Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-qsmjn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T14:54:15.380Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The status of CMV as a human pathogen

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 October 2009

P. D. Griffiths  and
J. E. Grundy
P. D. Griffiths
Affiliation:
Department of Virology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London NW3, England
J. E. Grundy
Affiliation:
Department of Virology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London NW3, England
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common infectious agent which is well adapted to its host. Following primary infection, which is almost always asymptomatic in people with normal immunity, the virus establishes latency at sites which are unknown. The virus is probably maintained in this latent state by immune surveillance mechanisms since immunosuppression frequently leads to reactivation of virus.

Cytomegalovirus has been identified in most anatomical areas of the human body. The aim of this article is to define criteria for pathogenicity so that clinical and experimental data can be reviewed to determine if CMV is likely to cause disease at these various clinical sites. Thus, patients have been shown to die frequently with CMV but do they die from it?

Type
Special Article
Information
Epidemiology & Infection , Volume 100 , Issue 1 , February 1988 , pp. 1 - 15
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1988

References

REFERENCES

Albrecht, T. & Rapp, F. (1973). Malignant transformation of hamster embryo fibroblasts following exposure to ultraviolet-irradiated human cytomegalovirus. Virology 55, 53–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Appelbaum, F. R., Meyers, J. D., Fefer, A., Flournoy, N., Cheever, M. A., Greenberg, P. D., Hackman, R. & Thomas, E. D. (1982). Non-bacterial nonfungal pneumonia following marrow transplantation in 100 identical twins. Transplantation 33, 265–268.Google Scholar
Bartholomaeus, W. N., Shellam, G. R., Allan, J. E., Reed, W. D. & Joske, R. A. (1983). Autoantibodies to liver-specific lipoprotein following hepatitis induced by mouse cytomegalovirus. Clinical Experimental Immunology 52, 89–93.Google ScholarPubMed
Beschorner, W. E., Hutchines, G. M., Burns, W. H., Saral, R., Turschka, P. J. & Santos, G. W. (1980). Cytomegalovirus pneumonia in bone marrow transplant recipients: miliary and diffuse patterns. American Review of Respiratory Disease 122, 107–114.Google ScholarPubMed
Boldooh, I., Beth, E., Huang, E. S., Kyalwazi, S. K. & Giraldo, G. (1981). Kaposi's sarcoma. IV. Detection of CMV DNA, CMV RNA and CMNA in tumour biopsies. International Journal of Cancer 28, 469–474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borysiewicz, L. K., Morris, S., Page, J. D. & Sissons, J. G. P. (1983). Human cytomegalovirus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes: requirements for in vitro generation and specificity. European Journal of Immunology 13, 804–809.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carne, C. A. (1987). ABC of AIDS: neurological manifestations. British Medical Journal 294, 1399–1401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carney, W. P. & Hirsch, M. S. (1981). Mechanisms of immunosuppression in cytomegalovirus mononucleosis. II. Virus monocyte interactions. Journal of Infectious Diseases 144, 47–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carter, A. R. (1968). Cytomegalovirus disease presenting as hepatitis. British Medical Journal 3, 786.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chanarin, I. & Walford, D. M. (1973). Thrombocytopenic purpura in cytomegalovirus mononucleosis. Lancet ii, 238–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clanton, D. J., Jariwalla, R. J., Kress, C. & Rosenthal, L. J. (1983). Neoplastie transformation by a cloned human cytomegalovirus DNA fragment uniquely homologous to one of the transforming regions of herpes simplex virus type 2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 80, 3826–3830.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collaborative Dhpg Treatment Study GROUP. (1986). Treatment of serious cytomegalovirus infections with 9-(l,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl) guanine in patients with AIDS and other immunodeficiencies. Neio England Journal of Medicine 314, 801–805.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coombs, R. R. H. (1968). Cytomegalic inclusion-body disease associated with acquired autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. British Medical Journal 2, 743–744.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, G. L. & Strauss, M. (1973). Viral disease of the labyrinth. II. An experimental model using mouse cytomegalovirus. Annals of Otolaryngology 82, 584–594.Google Scholar
