Abstract
Purpose. To establish how closely intestinal transport activity for beta-lactam antibiotics is correlated with PepT1 expression, absolute expression level of PepT1 mRNA and transport activity were determined longitudinally in the small intestine of fed and starved rats.
Methods. For evaluation of absolute expression levels of PepT1 mRNA, quantitative RT-PCR by LightCycler® was used. The transport function was determined by quantifying the absorptive transport of cefadroxil across intestinal tissue sheets in a Ussing chamber.
Results. PepT1 mRNA expression was highest at the lower region and lowest at the upper region in the fed rats. The value of PepT1 was about 1/5∼1/6 of that of GAPDH. The expression level in the starved rats was increased in all segments, but more profoundly in the upper region. Cefadroxil transport across intestinal tissue was higher in the lower region and lower in the upper region in fed rats, and increased in the upper region in starved rats. An excellent correlation was observed between expression levels and the permeability coefficients (r 2= 0.859, p < 0.05).
Conclusions. The intestinal transport of cefadroxil is directly proportional to PepT1 expression, suggesting that the PepT1 expression level in the rat small intestine is the major determinant of the absorption of peptide-like compounds.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
A. Tsuji and I. Tamai. Carrier-mediated intestinal transport of drugs. Pharm.Res. 13:963-977 (1996).
Y. J. Fei, Y. Kanai, S. Nussberger, V. Ganapathy, F. H. Leibach, M. F. Romero, S. K. Singh, W. F. Boron, and M. A. Hediger. Expression cloning of a mammalian proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter. Nature 368:563-566 (1994).
R. Liang, Y. J. Fei, P. D. Prasad, S. Ramamoorthy, H. Han, T. L. Yang-Feng, M. A. Hediger, V. Ganapathy, and F. H. Leibach. Human intestinal H+/peptide cotransporter. Cloning, functional expression, and chromosomal localization. J.Biol.Chem. 270: 6456-6463 (1995).
H. Saito, M. Okuda, T. Terada, S. Sasaki, and K. Inui. Cloning and characterization of a rat H+/peptide cotransporter mediating absorption of beta-lactam antibiotics in the intestine and kidney. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 275:1631-1637 (1995).
K. Miyamoto, T. Shiraga, K. Morita, H. Yamamoto, H. Haga, Y. Taketani, I. Tamai, Y. Sai, A. Tsuji, and E. Takeda. Sequence, tissue distribution and developmental changes in rat intestinal oligopeptide transporter. Biochim.Biophys.Acta 1305:34-38 (1996).
Y. J. Fei, M. Sugawara, J. C. Liu, H. W. Li, V. Ganapathy, M. E. Ganapathy, and F. H. Leibach. cDNA structure, genomic organization, and promoter analysis of the mouse intestinal peptide transporter PEPT1. Biochim.Biophys.Acta 1492:145-154 (2000).
I. Tamai, N. Tomizawa, A. Kadowaki, T. Terasaki, K. Nakayama, H. Higashida, and A. Tsuji. Functional expression of intestinal dipeptide/beta-lactam antibiotic transporter in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Biochem.Pharmacol. 48:881-888 (1994).
T. Terada, H. Saito, M. Mukai, and K. Inui. Characterization of stably transfected kidney epithelial cell line expressing rat H+/peptide cotransporter PEPT1: localization of PEPT1 and transport of beta-lactam antibiotics. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 281:1415-1421 (1997).
I. Tamai, N. Tomizawa, T. Takeuchi, K. Nakayama, H. Higashida, and A. Tsuji. Functional expression of transporter for beta-lactam antibiotics and dipeptides in Xenopus laevis oocytes injected with messenger RNA from human, rat and rabbit small intestines. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 273:26-31 (1995).
I. Tamai, T. Nakanishi, K. Hayashi, T. Terao, Y. Sai, T. Shiraga, K. Miyamoto, E. Takeda, H. Higashida, and A. Tsuji. The predominant contribution of oligopeptide transporter PepT1 to intestinal absorption of beta-lactam antibiotics in the rat small intestine. J.Pharm.Pharmacol. 49:796-801 (1997).
X. Y. Chu, G. P. Sanchez-Castano, K. Higaki, D. M. Oh, C. P. Hsu, and G. L. Amidon. Correlation between epithelial cell permeability of cephalexin and expression of intestinal oligopeptide transporter. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 299:575-582 (2001).
R. H. Erickson and J. R. Gum, Jr., M. M. Lindstrom, D. McKean, and Y. S. Kim. Regional expression and dietary regulation of rat small intestinal peptide and amino acid transporter mRNAs. Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun. 216:249-257 (1995).
T. Shiraga, K. Miyamoto, H. Tanaka, H. Yamamoto, Y. Taketani, K. Morita, I. Tamai, A. Tsuji, and E. Takeda. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of dietary regulation on rat intestinal H+/peptide transporter PepT1. Gastroenterology 116:354-362 (1999).
H. Ogihara, T. Suzuki, Y. Nagamachi, K. Inui, and K. Takata. Peptide transporter in the rat small intestine: ultrastructural localization and the effect of starvation and administration of amino acids. Histochem.J. 31:169-174 (1999).
H. Tanaka, K. I. Miyamoto, K. Morita, H. Haga, H. Segawa, T. Shiraga, A. Fujioka, T. Kouda, Y. Taketani, S. Hisano, Y. Fukui, K. Kitagawa, and E. Takeda. Regulation of the PepT1 peptide transporter in the rat small intestine in response to 5-fluorouracilinduced injury. Gastroenterology 114:714-723 (1998).
K. Naruhashi, M. Nadai, M. Nakao, N. Suzuki, T. Nabeshima, and T. Hasegawa. Changes in absorptive function of rat intestine injured by methotrexate. Clin.Exp.Pharmacol.Physiol. 27:980-986 (2000).
T. Fujita, Y. Majikawa, S. Umehisa, N. Okada, A. Yamamoto, V. Ganapathy, and F. H. Leibach. sigma Receptor ligand-induced up-regulation of the H+/peptide transporter PEPT1 in the human intestinal cell line Caco-2. Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun. 261:242-246 (1999).
M. Thamotharan, S. Z. Bawani, X. Zhou, and S. A. Adibi. Hormonal regulation of oligopeptide transporter pept-1 in a human intestinal cell line. Am.J.Physiol. 276:C821-826 (1999).
H. Ogihara, H. Saito, B. C. Shin, T. Terado, S. Takenoshita, Y. Nagamachi, K. Inui, and K. Takata. Immuno-localization of H+/peptide cotransporter in rat digestive tract. Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun. 220:848-852 (1996).
Y. Sai, I. Tamai, H. Sumikawa, K. Hayashi, T. Nakanishi, O. Amano, M. Numata, S. Iseki, and A. Tsuji. Immunolocalization and pharmacological relevance of oligopeptide transporter PepT1 in intestinal absorption of beta-lactam antibiotics. FEBS Lett. 392:25-29 (1996).
C. T. Wittwer, K. M. Ririe, R. V. Andrew, D. A. David, R. A. Gundry, and U. J. Balis. The LightCycler: a microvolume multisample fluorimeter with rapid temperature control. Biotechniques 22:176-181 (1997).
K. Naruhashi, I. Tamai, N. Inoue, H. Muraoka, Y. Sai, N. Suzuki, and A. Tsuji. Involvement of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 in intestinal secretion of grepafloxacin in rats. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 46:344-349 (2002).
Z. Dische and E. Borenfreund. A new spectrophotometric method for the detection and determination of keto sugars and trioses. J.Biol.Chem. 192:583-587 (1951).
T. Sawamoto, S. Haruta, Y. Kurosaki, K. Higaki, and T. Kimura. Prediction of the plasma concentration profiles of orally administered drugs in rats on the basis of gastrointestinal transit kinetics and absorbability. J.Pharm.Pharmacol. 49:450-457 (1997).
C. Y. Yang, A. H. Dantzig, and C. Pidgeon. Intestinal peptide transport systems and oral drug availability. Pharm.Res. 16:1331-1343 (1999).
T. Terada, K. Sawada, H. Saito, Y. Hashimoto, and K. Inui. Functional characteristics of basolateral peptide transporter in the human intestinal cell line Caco-2. Am.J.Physiol. 276:G1435-G1441 (1999).
M. Irie, T. Terada, K. Sawada, H. Saito, and K. Inui. Recognition and transport characteristics of nonpeptidic compounds by basolateral peptide transporter in Caco-2 cells. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 298:711-717 (2001).
Y. Tomita, M. Takano, M. Yasuhara, R. Hori, and K. Inui. Transport of oral cephalosporins by the H+/dipeptide cotransporter and distribution of the transport activity in isolated rabbit intestinal epithelial cells. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 272:63-69 (1995).
M. Thamotharan, S. Z. Bawani, X. Zhou, and S. A. Adibi. Functional and molecular expression of intestinal oligopeptide transporter (Pept-1) after a brief fast. Metabolism 48:681-684 (1999).
H. Maekawa, Y. Takagishi, K. Iwamoto, Y. Doi, and T. Ogura. Cephalexin preparation with prolonged activity. Jpn.J.Antibiot. 30:631-638 (1977).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Naruhashi, K., Sai, Y., Tamai, I. et al. PepT1 mRNA Expression Is Induced by Starvation and Its Level Correlates with Absorptive Transport of Cefadroxil Longitudinally in the Rat Intestine. Pharm Res 19, 1417–1423 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020436028194
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020436028194