No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
Revue historique de la gouvernance mondiale de l'environnement (1945–2022)
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 September 2023
Résumé
Cinquante ans après la Conférence de Stockholm de 1972, la littérature est appelée à offrir un compte rendu sur le passé et informer les décisions à venir. Dans ce contexte, le présent essai critique propose une revue historique de la gouvernance mondiale de l'environnement, couvrant la période de 1945 à 2022. Pour ce faire, il réunit les processus et évènements marquants des dernières décennies et distingue les moments clés ayant façonné la gouvernance mondiale de l'environnement. Informé par la littérature scientifique et des documents officiels, l'article expose l’émergence, la mise à l'agenda et l'institutionnalisation de plusieurs enjeux environnementaux. Il contribue ainsi à situer les développements qu'a connus la gouvernance mondiale de l'environnement et contextualiser les processus en cours. La conclusion de l’étude invite à accorder une plus grande attention aux enjeux environnementaux et à repenser la gouvernance mondiale de l'environnement au-delà des frontières, tant étatiques que disciplinaires.
Abstract
Fifty years after the 1972 Stockholm Conference, the scientific literature is called upon to offer an account of the past and inform future decisions. Against this backdrop, this critical essay offers a historical review of global environmental governance, covering the period from 1945 to 2022. To this end, it brings together the key processes and events of recent decades and identifies the moments that have shaped global environmental governance. Informed by scientific literature and official documents, the article outlines the emergence, agenda-setting and institutionalization of several environmental issues. It contributes to situating past developments in global environmental governance and contextualizing the processes underway. The study concludes with an invitation to pay greater attention to environmental issues and to rethink global environmental governance across state and disciplinary boundaries.
Keywords
- Type
- Review Essay/Essai critique
- Information
- Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique , Volume 56 , Issue 4 , December 2023 , pp. 790 - 810
- Copyright
- Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Canadian Political Science Association (l’Association canadienne de science politique) and/et la Société québécoise de science politique
References
Abbott, Kenneth W., et Bernstein, Steven. 2015. « The High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development: Orchestration by Default and Design ». Global Policy 6 (3): 222–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acharya, Amitav. 2016. « The Future of Global Governance: Fragmentation May Be Inevitable and Creative ». Global Governance 22 (4): 453–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adler, Emanuel. 2019. World ordering: A social theory of cognitive evolution. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adler, Emanuel, et Haas, Peter M.. 1992. « Conclusion: Epistemic Communities, World Order, and the Creation of a Reflective Research Program ». International Organization 46 (1): 367–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alger, Justin, et Dauvergne, Peter. 2019. « The Translocal Politics of Environmental Norm Diffusion ». Environmental Communication 14 (2): 155–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, Cameron, Metternicht, Graciela, et Wiedmann, Thomas. 2018. « Initial Progress in Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): A Review of Evidence from Countries ». Sustainability Science 13 (5): 1453–1467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andonova, Liliana B. 2010. « Public-Private Partnerships for the Earth: Politics and Patterns of Hybrid Authority in the Multilateral System ». Global Environmental Politics 10 (2): 25–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ba, Alice D., et Hoffmann, Matthew J.. 2006. Contending Perspectives on Global Governance : Coherence and Contestation. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baillat, Alice, et Maertens, Lucile. 2020. « Chapitre 12. Le cadrage de l'environnement à l'Assemblée ». Dans Devin, Guillaume, Petiteville, Franck, et Tordjman, Simon (dir.), L'Assemblée générale des Nations unies: La où le monde parle depuis 75 ans (pp. 263–279). Relations internationales. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnett, Michael N., et Finnemore, Martha. 