Davis, L. E., James, C. G., Fiber, F., McLaren, L. C. (1979). Cytomegalovirus isolation from a human inner ear. Annals of Otology 88, 424–426.Google ScholarPubMed
Drew, W. L. & Mintz, L. (1984). What is the role of cytomegalovirus in AIDS? Annals of the New York Academy of Science 437, 320–324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egbert, P. R., Pollar, R. B., Gallagher, J. G. & Merigan, T. C. (1980). Cytomegalovirus retinitis in immunosuppressed hosts. II. Ocular manifestations. Annals of Internal Medicine 93, 664–670.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Embil, J. A., Goldbloom, A. L. & McFarlane, E. S. (1985). Isolation of cytomegalovirus from middle ear effusion. Journal of Paediatrics 107, 435–436.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiala, M., Kattlove, H. & Lemkin, S. (1973). Cytomegalovirus mononucleosis with severe thrombocytopenia. Annals of Internal Medicine 79, 450–451.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiala, M., Nelson, R. J., Myhre, B. A., Guze, L. B., Overby, L. R. & Lino, C. M. (1974). Cytomegalovirus in non-B post-transfusion hepatitis. Lancet ii, 1206–1207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geder, L., Hyman, R. W., Fioueroa, M., Oakes, F. J., Iltis, J. P., Dawson, M. S. & RArp, F. (1978). Identification of a herpesvirus isolated from cytomegalovirus-transformed human cells. Journal of Virology 27, 713–724.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geder, L., Kreider, J. & Rapp, F. (1977). Human cells transformed in vitro by human cytomegalovirus: tumorigenicity in athymic nude mice. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 58, 1003–1007.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geder, L., Lausch, R., O'neill, F. & Rapp, F. (1976). Oncogenic transformation of human embryo lung cells by human cytomegalovirus. Science 192, 1134–1137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giraldo, G. & Beth, E. (1986). The involvement of cytomegalovirus in acquired immune deficiency syndrome and Kaposi's sarcoma. Progress in Allergy 37, 319–331.Google ScholarPubMed
Giraldo, G., Beth, E., Coeur, P., Vooel, CH. L. & Dmiu, D. S. (1972). Kaposi's sarcoma: A new model in the search for viruses associated with human malignancies. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 49, 1495–1507.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giraldo, G., Beth, E. & Haquenau, F. (1972). Herpes-type virus particles in tissue culture of Kaposi's sarcoma from different geographic regions. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 49, 1509–1526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giraldo, G., Beth, E. & Huang, E. S. (1980). Kaposi's sarcoma and its relationship to cytomegalovirus (CMV). III. CMV DNA and CMV early antigens in Kaposi's sarcoma. International Journal of Cancer 26, 23–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giraldo, G., Beth, E., Kourilsky, F. M., Henle, W., Henle, G., Mike, V., Huraux, J. M., Andersen, H. K., Gharbi, M. R., Kyalwazi, S. K. & Puissant, A. (1975). Antibody patterns to herpesviruses in Kaposi's sarcoma: serological association of European Kaposi's sarcoma with cytomegalovirus. International Journal of Cancer 15, 839–848.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glenn, J. (1981). Cytomegalovirus infections following renal transplantation. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 3, 1151–1178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Griffiths, P. D. & Grundy, J. E. (1987). Molecular biology and immunology of cytomegalovirus. Biochemical Journal 241, 313–324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Griffiths, P. D., Staono, S., Pass, R. F., Smith, R. J. & Alford, C. A. (1982). Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: Diagnostic and prognostic significance of the detection of specific immunoglobulin M antibodies in cord serum. Paediatrics 69, 544–549.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grundy, J. E. (1979). In murine cytomegalovirus infection: a study of genes controlling resistance and their effects on pathogenesis. Ph.D. thesis. University of Western Australia.Google Scholar
Grundy, J. E., Mckeatino, J. A., Ward, P. D., Sanderson, A. R. & Griffiths, P. D. (1987). β2microglobulin enhances the infectivity of cytomegalovirus and when bound to the virus enables' Class I HLA molecules to be used as a virus receptor. Journal of General Virology 68, 793–803.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grundy, J. E. & Reid, M. F. (1985). The effect of primary and secondary infection with cytomegalovirus on the host response to alloantigens. Transplantation Proceedings 17, 592–594.Google Scholar
