. and Beletskaya, I. P., Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of organostannoates with aryl halides in aqueous medium, Tetrahedron Lett., 36 (1995) 125–128.
Genet, J. P. and Savignac, M., Recent developments of palladium (0) catalyzed reactions in aqueous media., J. Organomet. Chem., 576 (1999) 305–317.
Xia, M. and Wang, Y. G., Polyethylene glycol as support and phase transfer catalyst in aqueous palladium-catalyzed liquidphase synthesis, Chinese Chem. Lett., 12 (2001) 941–942.
Larhed, M. and Hallberg, A., Microwave-promoted palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions, J. Org. Chem., 61 (1996) 9582–9584.
Alterman, M. and Hallberg, A., Fast microwave-assisted preparation of aryl and vinyl nitriles and the corresponding tetrazoles from organo-halides, J. Org. Chem., 65 (2000) 7984–7989 and references cited.
Erdélyi, M. and Gogoll, A., Rapid homogeneous-phase Sonogashira coupling reactions using controlled microwave heating, J. Org. Chem., 66 (2001) 4165–4169.
Miljanic, O. S., Vollhardt, K. P. C. and Whitener, G. D. An alkyne metathesis-based route to ortho-dehydrobenzannulenes, Synlett, (2003) 29–34.
Rombouts, J. R., De Borggraeve, W., Toppet, S. M., Compernolle, F. and Hoornaert, G. J., Intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions of N-alkenyl-2(1H)-pyrazinones: Generation of a novel type of cis-1,7-naphthyridine, Tetrahedron Lett., 42 (2001) 7397–7399.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kaval, N., Bisztray, K., Dehaen, W. et al. Microwave-enhanced transition metal-catalyzed decoration of 2(1H)-pyrazinone scaffolds. Mol Divers 7, 125–134 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:MODI.0000006807.43408.d5
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:MODI.0000006807.43408.d5