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Inheritance Patterns of Phenolics in F1, F2, and Back-Cross Hybrids of Willows: Implications for Herbivore Responses to Hybrid Plants

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the inheritance pattern of phenolic secondary compounds in pure and hybrid willows and its consequences for plant resistance to leaf-feeding insects. F1, F2, and back-cross hybrids along with pure species were produced by hand pollination of pure, naturally-growing Salix caprea (L., Salicaceae) and S. repens (L.) plants. Leaf concentrations of condensed tannins and seven different phenolic glucosides were determined by using butanol-HCl and HPLC analyses. Insect herbivore leaf damage was measured on the same leaves as used for chemical analyses. We found hybrids to be approximately intermediate between the parental species: S. caprea with high levels of condensed tannins and no phenolic glucosides, and S. repens with low levels of condensed tannins and high levels of phenolic glucosides. We also found a negative correlation between concentrations of condensed tannins and phenolic glucosides, suggesting a trade-off in production of these two substances. F2 hybrids and the hybrid back-crossed to S. caprea were significantly more damaged by insect herbivores than the parental species and the F1 hybrid, indicating reduced resistance and possibly a selective disadvantage for these hybrid categories.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Animal Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden

    Per Hallgren & Joakim Hjältén

  2. Department of Biology, University of Joensuu, P.O. Box 111, Fin-80101, Joensuu, Finland

    Arsi Ikonen & Heikki Roininen

Authors
  1. Per Hallgren
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  2. Arsi Ikonen
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  3. Joakim Hjältén
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  4. Heikki Roininen
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Correspondence to Per Hallgren.

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Hallgren, P., Ikonen, A., Hjältén, J. et al. Inheritance Patterns of Phenolics in F1, F2, and Back-Cross Hybrids of Willows: Implications for Herbivore Responses to Hybrid Plants. J Chem Ecol 29, 1143–1158 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023829506473

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