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MEDIEVAL COMMERCIAL SITES: AS SEEN THROUGH PORTABLE ANTIQUITIES SCHEME DATA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 June 2020

Eljas Oksanen  and
Michael Lewis
Eljas Oksanen
Affiliation:
Helsinginkatu 17 A 4, 00500Helsinki, Finland. Email: e.i.oksanen@cantab.net
Michael Lewis
Affiliation:
British Museum, Great Russell Street, LondonWC1B 3DG, UK. Email: mlewis@britishmuseum.org
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Abstract

This paper explores some 220,000 medieval objects recorded in the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) online database of archaeological small finds through Geographic Information System analysis of their relationship with contemporary market sites. First, an overview of the contents of the PAS database is presented in terms of its spatial and ‘object type’ distribution. Second, the relationship of the medieval finds data against documentary evidence of commercial activity is investigated at a national level. Finally, PAS data is contextualised in its historical landscape context through case studies. It is argued that the distribution of PAS finds on the national scale can be linked with patterns of commercial activity, and that while rural and urban finds scatters have distinguishing trends, the countryside population enjoyed access to a range of sophisticated metalwork culture; also, that certain assemblages can be analysed statistically to yield new data and perspectives on local historical development.

Keywords

aoristic analysissmall findscoinsassemblagesmarketsmetal-detecting
Type
Research paper
Information
The Antiquaries Journal , Volume 100 , September 2020 , pp. 109 - 140
Copyright
© The Society of Antiquaries of London, 2020

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References

Bibliography

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Daubney, A 2015. ‘Portable antiquities, palimpsests, and persistent places in Lincolnshire, with particular reference to three Middle Saxon case studies’, unpublished PhD thesis, University of LeicesterGoogle Scholar
Davies, T, Marshall, J and Hazelton, M 2017. ‘Tutorial on kernel estimation of continuous spatial and spatiotemporal relative risk with accompanying instruction in R’, Stat Med, 37, 1–30Google Scholar
Donnelly, V, Green, C and Ten Harkel, L 2014. ‘English landscapes and identities. The early medieval landscape: methods and approaches’, Medieval Settlement Res, 29, 43–55Google Scholar
Draper, G and Meddens, F 2009. The Sea and the Marsh: the medieval Cinque Port of New Romney revealed through archaeological excavations and historical research, Pre-Construct Archaeology, London Google Scholar
Dyer, C 1992. ‘The hidden trade of the Middle Ages: evidence from the West Midlands of England’, J Hist Geogr, 18(2), 141–5710.1016/0305-7488(92)90128-VCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyer, C 2002. ‘Small places with large consequences: the importance of small towns in England, 1000–1540’, Hist Res, 75, 1–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Eddison, J 2000. Romney Marsh: survival on a frontier, Tempus, Stroud Google Scholar
Egan, G 2005. ‘Urban and rural finds: material culture of country and town, c 1050−1500’, in Giles and Dyer 2005, 197–210Google Scholar
Egan, G 2009. ‘The metal finds’, in Draper and Meddens 2009, 85–95Google Scholar
Farmer, D 1991. ‘Marketing the produce of the countryside, 1200–1500’, in Miller, E (ed), The Agrarian History of England and Wales: volume III, 1348–1500, 324–430, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Google Scholar
Gardiner, M 1995. ‘Medieval farming and flooding in the Brede Valley’, in Eddison, J (ed), Romney Marsh: the debatable ground, 127–37, Oxbow, Oxford Google Scholar
Giles, K and Dyer, C (eds) 2005. Town and Country in the Middle Ages: contrasts, contacts and interconnections, 1100–1500, Maney, Leeds Google Scholar
Glasscock, R (ed) 1975. The Lay Subsidy of 1334, Oxford University Press, Oxford Google Scholar
Green, J 1986. The Government of England under Henry I, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hadley, D M and Richards, J D 2016. ‘The winter camp of the Viking Great Army, ad 872–3, Torksey, Lincolnshire’, Ant J, 96, 23–6710.1017/S0003581516000718CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallam, H E (ed) 1988. The Agrarian History of England and Wales: volume II, 1042–1350, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Google Scholar
Henry, R 2018. ‘Using the Wiltshire and Swindon Historic Environment Record for archaeological research in southwest Wiltshire’, Wilts Archaeol & Nat Hist Mag, 111, 230–45Google Scholar
Heritage Data n.d. Linked Data Vocabularies for Cultural Heritage: historic England, http://thesaurus.historicengland.org.uk (accessed 12 May 2020)Google Scholar
Holbrook, N and Thomas, A 1994. The Roman and Early Saxon Settlement at Wantage, Oxfordshire: excavations at Mill Street 1993/4, Cotswold Archaeology, Cirencester Google Scholar
Jamroziak, E 2005. ‘Networks of markets and networks of patronage in thirteenth-century England’, Thirteenth Cent England, 10, 41–9Google Scholar
Kelleher, R 2013. ‘Coins, monetisation and re-use in medieval England and Wales: new interpretations made possible by the Portable Antiquities Scheme’, unpublished PhD thesis, Durham UniversityGoogle Scholar
Leahy, K and Lewis, M 2018. Finds Identified: an illustrated guide to metal detecting and archaeological finds, Greenlight Publishing, Witham Google Scholar
Letters, S 2002a. Gazetteer of Markets and Fairs in England and Wales to 1516, 2 vols, List and Index Society Special Ser 32–3, KewGoogle Scholar
Letters, S 2002b. Online Gazetteer of Markets and Fairs in England and Wales to 1516, Institute of Historical Research, http://www.history.ac.uk/cmh/gaz/gazweb2.html (accessed 12 May 2020)Google Scholar
Letters, S 2003. ‘Markets and fairs in medieval England: a new resource’, Thirteenth Cent England, 9, 209–23Google Scholar
Lewis, M 2016. ‘A detectorist’s Utopia? Archaeology and metal-detecting in England and Wales’, Open Archaeol, 2(1), https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/opar.2016.2.issue-1/opar-2016-0009/opar-2016-0009.xml (accessed 12 May 2020)Google Scholar
Lewis, M 2017. The Portable Antiquities Scheme Annual Report 2016, British Museum, London Google Scholar
Lewis, M 2019. The Portable Antiquities Scheme Annual Report 2018, British Museum, London Google Scholar
Long, A, Martyn, P and Plater, A 2007. ‘The late Holocene evolution of the Romney Marsh/Dungeness foreland’, in Long, A, Martyn, P and Plater, A (eds), Dungeness and Romney Marsh: barrier dynamics and marshland evolution, Oxbow, Oxford Google Scholar
Margary, I D 1973. Roman Roads in Britain, 3rd edn, John Baker, London Google Scholar
Martin, D and Martin, B (eds) 2004. New Winchelsea, Sussex: a medieval port town, Heritage Marketing and Publications, King’s Lynn Google Scholar
Martin, D and Rudling, D (eds) 2004. Excavations in Winchelsea, Sussex, 1974−2000, Heritage Marketing and Publications, King’s Lynn Google Scholar
Masschaele, J 1994. ‘The multiplicity of medieval markets considered’, J Hist Geogr, 20, 255–7110.1006/jhge.1994.1020CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masschaele, J 1997. Peasants, Merchants and Markets: inland trade in medieval England, 1150−1350, St Martin’s Press, New York Google Scholar
Mernick, P and Algar, D 2001. ‘Jettons or casting counters’, in Saunders, P (ed), Salisbury Museum Medieval Catalogue, 213–60, iii, Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum, Salisbury Google Scholar
Mitchiner, M and Skinner, A 1983. ‘English tokens, c 1200 to 1425’, Brit Numismatic J, 53, 29–77Google Scholar
Mitchiner, M and Skinner, A 1984. ‘English tokens, c 1425 to 1672’, Brit Numismatic J, 54, 86–163Google Scholar
Moore, E W 1985. The Fairs of Medieval England: an introductory study, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, Toronto Google Scholar
Murray, K M E (ed) 1945. Register of Daniel Rough: common clerk of Romney, 1353–1380, Kent Archaeological Society, Ashford Google Scholar
Naismith, R 2017. Medieval European Coinage, with a Catalogue of the Coins in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. Vol. 8: Britain and Ireland c 400–1066, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 10.1017/CBO9781139031370CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nightingale, P 2004. ‘The lay subsidies and the distribution of wealth in medieval England, 1275−1334’, Economic Hist Rev, 57, 1–3210.1111/j.0013-0017.2004.00271.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
North, J J 2018. English Hammered Coinage, Vol. 1: early Anglo-Saxon to Henry III, 3rd edn, Spink, London Google Scholar
Oksanen, E 2015. ‘Trade and travel in England during the long twelfth century’, Anglo-Norman Stud, 37, 181–204Google Scholar
Oksanen, E 2017. ‘Inland waterways and commerce in medieval England’, J Post-class Archaeol, 7, 35–60Google Scholar
Oksanen, E 2019. Inland Navigation in England and Wales before 1348: GIS database, Archaeology Data Service, https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/inlandnav_lt_2019 (accessed 12 May 2020)Google Scholar
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