Abstract
This paper focuses on the sexual behavior of Puerto Rican men involved in primary relationships with other men. The data are drawn from two separate and consecutive studies. The results of the first study show that those men who have both lovers and one-night stands (n = 67) are more likely to have unprotected anal sex (receptive and insertive) with their lovers regardless of HIV status. The qualitative data collected in the first study as well as the in-depth interviews of mixed status couples in the second study document that participants with adequate information, will power, and skills to protect themselves engage in risk behavior in the absence of external barriers to condom use. The wish for sexual pleasure and intimacy and the trust and love for the partner often overpower concerns about HIV transmission among coupled men. Cultural issues such as machismo and gender roles also have an impact. The need to devise prevention mechanisms that will not interfere with physical pleasure or intimacy is underscored.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
AIDS Surveillance Update. (1995). New York City Department of Health, AIDS Surveillance Unit.
Berger, R. M. (1990). Men together: Understanding the gay couple. Journal of Homosexuality, 19, 31-49.
Burgos, N. M., and Diaz-Pérez, Y. I. (1986). An exploration of human sexuality in the Puerto Rican culture. Journal of Social Work and Human Sexuality, 4, 135-151.
Carballo-Diéguez, A. (1989). Hispanic culture, gay male culture, and AIDS. Journal of Counseling and Development, 68, 26-30.
Carballo-Diéguez, A., and Dolezal, C. (1994). Contrasting types of Puerto Rican men who have sex with men (MSM). Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 6, 41-67.
Carballo-Diéguez, A., and Dolezal, C. (1996). HIV risk behaviors and obstacles to condom use among Puerto Rican men in New York City who have sex with men. American Journal of Public Health, 86, 1619-1622.
Carballo-Diéguez, A., Exner, T., Gruen, R., and Meyer-Bahlburg, H. (1990). Sexual Practices Assessment Schedule-MSM Version (SPAS-MSM). [Available from the first author.]
Carrier, J. M. (1977). “Sex-role preference” as an explanatory variable in homosexual behavior. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 6, 53-65.
Clendinen, D. (1994). When negative meets positive. GQ, 1994(October), 237-265.
Connell, R. W., and Kippax, S. (1990). Sexuality in the AIDS crisis: Patterns of sexual practice and pleasure in a sample of Australian gay and bisexual men. Journal of Sex Research, 27, 167-198.
de la Cancela, V. (1986). A critical analysis of Puerto Rican machismo: Implications for clinical practice. Psychotherapy, 23, 291-296.
Díaz, T., Buehler, J., Castro, K., and Ward, J. (1993). AIDS trends among Hispanics in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 504-509.
Doll, L. S., Byers, R. H., Bolan, G., Douglas, J. M., Moss, P. M., Weller, P. D., Joy, D., Bartholow, B. N., and Harrison, J. S. (1991). Homosexual men who engage in high-risk sexual behavior. A multicenter comparison. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 18, 170-175.
Fishbein, M., Chan, D. K. S., O'Reilly, K., Schnell, D., Wood, R., Beeker, C., and Cohn, D. (1993). Factors influencing gay men's attitudes, subjective norms, and intentions with respect to performing sexual behaviors. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23, 417-438.
Fitzpatrick, R., McLean, J., Dawson, J., Boulton, M., and Hart, G. (1990). Factors influencing condom use in a sample of homosexually active men. Genitourinary Medicine, 66, 346-350.
Gold, R. S., Skinner, M. J., and Ross, M. W. (1994). Unprotected anal intercourse in HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected gay men. Journal of Sex Research, 31, 59-77.
Henriksson, B. (1995). Risk factor love: Homosexuality, sexual interaction and HIV prevention. Göteborge Universitet, Institutionen för Socialt Arbete. Göteborge, Sweden Kompendiet.
Hunt, A. J., Davies, P. M., McManus, T. J., Weatherburn, P., Hickson, F. C. I., Christofinis, G., Coxon, A. P. M., and Sutherland, S. (1992). HIV infection in a cohort of homosexual and bisexual men. British Medical Journal, 305, 561-562.
Lancaster, R. N. (1988). Subject honor and object shame: The construction of male homosexuality and stigma in Nicaragua. Ethnology, 27, 111-125.
McLean, J., Boulton, M., Brookes, M., Lakhani, D., Fitzpatrick, R., Dawson, J., McKechnie, R., and Hart, G. (1994). Regular partners and risky behaviour: Why do gay men have unprotected intercourse? AIDS Care, 6, 331-341.
Parker, R. (1986). Masculinity, femininity, and homosexuality: On the anthropological interpretation of sexual meanings in Brazil. Journal of Homosexuality, 11, 155-163.
Pleak, R. R., and Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L. (1990). Sexual behavior and AIDS knowledge of young male prostitutes in Manhattan. Journal of Sex Research, 27, 557-587.
Reynolds, C. F., Frank, E., Thase, M. E., Houck, P. R., Houck, J., Jennings, R., Howell, J. R., Lilienfeld, S. O., and Kupfer, D. J. (1988). Assessment of sexual function in depressed, impotent, and healthy men: Factor analysis of a brief sexual function questionnaire for men. Psychiatry Research, 24, 231-250.
Schechter, M. T., Craib, K. J. P., Willoughby, B., Douglas, B., McLeod, W. A., Maynard, M., Constance, P., and O'Shaughnessy, M. (1988). Patterns of sexual behavior and condom use in a cohort of homosexual men. American Journal of Public Health, 78, 1535-1538.
Stall, R., Ekstrand, M., Pollack, L., McKusick, L., and Coates, T. J. (1990). Relapse from safer sex: The next challenge for AIDS prevention efforts. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 3, 1181-1187.
Stall, R., Barrett, D., Bye, L., Catania, J., Frutchey, C., Henne, J., Lemp, G., and Paul, J. (1992). A comparison of younger and older gay men's HIV risk-taking behaviors: The communication technologies 1989 cross-sectional survey. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 5, 682-687.
Weatherburn, P., Hunt, A. J., Davies, P. M., Coxon, A. P. M., and McManus, T. J. (1991). Condom use in a large scale cohort of homosexually active men in England. AIDS Care, 3, 31-41.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Carballo-Diéguez, A., Remien, R.H., Dolezal, C. et al. Unsafe Sex in the Primary Relationships of Puerto Rican Men Who Have Sex with Men. AIDS Behav 1, 9–17 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026257620055
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026257620055