1999. « The Politics, Power, and Pathologies of International Organizations ». International Organization 53 (4): 699–732.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumgartner, Thomas, et Pahl-Wostl, Claudia. 2013. « UN–Water and Its Role in Global Water Governance ». Ecology and Society 18 (3). <https://www.jstor.org/stable/26269338> (Consulté le 18 juillet 2022).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benson, Etienne. 2020. Surroundings: A History of Environments and Environmentalisms. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biermann, Frank. 2007. « ‘Earth System Governance’ as a Crosscutting Theme of Global Change Research ». Global Environmental Change 17 (3): 326–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biermann, Frank, et Kim, Rakhyun E., dir. 2020. Architectures of Earth System Governance: Institutional Complexity and Structural Transformation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biermann, Frank, et Pattberg, Philipp. 2008. « Global Environmental Governance: Taking Stock, Moving Forward ». Annual Review of Environment and Resources 33 (1): 277–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biermann, Frank, Pattberg, Philipp, van Asselt, Harro, et Zelli, Fariborz. 2009. « The Fragmentation of Global Governance Architectures: A Framework for Analysis ». Global Environmental Politics 9 (4): 14–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodansky, Daniel, Brunnée, Jutta, et Hey, Ellen, dir. 2007. The Oxford handbook of international environmental law. Oxford handbooks. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Boli, John, et Thomas, George. 1997. « World Culture in the World Polity: A Century of International Non-Governmental Organization ». American Sociological Review 62 (2): 171–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brundtland, Gro Harlem. 1987. Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future. United Nations General Assembly document A/42/427: UN.Google Scholar
Caballero, Paula, et Londoño, Patti. 2022. Redefining Development: The Extraordinary Genesis of the Sustainable Development Goals. The Policy and Practice of Governance. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carson, Rachel. 1962. Silent Spring. Boston; Cambridge, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin ; Riverside Press.Google Scholar
CBD. 2010. « Examination of the outcome-oriented goals and targets and associated indicators and consideration of their possible adjustment for the period beyond 2010 ». UNEP/CBD/COP/ DEC/X/7. <https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-10/cop-10-dec-07-en.pdf> (Consulté le 18 mars 2021).+(Consulté+le+18+mars+2021).>Google Scholar
CBD. 2022. « Decision Adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity – 15/4. Kumming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework ». <CBD/COP/DEC/15/4. https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-15/cop-15-dec-04-en.pdf> (Consulté le 20 janvier 2023).+(Consulté+le+20+janvier+2023).>Google Scholar
CCNUCC. 2015. « Accord de Paris ». New York, NY. <https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/french_paris_agreement.pdf> (Consulté le 3 novembre 2021).+(Consulté+le+3+novembre+2021).>Google Scholar
Chakrabarty, Dipesh. 2018. « Anthropocene Time ». History and Theory 57 (1): 5–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaloux, Annie, et Simard, Philippe. 2021. « La gouvernance environnementale mondiale : évolution et enjeux ». Revue québécoise de droit international (RQDI). <https://www.sqdi.org/fr/la-gouvernance-environnementale-mondiale-evolution-et-enjeux/> (Consulté le 4 février 2023).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chasek, Pamela S., éd. 2000. The Global Environment in the 21st Century: Prospects for International Cooperation. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.Google Scholar
Choucri, Nazli, Sundgren, Jan, et Haas, Peter M.. 1994. « More Global Treaties ». Nature 367 (6462): 405–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meadows, Donella H., et Club of Rome (dir.). 1972. The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome's Project on the Predicament of Mankind. New York: Universe Books.Google Scholar