Grundy, J. E., Shanley, J. D. & Griffiths, P. D. (1987). Hypothesis: Is cytomegalovirus interstitial pneumonitis in transplant recipients an immunopathological condition? Lancet ii, 996–999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grundy, J. E., Shanley, J. D. & Shearer, G. M. (1985). Augmentation of graft-versus-host reaction by cytomegalovirus infection resulting in interstitial pneumonitis. Transplantation 39, 548–553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grundy, J. E. & Shearer, G. M. (1984). The effect of cytomegalovirus infection on the host response to foreign and hapten-modified self histocompatibility antigens. Transplantation 37, 484–490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, J. D. (1982). Cytomegalovirus and Immunity. Basel: Karger.Google Scholar
Hammer, S. P., Winterbauer, R. H., Bockus, D., Remminoton, F., Scale, G. E. & Meyers, J. D. (1983). Endothelial cell damage and tubuloreticular structures in interstitial lung disease associated with collagen vascular disease and viral pneumonia. American Iievieiv of Respiratory Disease 127, 77–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanshaw, J. B., Betts, R. F., Simon, G. & Boynton, R. C. (1965). Acquired cytomegalovirus infection: association with hepatomegaly and abnormal liver-function tests. New England Journal of Medicine 272, 602–608.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hansiiaw, J. B., Dudgeon, J. A. & Marshall, W. C. (1985). Viral Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn. Philadelphia: Saunders.Google Scholar
Harris, A. I., Meyer, R. J. & Brody, E. A. (1975). Cytomegalovirus-induced thromocytopenia and hemolysis in an adult. Annals of Internal Medicine 83, 670–671.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, H., Neill, W. A. & Norval, M. (1982). Lack of association of cytomegalovirus with adenocarcinoma of the colon. Gut 23, 21–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hasiiiro, G. M., Horikami, S. & Lou, P. C. (1979). Cytomegalovirus isolations from cell cultures of human adenocarcinomas of the colon, lntervirology 12, 84–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holt, S. & Kirkham, N. (1976). Cytomegalovirus-induced haemolytic anaemia after cardiac surgery. Thorax 31, 786–788.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, E. S. & Roche, J. K. (1978). Cytomegalovirus DNA and adenocarcinoma of the colon: evidence for latent viral infection. Lancet i, 957–960.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hudson, J. B. (1979). The murine cytomegalovirus as a model for the study of viral pathogenesis and persistent infections. Archives of Virology 62, 1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, K. P. (1964). Mouse cytomegalovirus: placental infection. Journal of Infectious Diseases 120, 445–450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jordan, M. C, Rousseau, W. E., Stewart, J. A., Noble, G. R. & Chin, T. D. Y. (1973). Spontaneous cytomegalovirus mononucleosis: clinical and laboratory observations in nine cases. Annals of Internal Medicine 79, 153–160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kantor, G. L. & Goldberg, L. S. (1971). Cytomegalovirus-induced postperfusion syndrome. Seminars in Hematology 8, 261–266.Google ScholarPubMed
Kantor, G. L., Goldberg, L. S., Johnson, B. L., Derechin, M. M. & Barnett, E. V. (1970). Immunologic abnormalities induced by postperfusion cytomegalovirus infection. Annals of Internal Medicine 73, 553–558.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kennedy, P. G. E., Newsome, D. A., Hess, J., Narayan, O., Suresch, D. L., Green, W. R., Gallo, R. C. & Polk, B. F. (1986). Cytomegalovirus but not human T lymphocyte virus type III/lymphadenopathy associated virus detected by in situ hybridisation in retinal lesions in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. British Medical Journal 293, 162–164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klemola, E. & Kääriäinen, L. (1965). Cytomegalovirus as a possible cause of a disease resembling infectious mononucleosis. British Medical Journal 2, 1099–1102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lamb, S. G. & Stern, H. (1966). Cytomegalovirus mononucleosis with jaundice as presenting sign. Lancet ii, 1003–1006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lopez, C, Simmons, R. L., Mever, S. M., Najarian, J. S., Good, R. A. & Gentry, S. (1974). Association of renal allograft rejection with virus infections. American Journal of Medicine 56, 280–289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lussier, G. (1973). Encephalitis caused by murine cytomegalovirus in newborn and weanling mice. Veterinary Pathology 10, 366–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lussier, G. (1975). Animal model: Murine cytomegalovirus-induced cerebral calcification. American Journal of Pathology 80, 555–558.Google Scholar
