Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-pftt2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-01T04:37:16.031Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Early co-occurrence of peer victimization and aggression

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 October 2021

Wendy L. G. Hoglund Open the ORCID record for Wendy L. G. Hoglund [Opens in a new window]  and
Phillip Hau
Wendy L. G. Hoglund*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
Phillip Hau
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
*
Author for Correspondence: Wendy L. G. Hoglund, Department of Psychology, P217 Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E9; E-mail: hoglund@ualberta.ca
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An accelerated longitudinal research design was used to examine heterogeneity in the developmental co-occurrence of peer relational victimization and aggression and of peer overt victimization and aggression from age 4.5 to 10.5 years. Data were gathered from four cohorts of children in kindergarten to Grade 3 (N = 503) on six occasions across 2 years. Psychopathology, peer, and social–cognitive factors were examined as predictors of the joint trajectories. Sequential process latent growth mixture models identified four distinct subgroups for the relational trajectories (co-occurring increasing aggression, co-occurring increasing victimization, high chronic victimization, typical low risk) and four distinct subgroups for the overt trajectories (co-occurring decelerating aggression, high chronic victimization, moderate chronic victimization, typical low risk). Membership in the co-occurring trajectories was associated with psychopathology and membership in the chronic victimization trajectories was related to internalizing and social–cognitive problems but also peer likeability.

Keywords

co-occurring trajectoriesmiddle childhoodpeer aggressionpeer victimization
Type
Regular Article
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 35 , Issue 1 , February 2023 , pp. 257 - 273
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allison, P. D. (2002). Missing data: Quantitative application in the social sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Archer, J., & Coyne, S. M. (2005). An integrated review of indirect, relational, and social aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9, 212–230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arseneault, L., Walsh, E., Trzesniewski, K., Newcombe, R., Caspi, A., & Moffit, T. E. (2006). Bullying victimization uniquely contributes to adjustment problems in young children: A nationally representative study. Pediatrics, 118, 130–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arsenio, W. F., & NICHD early child care research network (2004). Trajectories of physical aggression from toddlerhood to middle childhood: Predictors, correlates, and outcomes. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 69, 1–129.Google Scholar
Barker, E. D., Arseneault, L., Brendgen, M., Fontaine, N., & Maughan, B. (2008). Joint development of bullying and victimization in adolescence: Relations to delinquency and self-harm. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 1030–1038.Google ScholarPubMed
Barker, E. D., Boivin, M., Brendgen, M., Fontaine, N., Arseneault, L., Vitaro, F., … Tremblay, R. E. (2008). Predictive validity and early predictors of peer-victimization trajectories in preschool. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 1185–1192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bauer, D. J., & Curran, P. J. (2003). Distributional assumptions of growth mixture models: Implications for overextraction of latent trajectory classes. Psychological Methods, 8, 338–363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bettencourt, A., Farrell, A., Liu, W., & Sullivan, T. (2013). Stability and change in patterns of peer victimization and aggression during adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42, 429–441. doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.738455CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biggs, B. K., Vernberg, E., Little, T. D., Dill, E. J., Fonagy, P., & Twemlow, S. W. (2010). Peer victimization trajectories and their association with children's affect in late elementary. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 34, 136–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boivin, M., Petitclerc, A., Feng, B., & Barker, E. (2010). The developmental trajectories of peer victimization in middle childhood and the changing nature of their behavioral correlates. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 56, 231–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradshaw, C. P. (2015). Translating research to practice in bullying prevention. American Psychologist, 70, 322–332.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broidy, L. M., Nagin, D. S., Tremblay, R. E., Bates, J. E., Brame, B., Dodge, K. A., … Vitaro, F. (2003). Developmental trajectories of childhood disruptive behaviors and adolescent delinquency: A six-site, cross-national study. Developmental Psychology, 39, 222–245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Card, N. A., Stucky, B. D., Sawalani, G. M., & Little, T. D. (2008). Direct and indirect aggression during childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic review of gender differences, intercorrelations, and relations to maladjustment. Child Development, 79, 1185–1229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casper, D., & Card, N. (2017). Overt and relational victimization: A meta-analytic review of their overlap and associations with social-psychological adjustment. Child Development, 88, 466–483.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, L., Zhang, W., Ji, L., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2019). Developmental trajectories of Chinese adolescents’ relational aggression: Associations with changes in social-psychological adjustment. Child Development, 90, 2153–2170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cicchetti, D. (2006). Development and psychopathology. In Cohen, D. J. & Cicchetti, D. (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Vol. 1. Theory and method (2nd ed., pp. 1–23). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Cillessen, A. H. N., & Marks, P. E. L. (2011). Conceptualizing and measuring popularity. In Cillessen, A. H. N., Schwartz, D. & Mayeux, L. (Eds.), Popularity in the peer system (pp. 25–56). New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Cillessen, A. H. N., & Mayeux, L. (2004). From censure to reinforcement: Developmental changes in the association between aggression and social status. Child Development, 75, 147–163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cleverley, K., Szatmari, P., Vaillancourt, T., Boyle, M., & Lipman, E. (2012). Developmental trajectories of physical and indirect aggression from late childhood to adolescence: Sex differences and outcomes in emerging adulthood. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51, 1037–1051.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coie, J. D., Dodge, K. A., & Coppotelli, H. (1982). Dimensions and types of social status: A cross-age perspective. Developmental Psychology, 18, 557–570.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, L. M. (2006). Analysis of longitudinal data: The integration of theoretical model, temporal, design, and statistical model. Annual Reviews of Psychology, 57, 505–528.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cook, C. R., Williams, K. R., Guerra, N., Kim, T. E., & Sadek, S. (2010). Predictors of bullying and victimization in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic investigation. School Psychology Quarterly, 25, 65–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Côté, S., Vaillancourt, T., Barker, E. D., Nagin, D., & Tremblay, R. E. (2007). The joint development of physical and indirect aggression: Predictors of continuity and change during childhood. Developmental Psychopathology, 19, 37–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Craig, W., Harel-Fisch, Y., Fogel-Grinvald, H., Dostaler, S., Hetlan, J., Simons-Morton, B., … the HBSC Bullying Writing Group (2009). A cross-national profile of bullying and victimization among adolescents in 40 countries. International Journal of Public Health, 54, 216–224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crick, N., & Dodge, K. A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children's social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 74–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment. Child Development, 66, 710–722.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K. (1996). Children's treatment by peers: Victims of relational and overt aggression. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 367–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crick, N. R., Grotpeter, J. K., & Bigbee, M. A. (2002). Relationally and physically aggressive children's intent attributions and feelings of distress for relational and instrumental peer provocations. Child Development, 73, 1134–1142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crick, N. R., Ostrov, J. M., & Werner, N. E. (2006). A longitudinal study of relational aggression, physical aggression, and children's social-psychological adjustment. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 131–142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Demaray, M. K., Malecki, C. K., & Lyell, K. M. (2013). Agreement among students’, teachers’, and parents’ perceptions of victimization by bullying. Children and Youth Services Review, 35, 2091–2100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dodge, K. A., Lansford, J. E., Burks, V. S., Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S., Fontaine, R., & Price, J. M. (2003). Peer rejection and social information-processing factors in the development of aggressive behavior problems in children. Child Development, 74, 374–393.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dukes, R. L., Stein, J. A., & Zane, J. I. (2009). Effect of relational bullying on attitudes, behavior and injury among adolescent bullies, victims and bully-victims. The Social Science Journal, 46, 671–688.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duncan, S. C., Duncan, T. E., & Hops, H. (1996). Analysis of longitudinal data within accelerated longitudinal designs. Psychological Methods, 1, 236–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ehrenreich, S. E., Beron, K. J., Brinkley, D. Y., & Underwood, M. K. (2014). Family predictors of continuity and change in social and physical aggression from ages 9 to 18. Aggressive Behavior, 40, 421–439.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Enders, C. K., & Bandalos, D. L. (2001). The relative performance of full information maximum likelihood estimation for missing data in structural equation models. Structural Equation Modeling, 8, 430–457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Espelage, D. L., & Swearer, S. M. (2003). Research on school bullying and victimization: What we have learned and where do we go from here? School Psychology Review, 32, 365–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ettekal, I., & Ladd, G. W. (2015). Costs and benefits of children's physical and relational aggression trajectories on peer rejection, acceptance, and friendships: Variations by aggression subtypes, gender, and age. Developmental Psychology, 51, 1756–1770.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ettekal, I., & Ladd, G. W. (2017). Developmental continuity and change in physical, verbal, and relational aggression and peer victimization from childhood to adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 53, 1709–1721.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. A., & Hamby, S. (2012). Let's prevent peer victimization, not just bullying. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36, 271–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giang, M. T., & Graham, S. (2008). Using latent class analysis to identify aggressors and victims of peer harassment. Aggressive Behavior, 34, 203–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giesbrecht, G. F., Leadbeater, B. J., & MacDonald, S. W. S. (2011). Child and context characteristics in trajectories of physical and relational victimization among early elementary school children. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 239–252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Godleski, S. A., Kamper, K. E., Ostrov, J. M., Hart, E. J., & Blakely-McClure, S. J. (2015). Peer victimization and peer rejection during early childhood. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 44, 380–392.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldbaum, S., Craig, W. M., Pepler, D., & Connolly, J. (2003). Developmental trajectories of victimization: Identifying risk and protective factors. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 2, 139–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haltigan, J. D., & Vaillancourt, T. (2014). Joint trajectories of bullying and peer victimization across elementary and middle school and associations with symptoms of psychopathology. Developmental Psychology, 50, 2426–2436.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanish, L. D., & Guerra, N. G. (2004). Aggressive victims, passive victims, and bullies: Developmental continuity or developmental change? Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 50, 17–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanish, L. D., Ryan, P., Martin, C. L., & Fabes, R. (2005). The social context of young children's peer victimization. Social Development, 14, 2–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hodges, E. V. E., & Perry, D. G. (1999). Personal and interpersonal antecedents and consequences of victimization by peers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 677–685.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoglund, W. L. G., & Chisholm, C. A. (2014). Reciprocating risks of peer relationship problems and aggression for children's internalizing problems. Developmental Psychology, 50, 586–599.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoglund, W. L., & Leadbeater, B. J. (2007). Managing threat: Do social-cognitive processes mediate the link between peer victimization and adjustment problems in early adolescence? Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17, 525–540.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jansen, P. W., Verlinden, M., Dommisse-van Berkel, A., Mieloo, C., van der Ende, J., Veenstra, R., … Tiemeier, H. (2012). Prevalence of bullying and victimization among children in early elementary school: Do family and school neighbourhood socioeconomic status matter? BMC Public Health, 12(494), 1–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, S. M., & Bouffard, S. M. (2012). Social and emotional learning in schools: From programs to strategies. Social Policy Report, 26, 1–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karriker-Jaffe, K. J., Foshee, V. A., Ennett, S. T., & Suchindran, C. (2008). The development of aggression during adolescence: Sex differences in trajectories of physical and social aggression among youth in rural areas. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 1227–1236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kochenderfer-Ladd, B. J. (2003). Identification of aggressive and asocial victims and the stability of their peer victimization. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 49, 401–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kochenderfer-Ladd, B., & Wardrop, J. L. (2001). Chronicity and instability of children's peer victimization experiences as predictors of loneliness and social satisfaction trajectories. Child Development, 72, 134–151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ladd, G. W., Ettekal, I., & Kochenderfer-Ladd, B. (2017). Peer victimization trajectories from kindergarten through high school: Differential pathways for children's school engagement and achievement? Journal of Educational Psychology, 109(6), 826–841.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lansford, J. E., Malone, P. S., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (2010). Developmental cascades of peer rejection, social information processing biases, and aggression during middle childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 593–602.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laursen, B., Little, T. D., & Card, N. A. (2012). Handbook of developmental research methods. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Leadbeater, B. J., & Hoglund, W. L. G. (2009). The effects of peer victimization and physical aggression on changes in internalizing from first to third grade. Child Development, 80, 843–859.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leff, S. S., Kupersmidt, J. B., & Power, T. J. (2003). An initial examination of girls’ cognitions of their relationally aggressive peers as a function of their own social standing. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 49, 28–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marks, P. E. L., Babcock, B., Cillessen, A. H. N., & Crick, N. R. (2013). The effects of participation rate on the internal reliability of peer nomination measures. Social Development, 22, 609–622.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, N. A., Arnold, D. H., Rolon-Arroyo, B., & Griffith, S. F. (2015). The association between relational aggression and internalizing symptoms: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 34, 135–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masten, A. S., Morison, P., & Pellegrini, D. S. (1985). A revised class play method of peer assessment. Developmental Psychology, 21, 523–533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDougall, P., & Vaillancourt, T. (2015). Long-term adult outcomes of peer victimization in childhood and adolescence: Pathways to adjustment and maladjustment. American Psychologist, 70, 300–310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monks, C. P., Smith, P. K., & Swettenham, J. (2005). Psychological correlates of peer victimisation in preschool: Social cognitive skills, executive function and attachment profiles. Aggressive Behavior, 31, 571–588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray-Close, D., Ostrov, J. M., & Crick, N. R. (2007). A short-term longitudinal study of growth and relational aggression during middle childhood: Associations with gender, friendship intimacy, and internalizing problems. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 187–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muthén, B. (2004). Latent variable analysis: Growth mixture modeling and related techniques for longitudinal data. In Kaplan, D. (Ed.), The Sage handbook of quantitative methodology for the social sciences (pp. 345–368). New York, NY: Sage.Google Scholar
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. (1998–2012). Mplus user's guide (7th ed.): Statistical analysis with latent variables. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.Google Scholar
Nagin, D. S., & Tremblay, R. E. (2001). Analyzing developmental trajectories of distinct but related behaviors: A group-based method. Psychological Methods, 6, 18–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nansel, T. R., Craig, W., Overpeck, M. D., Saluja, G., Ruan, W. J., & Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Bullying Analyses Working Group (2004). Cross-national consistency in the relationship between bullying behaviors and psychosocial adjustment. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 158, 730–736.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nansel, T. R., Overpeck, M., Pilla, R. S., Ruan, W. J., Simons-Morton, B., & Scheidt, P. (2001). Bullying behaviors among US youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285, 2094–2100. doi:10.1001/jama.285.16.2094CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orobio de Castro, B., Veerman, J., Koops, W., Bosch, J., & Monshouwer, H. (2002). Hostile attribution of intent and aggressive behavior: A meta-analysis. Child Development, 73, 916–934.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orpinas, P., McNicholas, C., & Nahapetyan, L. (2015). Gender differences in trajectories of relational aggression perpetration and victimization from middle to high school. Aggressive Behavior, 41, 401–412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peets, K., & Kikas, E. (2006). Aggressive strategies and victimization during adolescence: Grade and gender differences, and cross-informant agreement. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 68–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pepler, D., Jiang, D., Craig, W., & Connolly, J. (2008). Developmental trajectories of bullying and associated factors. Child Development, 79, 325–338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prinstein, M. J., Boergers, J., & Vernberg, E. M. (2001). Overt and relational victimization in adolescents: Social-psychological adjustment of aggressors and victims. Journal of Community Psychology, 30, 479–491.Google ScholarPubMed
Prinstein, M. J., Cheah, C. S. L., & Guyer, A. E. (2005). Peer victimization, cue interpretation, and internalizing symptoms: Preliminary concurrent and longitudinal findings for children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 11–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raftery, A. R. (1995). Bayesian model selection in social research. Social Methodology, 25, 111–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reavis, R. D., Keane, S. P., & Calkins, S. D. (2010). Trajectories of peer victimization: The role of multiple relationships. Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 56, 303–332.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reijntjes, A., Kamphuis, J. H., Prinzie, P., & Telch, M. J. (2010). Peer victimization and internalizing problems in children: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34, 244–252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reijntjes, A., Vermande, M., Goossens, F. A., Olthof, T., van de Schoot, R., Aleva, L., & van der Meulen, M. (2013). Developmental trajectories of bullying and social dominance in youth. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37, 224–234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reynolds, C. R., & Kamphaus, R. W. (2004). Behavioral assessment system for children. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.Google Scholar
Rudolph, K. D., Troop-Gordon, W., Hessel, E. T., & Schmidt, J. D. (2011). A latent growth curve analysis of early and increasing peer victimization as predictors of mental health across elementary school. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 40, 111–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salmivalli, C., & Nieminen, E. (2002). Proactive and reactive aggression among school bullies, victims, and bully-victims. Aggressive Behavior, 28, 30–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salvas, M.-C., Vitaro, F., Bendgen, M., Lacourse, E., Boivin, M., & Tremblay, R. E. (2011). Interplay between friends’ aggression and friendship quality in the development of child aggression during the early school years. Social Development, 20, 645–663.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sameroff, A. J. (2000). Developmental systems and psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 297–312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, D. (2000). Subtypes of victims and aggressors in children's peer groups. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 181–192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Selman, R. L. (2003). The promotion of social awareness: Powerful lessons from the partnership of developmental theory and classroom practice. New York, NY: Russell Sage.Google Scholar
Smith, P. K., & Sharp, S. (1994). School bullying: Insights and perspectives. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Troop-Gordon, W., & Ladd, G. (2005). Trajectories of peer victimization and perceptions of self and schoolmates: Precursors to internalizing and externalizing problems. Child Development, 76, 1072–1091.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tseng, W. L., Banny, A. M., Kawabata, Y., Crick, N. R., & Gau, S. S. F. (2013). A cross-lagged structural equation model of relational aggression, physical aggression, and peer status in a Chinese culture. Aggressive Behavior, 39, 301–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, H. A., Finkelhor, D., Hamby, S. L., Shatmtuck, A., & Ormrod, R. K. (2011). Specifying type and location of peer victimization in a national sample of children and youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 1052–1067.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Underwood, M. K., Beron, K. J., & Rosen, L. H. (2009). Continuity and change in social and physical aggression from middle childhood through early adolescence. Aggressive Behavior, 35, 357–375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Underwood, M. K., Beron, K. J., & Rosen, L. H. (2011). Joint trajectories for social and physical aggression as predictors of adolescent maladjustment: Internalizing symptoms, rule-breaking behaviors, and borderline and narcissistic personality features. Developmental Psychopathology, 23, 659–678.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vaillancourt, T., Brittain, H. L., McDougall, P., & Duku, E. (2013). Longitudinal links between childhood peer victimization, internalizing and externalizing problems, and academic functioning: Developmental cascades. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 41, 1203–1215.Google ScholarPubMed
Vaillancourt, T., Miller, J. L., Fagbemi, J., Côté, S., & Tremblay, R. E. (2007). Trajectories and predictors of indirect aggression: Results from a nationally representative longitudinal study of Canadian children aged 2–10. Aggressive Behavior, 33, 314–326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van der Ploeg, R., Steglich, C., Salmivalli, C., & Veenstra, R. (2015). The intensity of victimization: Associations with children's psychosocial well-being and social standing in the classroom. PLoS One, 10, e0141490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Veenstra, R., Lindenberg, S., Oldehinkel, A. J., De Winter, A. F., Verhulst, F. C., & Ormel, J. (2005). Bullying and victimization in elementary schools: A comparison of bullies, victims, bully/victims, and uninvolved preadolescents. Developmental Psychology, 41, 672–682.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Widaman, K. F., Ferrer, E., & Conger, R. D. (2010). Factorial invariance within longitudinal structural equation models: Measuring the same construct across time. Child Development Perspectives, 4, 10–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williford, A. P., Brisson, D., Bender, K. A., Jenson, J. M., & Forrest-Bank, S. (2011). Patterns of aggressive behavior and peer victimization from childhood to early adolescence: A latent class analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 644–655.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: PDF

Hoglund and Hau supplementary material

Hoglund and Hau supplementary material

Download Hoglund and Hau supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 340.6 KB