Conca, Ken. 1995. « Greening the United Nations: Environmental organisations and the UN system ». Third World Quarterly 16 (3): 441–458.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corry, Olaf, et Stevenson, Hayley. 2018. « IR and the Earth: Societal Multiplicity and Planetary Singularity ». Corry, Dans Olaf and Stevenson, Hayley (dir.), Traditions and Trends in Global Environmental Politics: International Relations and the Earth (pp. 1–24). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Costanza, Robert. 1999. « The Ecological, Economic, and Social Importance of the Oceans ». Ecological Economics 31 (2): 199–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dauvergne, Peter, et Clapp, Jennifer. 2016. « Researching Global Environmental Politics in the 21st Century ». Global Environmental Politics 16 (1): 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Díaz, Sandra, Demissew, Sebsebe, Carabias, Julia, Joly, Carlos, Lonsdale, Mark, Ash, Neville, Larigauderie, Anne, et al. 2015. « The IPBES Conceptual Framework – Connecting Nature and People ». Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, Open Issue, 14 (juin): 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dimitrov, Radoslav S. 2010. « Inside Copenhagen: The State of Climate Governance ». Global Environmental Politics 10 (2): 18–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dimitrov, Radoslav S. 2016. « The Paris Agreement on Climate Change: Behind Closed Doors ». Global Environmental Politics 16 (3): 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dingwerth, Klaus, et Pattberg, Philipp. 2006. « Global Governance as a Perspective on World Politics ». Global Governance 12 (2): 185–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ECOSOC. 1968a. « 1555e Séance Plénière du Comité Économique et Social des Nations Unies (ECOSOC) ». E/RES/1346(XLV). ECOSOC.Google Scholar
ECOSOC. 1968b. « Activities of United Nations Organizations and Programmes Relevant to the Human Environment : Report of the Secretary-General ». E/4553. ECOSOC.Google Scholar
Escobar, Arturo. 2016. « Thinking-feeling with the Earth: Territorial Struggles and the Ontological Dimension of the Epistemologies of the South ». AIBR, Revista de Antropología Iberoamericana 11 (1): 11–32.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, Lawrence S. 1995. « What Is Global Governance? » Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations 1 (3): 367–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finnemore, Martha, et Sikkink, Kathryn. 1998. « International Norm Dynamics and Political Change ». International Organization 52 (4): 887–917.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ford, Lucy H. 2003. « Challenging Global Environmental Governance: Social Movement Agency and Global Civil Society ». Global Environmental Politics 3 (2): 120–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, Jessica F., et Hale, Thomas N.. 2017. « Reversing the Marginalization of Global Environmental Politics in International Relations: An Opportunity for the Discipline ». PS: Political Science & Politics 50 (2): 473–479.Google Scholar
Haas, Peter M. 1989. « Do Regimes Matter? Epistemic Communities and Mediterranean Pollution Control ». International Organization 43 (3): 377–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haas, Peter M. 1992. « Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination ». International Organization 46 (1): 1–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haas, Peter M. 2001. « Environment: Pollution ». Dans Simmons, P. J. (dir.) Managing Global Issues (pp. 310–353). Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.Google Scholar
Haas, Peter M. 2004. « Addressing the Global Governance Deficit ». Global Environmental Politics 4 (4): 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haas, Peter M. 2007. « Turning Up the Heat on Global Environmental Governance ». The Forum 5 (2).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haas, Peter M., Keohane, Robert O., et Levy, Marc A., dir. 1993. Institutions for the Earth: Sources of Effective International Environmental Protection. Global Environmental Accord: Strategies for Sustainability and Institutional Innovation. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Held, David, et Roger, Charles. 2018. « Three Models of Global Climate Governance: From Kyoto to Paris and Beyond ». Global Policy 9 (4): 527–537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofferberth, Matthias. 2015. « Mapping the Meanings of Global Governance: A Conceptual Reconstruction of a Floating Signifier ». Millennium 43 (2): 598–617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurrell, Andrew, et Macdonald, Terry. 2013. « Ethics and Norms in International Relations ». Dans Carlsnaes, Walter, Risse, Thomas, et Simmons, Beth A. (dir.), Handbook of International Relations (pp. 57–84). London: SAGE Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IISD. 2022. « Summary of Stockholm+50: 2–3 June 2022 ». Earth Negotiations Bulletin 13 (14).Google Scholar