Mcdonald, G. B., Sharma, P., Hackman, R. C, Meyers, J. D. & Thomas, E. D. (1985). Esophageal infections in immunosuppressed patients after marrow transplantation. Gastroenterology 88, 1111–1117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mckeating, J., Griffiths, P. D. & Grundy, J. E. (1987). Cytomegalovirus in urine specimens has host β2-microglobulin bound to the viral envelope: A mechanism of evading the host immune response? Journal of General Virology 68, 785–792.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marmor, M., Friedman-Kien, A. E., Zoller-Pazner, S., Stahl, R. E., Rubinstein, P., Laubenstein, L., William, D. C, Klein, R. J. & Spioland, L. (1984). Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual men: a seroepidemiologic case-control study. Annals of Internal Medicine 100, 809–815.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
May, A. G., Betts, R. F., Freeman, R. B. & Andrus, C. H. (1978). An analysis of cytomegalovirus infection and HLA antigen matching on the outcome of renal transplantation. Annals of Surgery 187, 110–117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyers, J. D., Flournoy, N. & Thomas, E. D. (1986). Risk factors for cytomegalovirus infection after human marrow transplantation. Journal of Infectious Diseases 153, 478–488.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milburn, H. J., Prentice, H. G. & Du Bois, R. M. (1987). The role of bronchoalveolar lavage in the evaluation of interstitial pneumonitis in bone marrow transplant recipients. Thorax. (In the Press.)Google Scholar
Miller, W., Flynn, P., Mccullouqh, J., Balfour, H. H., Goldman, A., Haake, R., Mcglave, P., Ramsey, N. & KERSEY, J. (1986). Cytomegalovirus infection after bone marrow transplantation: As association with acute graft-vs-host disease. Blood 67, 1102–1107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moiiamed, A. H. (1974). Murine CMV infected liver: depletion of acid phosphatase with concomitant increase of alkaline phosphatase. Microbios 10, 103–113.Google Scholar
Murray, J. F., Felton, C. P., Garay, S. M., Gottlieb, M. S., Hopewell, P. C, Stover, D. E. & Teirstein, A. S. (1984). Pulmonary complications of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Report of a National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Workshop. New England Journal of Medicine 310, 1682–1688.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, J. A., Fleckenstein, B., Galloway, D. A. & Mcdougall, J. K. (1982). Transformation of NIH 3T3 cells with cloned fragments of human cytomegalovirus strain AD169. Journal of Virology 43, 83–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osborn, J. E. (1982). Cytomegalovirus and other herpesviruses. In The Mouse in Biochemical Research, vol. 2 (ed. Foster, H. L., Small, J. D. and Fox, J. G.), pp. 267–292.Google Scholar
Osborn, J. E. & Shahidi, N. T. (1973). Thrombocytopenia in murine cytomegalovirus infection. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 81, 53–63.Google ScholarPubMed
Papadimitriou, J. M., Shellam, G. R. & Allan, J. E. (1982). The effect of the beige mutation on infection with murine cytomegalovirus: Histopathologic studies. American Journal of Pathology 108, 299–309.Google ScholarPubMed
Pass, R. F., Stagno, S., Myers, G. J. & Alford, C. A. (1980). Outcome of symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection: Results of long-term longitudinal follow-up. Pediatrics 66, 758–762.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pass, R. F., Whitley, R. J., Diethelm, A. G., Wiielchel, J. D., Reynolds, D. W. & Alford, C. A. Jr (1979). Outcome of renal transplantation in patients with primary cytomegalovirus infection. Transplantation Proceedings 11, 1288–1290.Google ScholarPubMed
Peden, K., Mounts, P. & Hayward, G. S. (1982). Homology between mammalian cell DNA sequences and human herpesvirus genomes detected by a hybridisation procedure with highcomplexity probe. Cell 31, 71–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plotkin, S. A., Smiley, M. L., Friedman, H. M., Starr, S. E., Fleisiier, G. R., Wlodaver, C, Dafoe, D. C, Friedman, A. D., Grossman, R. A. & Barker, C. F. (1984). Townevaccine-induced prevention of cytomegalovirus disease after renal transplants. Lancet i, 528–530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rapp, F., Geder, L., Murasko, D., Lausch, R., Ladda, R., Huang, E. S. & Webber, M. M. (1975). Long-term persistence of cytomegalovirus genome in cultured human cells of prostatic origin. Journal of Virology 16, 982–990.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rapp, F. & Robbins, D. (1984). Cytomegalovirus and human cancer. Birth Defects 20, 175–192.Google ScholarPubMed
Rinaldo, C. R., Carney, W. P., Richter, B. S., Black, P. H. & Hirscii, M.S. (1980). Mechanisms of immunosuppression in cytomegalovirus mononucleosis. Journal of Infectious Diseases 141, 488–495.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodqers, B. C, Scott, D. M., Mundin, J. & Sissons, J. G. P. (1985). Monocyte-derived inhibitor of interleukin 1 induced by human cytomegalovirus. Journal of Virology 55, 527–532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubin, R. H., Cosimi, A. B., Hirsch, M. S. & Herrin, J. T. (1981). Effects of antithymocyte globulin on cytomegalovirus infection in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 31, 143–145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruoer, R., Bornkamm, G. W. & Fleckenstein, B. (1984). Human cytomegalovirus DNA sequences with homologies to the cellular genome. Journal of General Virology 65, 1351–1364.Google Scholar
Scott, D. & Sissons, J. G. P. (1987). The apparent immunosuppression produced by human cytomegalovirus infection of mononuclear cells in vitro may be largely duo to mycoplasma contamination. In Abstracts of the VHth International Congress of Virology, OP14.2.Google Scholar
Shanley, J. D. (1987). Modification of acute murine cytomegalovirus adrenal gland infection by adoptive spleen cell transfer. Journal of Virology 61, 23–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shanley, J. D., Pesanti, E. L. & Nugent, K. M. (1982). The pathogenesis of pneumonitis due to murine cytomegalovirus. Journal of Infectious Diseases 146, 388–396.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shustermann, N. H., Frauenhoffer, C. & Kinsey, M. D. (1978). Fatal massive hapatic necrosis in cytomegalovirus mononucleosis. Annals of Internal Medicine 88, 810–812.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spector, D. H. & Vacquier, J. P. (1983). Human cytomegalovirus (strain AD169) contains sequences related to the avian retrovirus oncogene v-myc. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 80, 3889–3893.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stagno, S., Brasfield, D. M., Brown, M. B., Casell, G. H., Pifer, L. L., Whitley, R. J. & Tiller, R. E. (1981). Infant pneumonitis associated with cytomegalovirus, chlamydia, pneumocystis, and ureaplasma: a prospective study. Pediatrics 68, 322–329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stagno, S., Reynolds, D. W., Tsiantos, A., Fuccillo, D. A., Long, W. & Alford, C. A. (1975). Comparative serial virologic and serologic studies of symptomatic and subclinical congenitally and natally acquired cytomegalovirus infections. Journal of Infectious Diseases 132, 568–577.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stagno, S., Pass, R. F., Dworsky, M. E., Henderson, R. E., Moore, E. G., Walton, P. D. & Alford, C. A. (1982). Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: The relative importance of primary and recurrent maternal infection. New England Journal of Medicine 306, 945–949.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stinski, M. F. & Roehr, T. J. (1985). Activation of the major immediate early gene of human cytomegalovirus by cis-acting elements in the promoter-regulatory sequence and by virusspecific trans-acting components. Journal of Virology 55, 431–441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stover, D. E., White, D. A., Romano, P. A., Gellene, R. A. & Robeson, W. A. (1985). Spectrum of pulmonary disease associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Avierican Journal of Medicine 78, 429–437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tocci, M. J., Livelli, T. J., Perry, H. C, Crumpacker, C. S. & Field, A. K. (1984). Effect of the nucleoside anolog 2'-nor-2'-deoxyguanosine on human cytomegalovirus replication. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 25, 247–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toghill, P. J., Bailey, M. E., Williams, R., Zeegen, R. & Bown, R. (1967). Cytomegalovirus hepatitis in the adult. Lancet ii, 1351–1354.Google Scholar
Toghill, P. J., Williams, R. & Stern, H. (1969). Cytomegalovirus infection in chronic liver disease. Gastroenterology 56, 936–937.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, J. G. (1983). Problems of infection after bone marrow transplantation. Journal of Clinical Pathology 36, 683–692.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiss, R. A. (1985). Unravelling the complexities of carcinogenesis. In Viruses and Cancer (ed. Rigby, P. W. J. and Wilkie, N. M.), pp. 1–21. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wong, T. W. & Warner, N. E. (1962). Cytomegalic inclusion disease in adults. Archives of Pathology 74, 403–422.Google ScholarPubMed
Zuelzer, W. W., Mastrangelo, R., Stulberg, C. S., Page, R. H. & Thompson, R. I. (1970). Autoimmune hemolytic anemia: Natural history and viral-immunologic interactions in childhood. American Journal of Medicine 49, 80–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed