¹ Kasson to Ewarts, Vienna, 16 February 1879, in Jews in the Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States, ed. Cyrus Adler (Baltimore: Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society, 1906), 50–51.

² John A. Kasson, 22 March 1882, House of Representatives, Congressional Record, Forty-Seventh Congress, First Session, vol. 13, Part 3, 2172–3. Counter to those seeking to restrict Chinese immigration for twenty years, Kasson proposed a ten-year period. See also Edward Younger, John A. Kasson: Politics and Diplomacy from Lincoln to McKinley (Iowa City: State Historical Society of Iowa, 1955), 314.

³ Lloyd P. Gartner, ‘Roumania, America, and World Jewry: Consul Peixotto in Bucharest, 1870–1876’, American Jewish Historical Quarterly 58, no. 1 (1968): 24–117. See also Paul D. Quinlan, ‘Early American Relations with Romania, 1858–1914’, Canadian Slavonic Papers/Revue Canadienne des Slavistes 22, no. 2 (1980): 187–207.

⁴ Jonathan D. Sarna, When General Grant Expelled the Jews (New York: Shocken Books, 2012), 108–116. According to Peixotto’s memoirs, his first speech before the Romanian prince also contained a similar phrase – ‘a civilization which will disseminate over the entire globe the same liberal and enlightened views’.; see Benjamin F. Peixotto, ‘Story of the Roumanian Mission: Chapter XIII’, The Menorah, January–June 1887, 304.

⁵ Summary of Forster to Evarts, Sankt Petersburg, 30 December 1880, 83; Merrill to Quincy, Jerusalem, 8 May 1893, in Jews in the Diplomatic Correspondence, 21.

⁶ Tao Zhang, ‘The “Jewish Messenger” in America’s Chinese Exclusion Debates, 1869–1902’, European Journal of Jewish Studies 26, no. 2 (2022): 24; ‘Roumanian Diplomacy’, The Jewish Messenger, 16 January 1880, 4; M. Herzfeld, Die Emancipation der Juden in Rumänien oder 888 von 300.000: Marsescu, Istoczy, Harr, Stöcker, Treitschke (Vienna: Jos. Ruziczka, 1880), 1–2.

⁷ On European cultural perceptions of the USA, see Aurelian Craiutu and Jeffrey C. Isaac, eds., America through European Eyes: British and French Reflections on the New World from the Eighteenth Century to the Present (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2009); Axel Körner, Nicola Miller, and Adam I.P. Smith, eds., America Imagined: Explaining the United States in Nineteenth-Century Europe and Latin America (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).

⁸ Michael Mann, ‘Globalization, Macro-Regions and Nation-States’, in Transnationale Geschichte: Themen, Tendenzen und Theorien, ed. Gunilla Budde, Sebastian Conrad, and Oliver Janz (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2006), 28. The author would like to thank Prof Diana Mishkova for providing the reference.

⁹ See, for instance, David C. Atkinson, The Burden of White Supremacy: Containing Asian Migration in the British Empire and the United States (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016); David Scott FitzGerald and David Cook-Martín, Culling the Masses: The Democratic Origins of Racist Immigration Policy in the Americas (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014); Adam M. McKeown, Melancholy Order: Asian Migration and the Globalization of Borders (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008).

¹⁰ See Sebastian Conrad and Klaus Mühlhahn, ‘Global Mobility and Nationalism: Chinese Migration and the Reterritorialization of Belonging, 1880–1910’, in Competing Visions of World Order: Global Moments and Movements, 1880s–1930s, ed. Sebastian Conrad and Dominic Sachsenmaier (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 185–8; Daniel Renshaw, ‘Prejudice and Paranoia: A Comparative study of Antisemitism and Sinophobia in Turn-of-the-Century Britain’, Patterns of Prejudice 50, no. 1 (2016): 38–60.

¹¹ Richard E. Frankel, Antisemitism Before the Holocaust: Re-Evaluating Antisemitic Exceptionalism in Germany and the United States, 1880–1945 (New York: Routledge, 2023), 8–29; Christian S. Davis, ‘The Rhetoric of Colonialism and Antisemitism in Imperial Germany’, in Modern Antisemitisms in the Peripheries: Europe and its Colonies 1880–1945, ed. Raul Cârstocea and Éva Kovács (Vienna: New Academic Press, 2019), 53–66.

¹² James Q. Whitman, Hitler’s American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017), 37.

¹³ On the two communities as ‘service nomads’, see Yuri Slezkine, The Jewish Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004).

¹⁴ On Jewish–Chinese comparisons, see Daniel Chirot and Anthony Reid, eds., Essential Outsiders: Chinese and Jews in the Modern Transformation of Southeast Asia and Central Europe (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997); Jay Geller, The Other Jewish Question: Identifying the Jew and Making Sense of Modernity (New York: Fordham University Press, 2011), chap. 2. The author would like to thank Daniel Chirot for providing additional bibliographic material.

¹⁵ On ‘global moments’ as perceived by historical actors, see Sebastian Conrad and Dominic Sachsenmaier, ‘Introduction: Competing Visions of World Order: Global Moments and Movements, 1880s–1930s’, in Competing Visions, 12–16.

¹⁶ ‘Séance du 5 mai: La question des chinois en Californie, des juifs en Roumanie, etc.’., Annales de la Société d’Économie Politique 13 (1880–1882): 70–90.

¹⁷ P. S. Aurelianu, ‘Cronica șciințifică’ [Scientific chronicle], Revista Șciiințifică, 1 May 1880, 84.

¹⁸ G. Balachandran, ‘Making Coolies, (Un)making Workers: “Globalizing” Labour in the Late-19th and Early-20th Centuries’, Journal of Historical Sociology 25, no. 3 (2011): 266–96. For America, see Alexander Saxton, The Indispensable Enemy: Labor and the Anti-Chinese Movement in California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971); Lorenzo Costaguta, Workers of All Colors Unite: Race and the Origins of American Socialism (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2023).

¹⁹ Derek J. Penslar, Shylock’s Children: Economics and Jewish Identity in Modern Europe (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).

²⁰ On race and the global, see Alexander D. Barder, Global Race War: International Politics and Racial Hierarchy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2021); James Poskett, Materials of the Mind: Phrenology, Race, and the Global History of Science, 1815–1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019). On race in Central and Eastern Europe: Dušan I. Bjelić, ‘Abolition of a National Paradigm: The Case Against Benedict Anderson and Maria Todorova’s Raceless Imaginaries’, Interventions 24, no. 2 (2022): 239–62; Catherine Baker, Race and the Yugoslav Region: Postsocialist, Post-Conflict, Postcolonial? (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2018).

²¹ David Theo Goldberg, ‘Racial Comparisons, Relational Racisms: Some Thoughts on Method’, Ethnic and Racial Studies 32, no. 7 (2009): 1271–82.

²² Holly Case, The Age of Questions: Or, A First Attempt at an Aggregate History of the Eastern, Social, Woman, American, Jewish, Polish, Bullion, Tuberculosis, and Many Other Questions over the Nineteenth Century, and Beyond (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018) 5.

²³ Case, Age of Questions, 46–7.

²⁴ Case, Age of Questions, 58, 60–61.

²⁵ Case, Age of Questions, 75.

²⁶ Case, Age of Questions, 123.

²⁷ See, more generally, Neil Duxbury, The Nature and Authority of Precedent (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008).

²⁸ George Rodrigo Bandeira Galindo, ‘Legal Transplants between Time and Space’, in Entanglements in Legal History: Conceptual Approaches, ed. Thomas Duve (Frankfurt am Main: Max Planck Institute for Legal History, 2014), 129–48.

²⁹ Katerina Borrelli, ‘Between Show-Trials and Utopia: A Study of the Tu Quoque Defence’, Leiden Journal of International Law 32, no. 2 (2019): 315–31.

³⁰ I am thankful to an anonymous reviewer for this perceptive suggestion.

³¹ For instance, Duncan Bell, Reordering the World: Essays on Liberalism and Empire (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016); Jennifer Pitts, A Turn to Empire: The Rise of Imperial Liberalism in Britain and France (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005); Onur Ulas Ince, Colonial Capitalism and the Dilemmas of Liberalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2018); Uday Singh Mehta, Liberalism and Empire: A Study in Nineteenth-Century British Liberal Thought (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).

³² On Austria-Hungary see Pieter M. Judson, Exclusive Revolutionaries: Liberal Politics, Social Experience, and National Identity in the Austrian Empire, 1848–1914 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996); Jonathan Kwan, Liberalism and the Habsburg Monarchy, 1861–1895 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013); on Romania see Constantin Iordachi, Liberalism, Constitutional Nationalism, and Minorities: The Making of Romanian Citizenship, c. 1750–1918 (Leiden: Brill, 2019).

³³ Alan S. Kahan, Liberalism in Nineteenth-Century Europe: The Political Culture of Limited Suffrage (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).

³⁴ Lisa Moses Leff, ‘Liberalism and Antisemitism: A Reassessment from the Peripheries’, in Jews, Liberalism, Antisemitism: A Global History, ed. Abigail Green and Simon Levis Sullam (Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020) 23–45.

³⁵ On the place of the ‘Archives’ within broader Jewish press networks, see Heidi Knörzer, ‘La presse juive, espace politique transnational entre la France et l’Allemagne: le cas des Archives israélites et de l’Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums (1840–1900)’, Archives Juives 66, no. 2 (2013): 81–96.

³⁶ ‘Felurimi’ [Varia], Românulŭ, 11 March 1876, 223.

³⁷ On antisemitism in nineteenth century Romania, see Carol Iancu, Evreii din România (1866–1919): de la excludere la emancipare [Romanian Jews, 1866–1919: From exclusion to emancipation] (Bucharest: Hasefer, 2009); Andrei Oișteanu, Inventing the Jew: Antisemitic Stereotypes in Romanian and Other Central-East European Cultures (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009); William A. Oldson, A Providential Anti-Semitism: Nationalism and Polity in Nineteenth Century Romania (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1991); Iordachi, Liberalism, Constitutional Nationalism, and Minorities.

³⁸ Silvia Marton, La construction politique de la nation: la nation dans les débats du Parlement de la Roumanie, (1866–1871) (Iași: Institutul European, 2009).

³⁹ See Abigail Green, ‘From Protection to Humanitarian Intervention? Enforcing Jewish Rights in Romania and Morocco around 1880’, in The Emergence of Humanitarian Intervention: Ideas and Practice from the Nineteenth Century to the Present, ed. Fabian Klose (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015) 142–61; Abigail Green, ‘Intervening in the Jewish Question, 1840–1878’, in Humanitarian Intervention: A History, ed. Brendan Simms and D. J. B. Trimm (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 139–59; Sam Johnson, Pogroms, Peasants, Jews: Britain and Eastern Europe’s ‘Jewish Question’, 1867–1925 (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2011).

⁴⁰ See Aristide R. Zolberg, A Nation by Design: Immigration Policy in the Fashioning of America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008) 184. On disability and immigration laws, see Catherine Cox and Hilary Marland, eds., Migration, Health and Ethnicity in the Modern World (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2013). On gender and ‘coolie labour’, see Heidi Tinsman, ‘Freeing Chinese Men on the María Luz: Gender and the Latin American Coolie Trade’, Journal of Global History, Published online, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1017/S174002282300027X.

⁴¹ ‘Correspondances particulières de l’étranger’, Archives Israélites, 15 April 1876, 249–50.

⁴² Jean-Michel Johnston and Oded Y. Steinberg, ‘Armenians, Jews, and Humanitarianism in the “Age of Questions”, 1830–1900’, The Historical Journal 6, no. 1 (2023): 72–100.

⁴³ See Carsten Wilke, ‘Competitive Advocacy: The Romanian Committee of Berlin and the Alliance Israélite Universelle, 1872–1878’, Simon Dubnow Institute Yearbook 15 (2016): 131–55.

⁴⁴ I. C. Brătianu, Chamber of Deputies, 25 February 1879, Monitorul Oficial [Official gazette] (henceforth MOf), 1284–7. See also Liliya Berezhnaya and Heidi Hein-Kircher, eds., Rampart Nations: Bulwark Myths of East European Multiconfessional Societies in the Age of Nationalism (New York: Berghahn, 2019).

⁴⁵ For the ‘Gordian knot’ metaphor, see Case, Age of Questions, 194.

⁴⁶ For instance: P. Vioreanu, Senate, 27 February 1879, MOf, 1413–16.

⁴⁷ George Missail, Chamber of Deputies, 7 March 1879, MOf, 1615.

⁴⁸ Despite a declining print-run, the Journal remained one of a select group of ‘feuilles de qualité’; see Claude Bellanger, Jacques Godechot, Pierre Guiral, and Fernand Terrou, Histoire générale de la presse française: Tome 3, de 1871 à 1940 (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1972), 208–10, 316.

⁴⁹ Missail, MOf, 1625–6; Journal des Débats, 30 November 1878, 2–3. The quote referenced by Missail had also been recently published in the Conservative newspaper Timpul (The Times), perhaps his immediate source of reference; see Timpul, 24 November 1878, 1.

⁵⁰ Missail, MOf, 1628.

⁵¹ Noëmie Duhaut, ‘“A French Jew Emancipated the Blacks”: Discursive Strategies of French Jews in the Age of Transnational Emancipations’, French Historical Studies 64, no. 4 (2021): 645–74.

⁵² Missail, MOf, 1636.

⁵³ As the title of the Révue suggests, its geographic scope was trans-Atlantic, and its readership was global, with some 25,000 copies per issue circulated in the 1870s; see Thomas Loué, ‘Un modèle matriciel: les revues de culture générale’, in La belle époque des revues, 1880–1914, ed. Jacqueline Pluet-Despatin, Michel Leymarie, and Jean-Yves Mollier (Paris: Éditions de l’IMEC, 2002), 59. On its broader impact as a model, see Eliana de Freitas Dutra, ‘The Revue des Deux Mondes in the Context of Transatlantic Exchanges’, in The Cultural Revolution of the Nineteenth Century: Theatre, the Book-Trade and Reading in the Transatlantic World, eds. Márcia Abreu and Ana Cláudia Suriani da Silva (London: I. B. Tauris, 2016), 121–39.

⁵⁴ Charles de Varigny, ‘L’invasion chinoise et le socialisme aux États-Unis’, Révue des Deux Mondes, 1 October 1878, 589–613.

⁵⁵ The rumour was explicitly connected to the presence of Indian troops in the press; see ‘Civilisation in Danger’, New-York Tribune, 3 July 1878, 1. That Shuvalov was greatly concerned with troops in Malta is reflected in a dispatch to the Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs, urging him not to ‘deduce war from this’; see R. W. Seton-Watson, ‘Russo-British Relations, 1875–1878: 2nd Series. XII. The Détente between Lord Salisbury and Count Shuvalov (April 1878)’, Slavonic and East European Review 28 (1950): 510. See also John C. Mitcham, Race and Imperial Defence in the British World, 1870–1914, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016), 48–50.

⁵⁶ Aaron A. Sargent, Senate, 13 February 1879, Congressional Record, Forty-Fifth Congress, Third Session, vol. 8, Part 2, 1266; Horace Davis, House of Representatives, 28 January 1879, Congressional Record, Forty-Fifth Congress, Third Session, vol. 8, Part 3, Appendix, 30.

⁵⁷ Ernest Dottain in Journal des débats politiques et littéraires, 17 March 1879, 1–2. For the quote cited (but misattributed) by Dottain see Stanley Matthews, Senate, 13 February 1879, Congressional Record. Forty-Fifth Congress, Third Session, vol. 8, Part 2, 1275. On the debates and veto, see Ari Hoogenboom, Rutherford B. Hayes: Warrior and President (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995), 387–91.

⁵⁸ P. S. Aurelian, ‘Cronica Șciințifică’ [Scientific chronicle], Revista Șciințifică, 1 March 1879, 18–19.

⁵⁹ Missail, MOf, 1639.

⁶⁰ On Boerescu’s earlier career, see Andrei Dan Sorescu, ‘National History as a History of Compacts: Jus Publicum Europaeum and Suzerainty in Romania in the Mid-Nineteenth Century’, East Central Europe 45, no. 1 (2018): 63–93.

⁶¹ [Vasile Boerescu], Mémoire sur la revision de l’Article 7 de la Constitution roumaine (Paris: E. Briere, 1879), 8.

⁶² [Boerescu], Mémoire sur la revision, 10.

⁶³ See Sophie B. Roberts, Citizenship and Antisemitism in French Colonial Algeria, 1870–1962 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018).

⁶⁴ [Boerescu], Mémoire sur la revision, 10–13. For the legislative proposal in favour of abrogating the Crémieux Decree, see Journal Officiel de la République Française, 13 August 1871, 2671–2.

⁶⁵ [Boerescu], Mémoire sur la revision, 15–16, 22.

⁶⁶ [Boerescu], Mémoire sur la revision, 21–22

⁶⁷ ‘La Question Israélite en Roumanie’, Le Constitutionnel, 13 September 1879, 1–2; Daniel [pseud.], ‘Boeresco-Loriquet’, L’Événement, 15 September 1879, 1–2; ‘Le mémoire de M. Boeresco’, La Liberté, 3 September 1879, 1.

⁶⁸ D. Rosetti-Tețcanu, Chamber of Deputies, 10 September 1879, MOf, 5897–8.

⁶⁹ Nicolae Blaramberg, Chamber of Deputies, 2 October 1879, MOf, 6415–17. On the Courrier as trans-Atlantic vector for information diffusion, see Guillaume Pinson, ‘Les journaux francophones au dix-neuvième siècle: Entre enjeux locaux et perspective globale’, French Politics, Culture & Society 35, no. 1 (2017): 7–18.

⁷⁰ On Jewish emancipation and antisemitism in Hungary, see Vera Ranki, The Politics of Inclusion and Exclusion: Jews and Nationalism in Hungary (New York: Homes & Meier, 1999); Raphael Patai, The Jews of Hungary (Detroit: Wayne State University Press), 1996; Judit Kubinszky, Politikai antiszemitizmus Magyarországon, 1875–1890 [Political Antisemitism in Hungary, 1875–1890] (Budapest: Kossuth Könyvkiadó, 1975). For a comparison with Romania, see Raul Cârstocea, ‘Uneasy Twins? The Entangled Histories of Jewish Emancipation and anti-Semitism in Romania and Hungary, 1866–1913’, Slovo 21, no. 2 (2009): 64–85.

⁷¹ Andrew Handler, An Early Blueprint for Zionism: Győző Istóczy’s Political anti-Semitism (Boulder: East European Monographs, 1989).

⁷² See John D. Klier, Russians, Jews, and the Pogroms of 1881–1882 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011); Börries Kuzmany, Brody: A Galician Border City in the Long Nineteenth Century (Leiden: Brill, 2017), chap. 7.

⁷³ Andrew Handler, Blood Libel at Tiszaeszlár (Boulder: East European Monographs, 1980).

⁷⁴ ‘Egy amerikai zsidóellenes congressus’ [An American Anti-Jewish Congress], 12 Röpirat, 15 October 1880, 29–34.

⁷⁵ Harry H. Marks, ‘Down with the Jews!’, American Jewish Archives 26, no. 1 (1964): 1–8.

⁷⁶ See Ann E. Healy, ‘Tsarist Anti-Semitism and Russian-American Relations’, Slavic Review 42, no. 3 (1983): 408–25.

⁷⁷ ‘A zsidó harctérről: Havi szemle’ [From the Jewish Battlefield. Monthly Dispatch], 12 Röpirat, 15 May 1882, 10–11.

⁷⁸ ‘A zsidó harctérről: Havi szemle.’

⁷⁹ On the temporalities of Zionism versus Messianism, see Chaim I. Waxman, ‘Messianism, Zionism, and the State of Israel’, Modern Judaism 7, no. 2 (1987): 175–92; Eyal Chowers, ‘Time in Zionism: The Life and Afterlife of a Temporal Revolution’, Political Theory 26, no. 5 (1998): 652–85.

⁸⁰ Győző Istóczy, 9 June 1882, Országgyűlés. Képviselőházának naplója (Parliament. Journal of the Chamber of Deputies) (henceforth OKN), vol. 6, 261.

⁸¹ Case, Age of Questions, 117–19.

⁸² Istóczy, 9 June 1882, OKN, vol. 6, 261–2.

⁸³ Handler, An Early Blueprint for Zionism, 102–5.

⁸⁴ Lajos Hentaller, 9 June 1882, OKN, vol. 6, 268.

⁸⁵ Lajos Hentaller, 9 June 1882, OKN, vol. 6, 268.

⁸⁶ C. C. Aronsfeld, ‘The First Anti-Semitic International 1882–83’, Immigrants & Minorities 4, no. 1 (1985): 64–75; Ulrich Wyrwa, ‘Die Internationalen Antijüdischen Kongresse von 1882 und 1883 in Dresden und Chemnitz Zum Antisemitismus als europäischer Bewegung’, www.europa.clio-online.de/essay/id/fdae-1481.

⁸⁷ See Hillel J. Kieval, Blood Inscriptions: Science, Modernity, and Ritual Murder at Europe’s Fin de Siècle (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2022), chap. 3.

⁸⁸ ‘A drezdai német reformegylet nyilvános előadási estélye’ [Evening Public Lecture at the German Reform Society in Dresden], 12 Röpirat, 15 September 1882, 29.

⁸⁹ For instance: Carl E. Schorske, Fin-de-Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 129; Andrew Gladding Whiteside, The Socialism of Fools: Georg Ritter von Schönerer and Austrian Pan-Germanism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975), 120–21; George E. Berkley, Vienna and Its Jews: The Tragedy of Success, 1880s–1980s (Cambridge MA: Abt Books, 1988), 94.

⁹⁰ 27 May 1887, Stenographische Protokolle über die Sitzungen des Hauses der Abgeordneten des Österreichischen Reichsrates (henceforth SPSHAOR), Session 10, vol. 5, 6424–5.

⁹¹ Kurt Tweraser, ‘Carl Beurle and the Triumph of German Nationalism in Austria’, German Studies Review 4, no. 3 (1981): 413–14.

⁹² Carl Beurle, Die Amerikanische Anti-Chinesen-Bill (Vienna: V. Schönerer, 1886), 34; 22 May 1882, SPSHAOR, Session 9, vol. 8, 8331–2.

⁹³ More generally, see Markian Prokopovych, ‘Urban History of Overseas Migration in Habsburg Central Europe: Vienna and Budapest in the Late Nineteenth Century’, Journal of Migration History 2, no. 2 (2016): 330–51; Annemarie Steidl, On Many Routes: Internal, European, and Transatlantic Migration in the Late Habsburg Empire (West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 2021); Tobias Brinkmann, ‘“Travelling with Ballin”: The Impact of American Immigration Policies on Jewish Transmigration within Central Europe, 1880–1914’, International Review of Social History 53, no. 3 (2008): 459–84.

⁹⁴ On the historical practice of Chinese post-mortem repatriation, see Sue Fawn Chung and Priscilla Wegars, eds., Chinese American Death Rituals: Respecting the Ancestors (Lanham: AltaMira, 2005).

⁹⁵ ‘Zeitungsnachrichten und Correspondenzen’, Der Israelit, 7 June 1882, 565.

⁹⁶ Beurle, Amerikanische Anti-Chinesen-Bill, 27.

⁹⁷ Beurle, Amerikanische Anti-Chinesen-Bill, 28–9.

⁹⁸ Beurle, Amerikanische Anti-Chinesen-Bill, 30.

⁹⁹ Beurle, Amerikanische Anti-Chinesen-Bill, 32–3.

¹⁰⁰ 18 February 1890, SPSHAOR, Session 10, vol. 11, 13454–62.

¹⁰¹ 18 February 1890, SPSHAOR, Session 10, vol. 11, 13462–5.

¹⁰² 20 June 1891, SPSHAOR, Session 11, vol. 2, 1003–4.

¹⁰³ 15 December 1893, SPSHAOR, Session 11, vol. 10, 12260–61.

¹⁰⁴ Benno Gammerl, Subjects, Citizens, and Others: Administering Ethnic Heterogeneity in the British and Habsburg Empires, 1867–1918 (New York: Berghahn, 2017), 67–70, 106–7.

¹⁰⁵ Richard S. Levy, The Downfall of the Anti-Semitic Political Parties in Imperial Germany (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975), 38–66.

¹⁰⁶ ‘Zeitungsnachrichten’, Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums, 14 July 1887, 441.

¹⁰⁷ ‘Zeitungsnachrichten’, Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums, 25 August 1887, 538.

¹⁰⁸ Goldberg, ‘Racial Comparisons’, 1725.