IISD. 2023. « State of Global Environmental Governance 2022 ». Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada: International Institute for Sustainable Development.Google Scholar
IPBES. 2019. « Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services ». Zenodo. <https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.3831673> (Consulté le 12 avril 2021).CrossRef+(Consulté+le+12+avril+2021).>Google Scholar
IPCC. 2018. « An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5° C above Pre-Industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways ». IPCC. <https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/download/> (Consulté le 18 octobre 2020).+(Consulté+le+18+octobre+2020).>Google Scholar
Ivanova, Maria. 2010. « UNEP in Global Environmental Governance: Design, Leadership, Location ». Global Environmental Politics 10 (1): 30–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ivanova, Maria. 2021. The Untold Story of the World's Leading Environmental Institution: UNEP at Fifty. One Planet. Cambridge: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ivanova, Maria, et Roy, Jennifer. 2007. « The Architecture of Global Environmental Governance: Pros and Cons of Multiplicity ». Dans Swart, Lydia and Perry, Estelle (dir.), Global Environmental Governance: Perspectives on the Current Debate (pp. 48–66). New York: Center for UN Education.Google Scholar
Jasanoff, Sheila, et Martello, Marybeth. 2004. Earthly Politics: Local and Global in Environmental Governance. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, Brian. 1972. « The United Nations’ Institutional Response to Stockholm: A Case Study in the International Politics of Institutional Change ». International Organization 26 (2): 255–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kallman, Meghan, Clark, Terry, Wu, Cary, et Lin, Jean Yen-Chun. 2016. The Third Sector: Community Organizations, NGOs, and Nonprofits. Champaign: University of Illinois Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kealiikanakaoleohaililani, Kekuhi, et Giardina, Christian P.. 2016. « Embracing the Sacred: An Indigenous Framework for Tomorrow's Sustainability Science ». Sustainability Science 11 (1): 57–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keck, Margaret E., et Sikkink, Kathryn. 1998. Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Keck, Margaret E., et Sikkink, Kathryn. 1999. « Transnational Advocacy Networks in International and Regional Politics ». International Social Science Journal 51 (159): 89–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kellow, Aynsley. 2012. « Multi-Level and Multi-Arena Governance: The Limits of Integration and the Possibilities of Forum Shopping ». International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 12 (4): 327–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennan, George F. 1970. « To Prevent a World Wasteland: A Proposal ». Foreign Affairs 48 (3): 401–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keohane, Robert O., Haas, Peter M., et Levy, Marc A.. 1993. « The Effectiveness of International Environmental Institutions ». Dans Haas, Peter M., Keohane, Robert O., et Levy, Marc A. (dir.), Institutions for the Earth: Sources of Effective International Environmental Protection (pp. 3–24). Global Environmental Accord: Strategies for Sustainability and Institutional Innovation. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Keohane, Robert O., et Nye, Joseph S.. 1971. « Transnational relations and world politics: An introduction ». International organization 25 (3): 329–349.Google Scholar
Kersbergen, Kees Van, et Van Waarden, Frans. 2004. « ‘Governance’ as a Bridge between Disciplines: Cross-Disciplinary Inspiration Regarding Shifts in Governance and Problems of Governability, Accountability and Legitimacy ». European Journal of Political Research 43 (2): 143–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khagram, Sanjeev. 2006. « Possible Future Architectures of Global Governance: A Transnational Perspective/Prospective ». Global Governance 12 (1): 97–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khagram, Sanjeev, Nicholas, Kimberly A., Bever, Dena Macmynowski, Warren, Justin, Richards, Elizabeth H., Oleson, Kirsten, Kitzes, Justin, et al. 2010. « Thinking about knowing: Conceptual foundations for interdisciplinary environmental research ». Environmental Conservation 37 (4): 388–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khagram, Sanjeev, Riker, James V., et Sikkink, Kathryn. 2002. « From Santiago to Seattle: Transnational Advocacy Groups Restructuring World Politics ». Dans Khagram, Sanjeev, Riker, James V., and Sikkink, Kathryn (dir.), Restructuring World Politics: Transnational Social Movements, Networks, and Norms (pp. 3–23). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Koh, Tommy T. B. 1983. « A Constitution for the Oceans ». UN Pub. Sales No. E.83.V.5. The Law of the Sea – Official Text of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. New York: United Nations. <www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/koh_english.pdf> (Consulté le 25 novembre 2021).Google Scholar
Kummer, Katharina. 1992. « The International Regulation of Transboundary Traffic in Hazardous Wastes: The 1989 Basel Convention ». International and Comparative Law Quarterly 41 (3): 530–562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Latour, Bruno. 2004. Politiques de la nature: comment faire entrer les sciences en démocratie. Paris: La découverte.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leal Filho, Walter, Trevisan, Laís Viera, Rampasso, Izabela Simon, Anholon, Rosley, Pimenta Dinis, Maria Alzira, Brandli, Luciana Londero, Sierra, Javier, et al. 2023. « When the Alarm Bells Ring: Why the UN Sustainable Development Goals May Not Be Achieved by 2030 ». Journal of Cleaner Production 407 (juin): 137108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemos, Maria Carmen, et Agrawal, Arun. 2006. « Environmental Governance ». Annual Review of Environment and Resources 31 (1): 297–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Prestre, Philippe G., dir. 2017. Governing Global Biodiversity: The Evolution and Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity. 1re éd. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Prestre, Philippe G. 2005. Protection de l'environnement et relations internationales: Les défis de l’écopolitique mondiale. Paris: Armand Colin.Google Scholar
Lindblom, Charles E. 1959. « The Science of “Muddling Through” ». Public Administration Review 19 (2): 79–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipschutz, Ronnie D. 1992. « Reconstructing World Politics: The Emergence of Global Civil Society ». Millennium: Journal of International Studies 21 (3): 389–420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manulak, Michael W. 2022. Change in Global Environmental Politics: Temporal Focal Points and the Reform of International Institutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
March, James G., et Olsen, Johan P.. 1998. « The Institutional Dynamics of International Political Orders ». International Organization 52 (4): 943–969.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, Lisa L., et Simmons, Beth A.. 2013. « International Organizations and Institutions ». Dans Carlsnaes, Walter, Risse, Thomas, et Simmons, Beth A. (dir.), Handbook of International Relations (pp. 326–351). London: SAGE Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mencher, Joan. 1999. « NGOs: Are they a force for change? » Economic and Political Weekly, 2081–86.Google Scholar
Morin, Jean-Frédéric, et Orsini, Amandine. 2015. Politique internationale de l'environnement. Les Manuels de Sciences Po. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ONU. 1973. « Rapport de la Conférence des Nations Unies sur l'environnement ». A/CONF.48/14/Rev.1. Organisation des Nations Unies. <https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/523249> (Consulté le 20 novembre 2021). (Consulté le 20 novembre 2021).' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=ONU.+1973.+«+Rapport+de+la+Conférence+des+Nations+Unies+sur+l'environnement+».+A/CONF.48/14/Rev.1.+Organisation+des+Nations+Unies.++(Consulté+le+20+novembre+2021).>Google Scholar
Ostrom, Elinor. 1990. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Political Economy of Institutions and Decisions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ostrom, Elinor. 2010. « Polycentric Systems for Coping with Collective Action and Global Environmental Change ». Global Environmental Change 20 (4): 550–557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paarlberg, Robert L. 1993. « Managing Pesticide Use in Developing Countries ». Dans Haas, Peter M., Keohane, Robert O., et Levy, Marc A. (dir.), Institutions for the Earth: Sources of Effective International Environmental Protection (309–350). Global Environmental Accord: Strategies for Sustainability and Institutional Innovation. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Paccaud, Françoise. 2014. « L'assemblée générale des nations unies pour l'environnement : un premier essai non transformé du PNUE ». Revue juridique de l'environnement 39 (4): 641–650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pattberg, Philipp, et Widerberg, Oscar. 2015. « Theorising Global Environmental Governance: Key Findings and Future Questions ». Millennium: Journal of International Studies 43 (2): 684–705.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PNUE. 1971. « Développement et environnement – Rapport présenté par un groupe d'experts convoqué par le Secrétaire Général de la Conférence des Nations Unies sur l'environnement, Founex, Suisse, 4–12 juin 1971 ». <https://wedocs.unep.org/xmlui/handle/20.500.11822/31101> (Consulté le 19 février 2021). (Consulté le 19 février 2021).' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=PNUE.+1971.+«+Développement+et+environnement+–+Rapport+présenté+par+un+groupe+d'experts+convoqué+par+le+Secrétaire+Général+de+la+Conférence+des+Nations+Unies+sur+l'environnement,+Founex,+Suisse,+4–12+juin+1971+».++(Consulté+le+19+février+2021).>Google Scholar
Pörtner, Hans-O, Roberts, Debra C, Adams, Helen, Adler, Carolina, Aldunce, Paulina, Ali, Elham, Begum, Rawshan Ara, Betts, Richard, Kerr, Rachel Beznerp, et Biesbroek, Robbert. 2022. Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. IPCC Geneva, Switzerland:Google Scholar
Raustiala, Kal. 2001. Reporting and Review Institutions in 10 Multilateral Environmental Agreements. Nairobi: United Nations.Google Scholar
Risse, Thomas. 2013. « Transnational Actors and World Politics ». Dans Carlsnaes, Walter, Risse, Thomas, et Simmons, Beth A. (dir.), Handbook of International Relations, 426–452. London: SAGE Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, William I. 1998. « Beyond Nation-State Paradigms: Globalization, Sociology, and the Challenge of Transnational Studies ». Sociological Forum 13 (4): 561–594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rockström, Johan, Gupta, Joyeeta, Qin, Dahe, Lade, Steven J., Abrams, Jesse F., Andersen, Lauren S., Armstrong McKay, David I., et al. 2023. « Safe and Just Earth System Boundaries ». Nature 619 (mai): 102–111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenau, James N. 1995. « Governance in the Twenty-first Century ». Global Governance 1 (1): 13–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenau, James N. 1992. « Governance, Order, and Change in World Politics ». Dans Rosenau, James N. et Czempiel, Ernst-Otto (dir.), Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Politics, 1re éd (pp. 1–29). Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sand, Peter H. 2001. « A Century of Green Lessons: The Contribution of Nature Conservation Regimes to Global Governance ». International Environmental Agreements 1 (1): 33–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Secretariat of the Basel Convention. 2011. « History of the negotiations of the Basel Convention ». Basel Convention. <http://www.basel.int/TheConvention/Overview/History/Overview/tabid/3405/Default.aspx> (Consulté le 13 mars 2020).+(Consulté+le+13+mars+2020).>Google Scholar
Soberón, Jorge, et Peterson, A. Townsend. 2015. « Biodiversity Governance: A Tower of Babel of Scales and Cultures ». PLOS Biology 13 (3): 1–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steffen, Will, Rockström, Johan, Richardson, Katherine, Lenton, Timothy M., Folke, Carl, Liverman, Diana, Summerhayes, Colin P., et al. 2018. « Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115 (33): 8252–8259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steffen, Will, Sanderson, Angelina, Tyson, Peter, Jäger, Jill, Matson, Pamela, Moore III, Berrien, Oldfield, Frank, et al. 2004. Global change and the Earth system: a planet under pressure. Global change – the IGBP series. Berlin ; New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Tallberg, Jonas, et Zürn, Michael. 2019. « The Legitimacy and Legitimation of International Organizations: Introduction and Framework ». The Review of International Organizations 14 (4): 581–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, B. L., Clark, William C., Kates, Robert W., Richards, John F., Mathews, Jessica T., et Meyer, William B.. 1993. The Earth as Transformed by Human Action: Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere over the Past 300 Years. CUP Archive.Google Scholar
UN Department of Public Information. 1993. « Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development ». A/CONF.151/26/Rev.1. United Nations. <https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/170820> (Consulté le 21 novembre 2021).+(Consulté+le+21+novembre+2021).>Google Scholar
Underdal, Arild. 2010. « Complexity and Challenges of Long-Term Environmental Governance ». Global Environmental Change 20 (3): 386–393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UNEP. 1982. « Report of the Governing Council - (Session of a special character and tenth session) ». A/37/25. United Nations.Google Scholar
Andersen, Stephen O., Madhava, K. (Kotacheri Madhava Krishna) Sarma, Sinclair, Lani, et UNEP. 2002. Protecting the Ozone Layer : The United Nations History. Earthscan Publications for and on behalf of the UN Environment Programme. <https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/474462> (Consulté le 8 août 2022).Google Scholar
UNEP, dir. 2019. Global Environment Outlook – GEO-6: Healthy Planet, Healthy People. 1re éd. Cambridge University Press. <https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108627146> (Consulté le 26 juillet 2022).+(Consulté+le+26+juillet+2022).>Google Scholar
UNFCCC. 2022. « Decision -/CMA.4 - Sharm el-Sheikh Implementation Plan ». UNFCCC. <https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cma4_auv_2_cover_decision.pdf> (Consulté le 12 janvier 2023).+(Consulté+le+12+janvier+2023).>Google Scholar
UN General Assembly. 1988. « Protection of Global Climate for Present and Future Generations of Mankind ». A/RES/43/53. UN. <https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2019/02/UNGA43-53.pdf> (Consulté le 18 novembre 2021).+(Consulté+le+18+novembre+2021).>Google Scholar
UN General Assembly. 2000. « United Nations Millennium Declaration ». A/RES/55/2. <https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/425644> (Consulté le 20 novembre 2021).+(Consulté+le+20+novembre+2021).>Google Scholar
UN General Assembly. 2015. « Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development ». A/RES/70/1. UN. <https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/803352> (Consulté le 20 novembre 2021).+(Consulté+le+20+novembre+2021).>Google Scholar
United Nations. 1968. « Problems of the Human Environment ». UNGA/RES/2389(XXIII). United Nations General Assembly.Google Scholar
UN News. 2022. « Unprecedented global challenges are ‘not insurmountable’ – UN chief ». UN News. 4 août 2022. <https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/08/1123992> (Consulté le 15 août 2022).+(Consulté+le+15+août+2022).>Google Scholar
Van de Graaf, Thijs. 2013a. « Fragmentation in Global Energy Governance: Explaining the Creation of IRENA ». Global Environmental Politics 13 (3): 14–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van de Graaf, Thijs. 2013b. The Politics and Institutions of Global Energy Governance. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Visseren-Hamakers, Ingrid J., et Kok, Marcel T. J.. 2022. « The Urgency of Transforming Biodiversity Governance ». Dans Visseren-Hamakers, Ingrid J. et Kok, Marcel T. J. (dir.), Transforming Biodiversity Governance (pp. 3–22). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, Brian, Barrett, Scott, Polasky, Stephen, Galaz, Victor, Folke, Carl, Engström, Gustav, Ackerman, Frank, et al. 2009. « Looming Global-Scale Failures and Missing Institutions ». Science 325 (5946): 1345–1346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wapner, Paul. 1995. « Politics beyond the state environmental activism and world civic politics ». World Politics 47 (3): 311–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wapner, Paul. 2003. « World Summit on Sustainable Development: Toward a Post-Jo'Burg Environmentalism ». Global Environmental Politics 3 (1): 1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warde, Paul, Robin, Libby, et Sörlin, Sverker. 2018. The Environment: A History of the Idea. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weber, Max. 2003. Le savant et le politique: La profession et la vocation de savant ; La profession et vocation de politique. Une nouvelle traduction. La Découverte/Poche 158. Paris: La Découverte.Google Scholar
Young, Oran R. 1994. International governance: Protecting the environment in a stateless society. Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Zaccai, Edwin. 2012. « Over Two Decades in Pursuit of Sustainable Development: Influence, Transformations, Limits ». Environmental Development 1 (1): 79–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zelli, Fariborz, et van Asselt, Harro. 2013. « Introduction: The Institutional Fragmentation of Global Environmental Governance: Causes, Consequences, and Responses ». Global Environmental Politics 13 (3): 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar