Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-5nwft Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-11T03:36:51.149Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Romano-British Settlement and Industry on the Wetlands of the Severn Estuary

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 April 2011

J. R. L. Allen  and
M. G. Fulford
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

A review of the post-glacial geology and geomorphology of the Severn Estuary provides a context for the description and evaluation of eight sites on the margins of the Severn upstream of the Rivers Avon and Wye where Romano-British occupation debris has been recovered. This evidence provides further confirmation of the extent of the reclamation and settlement of the wetlands of the Severn during the Roman period. In addition, all sites produced clear evidence of ironmaking, employing Forest of Dean ore, and one site produced indications of glassworking. In conjunction with a comparative study of the pottery assemblages from riverside and inland sites, the role of the river as a trade route is reviewed.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Antiquaries Journal , Volume 67 , Issue 2 , September 1987 , pp. 237 - 289
Copyright
Copyright © The Society of Antiquaries of London 1987

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Notes

1 Phillips, C. W., The Fenland in Roman Times, Royal Geog. Soc. Res. ser. 5 (London, 1970)Google Scholar.

2 Silvester, R. J. (ed.), Fenland Research, i–iii (1984–6Google Scholar).

3 B., and Coles, J., Sweet Track to Glastonbury: the Somerset Levels in Prehistory (London, 1986)Google Scholar.

4 Boon, G. C., ‘Caerleon and the Gwent Levels in early historic times’, in Thompson, F. H. (ed.), Archaeology and Coastal Change, Soc. Antiq. London Occas. Pap. new ser. 1 (London, 1980), 24–36Google Scholar.

5 Allen, J. R. L. and Fulford, M. G., ‘The Wentlooge Level: a Romano-British saltmarsh reclamation in south-east Wales’, Britannia, xvii (1986), 91–117CrossRefGoogle Scholar; A., and Everton, R., ‘Romano-British occupation at Crook's Marsh Farm, Avonearly mouth’, Bristol Arch. Res. Group Rev. 11 (1981), 57–8Google Scholar; McDonnell, R. R. J., Archaeological Survey of the Somerset Claylands: Report on Survey Work in 1984–85, Somerset County Council (Taunton, 1985)Google Scholar.

6 Green, M. and Solley, T. W. J., ‘Romano-British pottery from Salmon Lodge, Oldbury on Severn’, Bristol Arch. Res. Group Rev. i (1980), 30–4Google Scholar; Copeland, T., ‘Fieldwork at Hills Flats on the River Severn astride the Avon-Gloucester county boundary’, Bristol Arch. Res. GroupRev. ii (1981), 47–57Google Scholar.

7 Rumney Great Wharf—op. cit. (note 5); Peterstone Gout—a few well-rounded sherds of Romano-British pottery occur loose on the peat platform, which reveals traces of ditches; Uskmouth—Barnett, C., ‘A find of Roman pottery at Uskmouth’, Monmouthshire Antiq. i (1) (1961), 12–13Google Scholar; Goldcliff—Barnett, see Uskmouth, above, and Knight, J. K., ‘The Goldcliff Stone—a reconsideration’, Monmouthshire Antiq. i (2) (1962), 34–6Google Scholar; Magor (sewage works)—Boon, G. C., ‘Roman pottery from the base of the alluvium at Magor’, Monmouthshire Antiq. ii (3) (1967), 121–7Google Scholar; Magor (foreshore)—Nash-Williams, V., ‘New Roman site at Redwick, near Magor (Mon.)’, Bull. Board Celtic Stud, xiv (3) (1951), 254–Google Scholar5, and Locke, S., ‘The post-glacial deposits of the Caldicot Level and some associated archaeological discoveries’, Monmouthshire Antiq. iii (1) (1970–1Google Scholar), 1–16; Caldicot—J. Roman Stud, xliii (1953), 95Google Scholar; Portskewett—Hudson, R., ‘Roman coins from the Severn Estuary at Portskewett’, Monmouthshire Antiq. iii (3 and 4) (1977), 179–85Google Scholar; Pill House—this paper; Horse Pill—this paper; Ley Pill—this paper; Chesters villa—Garrett, C. Scott, ‘Chesters Roman villa, Woolaston, Gloucestershire’, Arch. Cambrensis, xciii (1938), 93–125Google Scholar; Park Farm villa—Ordnance Survey, Map of Roman Britain (Southampton, 4th edn. 1978) and M. J. Watkins, pers. comm. 1985; Awre—this paper; Severn House Farm—this paper and T. W. J. Solley, pers. comm. 1986; Hills Flats—this paper with Copeland, op cit. (note 6); The Windbound—Iles, R., ‘Avon archaeology 1983’, Bristol & Avon Arch, iii (1984), 54–6Google Scholar; Oldbury Flats—this paper and Green and Solley, op. cit. (note 6); Oldbury Pill—this paper; Crook's Marsh—Everton and Everton, op. cit. (note 5), and Allen and Fulford, op. cit. (note 5); Kings Weston—Ordnance Survey, Map of Roman Britain (Southampton, 4th edn. 1978); North Somerset Levels—Lilly, D. and Usher, G., ‘Romano-British sites on the North Somerset Levels’, Proc. Univ. Bristol Spelaeol. Soc. xiii (I) (1972), 37–40Google Scholar and K. Stukey, pers. comm. 1986; Wemberham villa—Scarth, H. M., ‘The Roman villa at Wemberham in Yatton: and discovery of Roman coins near Kingston Seymour’, Proc. Somerset Arch. & Nat. Hist. Soc. xxxi (2) (1886), 1–9Google Scholar; H. C. Smyth-Piggott, ibid, xxxi (1) (1886), 19, 23; R. C. Reade, ibid, xxxi (2) (1886), 64–73.

8 Shuttler, R. M., ‘The wave climate in the Severn Estuary’, in Institution of Civil Engineers, Severn Barrage (London, 1982), 27–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

9 Hydrographer of the Navy, Admiralty Tide Tables, i: 1985. European Waters (Taunton, 1984)Google Scholar.

10 Hamilton, D., ‘The high-energy, sand and mud regime of the Severn Estuary, S. W. Britain’, in Severn, R. G., Dineley, D. L. and Hawker, L. E. (eds.), Tidal Power and Estuary Management (Bristol, 1979), 162–72Google Scholar; M. J. Crickmore, ‘Data collection—tides, tidal currents, suspended sediments’, in Institution of Civil Engineers, op. cit. (note 8), 19–26; Uncles, R. J., ‘Hydrodynamics of the Bristol Channel’, Marine Poll. Bull, xv (1984), 47–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

11 Wills, L. J., ‘The Pleistocene development of the Severn from Bridgnorth to the sea’, Quart. J. Geol. Soc. London, xciv (1938), 161–242CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

12 Allen, J. R. L., ‘Dimlington Stadial (Late Devensian) ice-wedge casts and involutions in the Severn Estuary, southwest Britain’, Geol. J. xxii (1987), 109–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

13 Anderson, J. G. C., ‘The concealed rock surface and overlying deposits of the Severn Valley from Upton to Neath’, Proc. South Wales Inst. Eng. lxxxiii (1968), 27–47Google Scholar.

14 Hawkins, A. B., ‘sea-level changes around south-west England’, in Blackman, D. J. (ed.), Marine Archaeology (London, 1971), 67–87Google Scholar; Heyworth, A. and Kidson, C., ‘sea-level changes in southwest England and Wales’, Proc. Geol. Assoc. xciii (1982), 91–111CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Shennan, I., ‘Flandrian and late Devensian sea-level changes and coastal movements in England and Wales’, in Smith, D. E. and Dawson, A. G. (eds.), Shorelines and Isostasy (London, 1983), 255–83Google Scholar.

15 Allen, J. R. L., ‘Late Flandrian shoreline oscillations in the Severn Estuary: the Rumney Formation at its typesite (Cardiff area)’, Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London, B, cccxv (1987), 157–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar; J. R. L. Allen and J. E. Rae, ‘Late Flandrian shoreline oscillations in the Severn Estuary: a geomorphological and stratigraphical reconnaissance’, ibid. B, cccxv (1987), 185–230.

16 Lucy, W. C., ‘The submerged forest, Holly Hazle, Sharpness’, Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Fld. Club, vi (1877), 105–25Google Scholar; E. W. Prevost, T. M. Reade, A. S. Kennard, and B. B. Woodward, ‘The peat and forest bed at Westbury-on-Severn’, ibid, ix (1901), 17–46; Beckinsale, R. P. and Richardson, L., ‘Recent findings on physical development of the lower Severn Valley’, Geogr. J. cxxx (1964), 87–105CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Seddon, B., ‘submerged peat layers in the Severn channel near Avonmouth’, Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. xxxi (1) (1964), 101–6Google Scholar; A. B. Hawkins, ‘The geology of the Portbury area’, ibid, xxxi (4) (1967), 421–8; Hawkins, op cit. (note 14); Locke, op. cit (note 7); Murray, J. W. and Hawkins, A. B., ‘sediment transport in the Severn Estuary during the past 8000 to 9000 years’, J. Geol. Soc. London, cxxxii (1976), 385–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Allen and Fulford, op. cit. (note 5); Allen, op cit. (note 15); Allen and Rae, op. cit. (note 15).

17 Allen and Fulford, op. cit. (note 5); a map tentatively identifying other Romano-British reclamations in the lower Severn Estuary appears in Allen and Rae, op. cit. (note 15).

18 Allen, op. cit. (note 15); Allen and Rae, op. cit. (note 15).

19 Allen, J. R. L., ‘A short history of salt-marsh reclamation at Slimbridge Warth and neighbouring areas, Gloucestershire’, Trans. Bristol & Gloucestershire Arch. Soc. civ (1986), 139–55Google Scholar.

20 Allen and Rae, op. cit. (note 15).

21 Allen, J. R. L. and Rae, J. E., ‘Time sequence of metal pollution, Severn Estuary, southwestern UK’, Mar. Pollut. Bull, xvii (1986), 427–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

22 Hawkins, op. cit. (note 14).

23 Godwin, H., ‘Coastal peat beds of the British Isles and North Sea’, J. Ecol. xxxi (1943), 199–247CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

24 Allen and Fulford, op. cit. (note 5); Allen, op. cit. (note 15).

25 This object, kindly examined by David Richards (Reading), is 105 mm. long and of square cross-section. Although badly laminated, part of one face was exposed and showed worn cross-cuts. There appeared to be a short tang.

26 Counc. Brit. Arch. (Group 12), Arch. Rev. vii (1972), 35Google Scholar.

27 The straightening clearly antedates the building of the railway (1851), and occurred some time between 1769 and 1841, according to estate and tithe maps (Gloucester Record Office ace. 2869 and GDR/T1/202).

28 Scott Garrett, op. cit. (note. 7).

29 Allen, J. R. L., ‘Interpretation of some Romano-British smithing slag from Awre in Gloucestershire’, J. Hist. Metall. Soc. xx (1987), 97–104Google Scholar.

30 This object, kindly reported on by David Richards (Reading), appears to have been formed by tapering and bending the end of a rectangular strap. The height is 46 mm.

31 Solley, op. cit. (note 7).

32 Allen, op. cit. (note 15).

33 We are grateful to Annie Grant (University of Reading) for examining this collection.

34 Copeland, op. cit. (note 6).

35 The ceramic bead is of irregular shape and in a fine grey-brown fabric with traces of a possible brown slip, but of unknown age (greatest length 27 mm., greatest width 22 mm., greatest thickness mm., hole 9 mm. diameter). The other bead is of dark blue translucent glass with a marvered white paste zig-zag trail (fig. 11 no. 19A) (greatest diameter 15 mm., greatest width 7 mm., maximum diameter of hole 7 mm.). It is of Roman date and attributable to Group 5A of M. Guido, The Glass Beads of the Prehistoric and Roman Periods in Britain and Ireland, Soc. Antiq. London Res. Rep. 35 London, 1978).

36 Gloucester Rec. Off. D908, ‘The Towne and Mannor of Hull alias Hill in the County of Gloucester plotted for Edward Fust Esqr Lord of the said Towne and Mannor’, George Goode (1659).

37 Allen and Fulford, op. cit. (note 5).

38 Ibid.; Allen, op. cit. (note 15).

39 Green and Solley, op. cit. (note 6).

40 Allen and Rae, op. cit. (note 15).

41 Allen, J. R. L., ‘Truncated fossil thermal contraction polygons (?Devensian) in the Mercia Mudstone Formation (Trias), Oldbury upon Severn, Gloucestershire’, Proc. Geol. Assoc. xcv (1984), 263–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Allen, op. cit. (note 12).

42 lies, op. cit. (note 7).

43 V. G. Hallett, pers. comm. 1986.

44 As for example set out in Heighway, C., The East and North Gates of Gloucester and Associated Sites: Excavations 1974–81, Western Arch. Trust Bristol, 1983), 99–102Google Scholar.

45 Allen and Fulford, op. cit. (note 5).

46 A. G. Vince, ‘Post-medieval pottery’, in Heighway, op. cit. (note 44), 131–61.

47 Ibid.

48 Young, C. J., Oxfordshire Roman Pottery, Brit. Arch. Rep. 43 (1977)Google Scholar.

49 Scott Garrett, op. cit. (note 7).

50 Gillam, J. P., Types of Roman Coarse Pottery Vessels in Northern Britain (3rd edn., Newcastleupon-Tyne, 1970)Google Scholar.

51 Rawes, B., ‘Gloucester Severn Valley ware’, Trans. Bristol & Gloucestershire Arch. Soc. c (1982), 33–46Google Scholar.

52 Vince, op. cit. (note 46).

53 Webster, P. V., ‘severn Valley ware: a preliminary study’, Trans. Bristol & Gloucestershire Arch. Soc. xciv (1976), 18–46Google Scholar.

54 Copeland, op. cit. (note 6), 52.

55 Young, op. cit. (note 48), 128.

56 Green and Solley, op. cit. (note 6).

57 Arthur, P., ‘The lead glazed wares of Roman Britain’, in Arthur, P. and Marsh, G., Early Fine Wares in Roman Britian, Brit. Arch. Rep. 57 (1978), 319–24Google Scholar, fig 8.8.

58 Green and Solley, op. cit. (note 6), 33.

59 Hartley, K., ‘Two major potteries producing mortaria in the first century A.D.’, in Dore, J. and Green, K. (eds.), Roman Pottery Studies in Britain and Beyond, Brit. Arch. Rep. Suppl. ser. 30 (1977), 5–17Google Scholar.

60 Biek, L. and Bayley, J., ‘Glass and other vitreous materials’, World Arch, xi (1979), 1–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

61 Hooton, D. H. and Giorgetta, N. E., ‘Quantitative X-ray diffraction by a direct calculation method’, X-Ray Spectrometry, vi (1977), 2–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

62 Allen, op. cit. (note 29).

63 Tylecote, R. F., The Prehistory of Metallurgy in the British Isles (London, 1986)Google Scholar.

64 Sibly, T. F., Special Reports on the Mineral Resources of Great Britain, x: Iron Ores—the Haematites of the Forest of Dean and South Wales, Memoir Brit. Geol. Survey (London, 1927)Google Scholar; Trotter, F. M., Geology of the Forest of Dean Coal and Ironore Field, Memoir Brit. Geol. Survey (London, 1942)Google Scholar.

65 As, for example, Morton, G. R. and Wingrove, J., ‘Constitution of bloomery slags: Part II: medieval’, J. Iron & Steel Inst. ccx (1972)Google Scholar, table 1, and Tylecote, op. cit. (note 63), tables 6 7 – 8.

66 Morton, G. R. and Wingrove, J., ‘Technical aspects of the Roman bloomery process’, in Barker, P. A. (ed.), ‘The origins of Worcester’, Trans. Worcestershire Arch. Soc. 3rd ser. ii, 1968–9 (1970), 92–7Google Scholar; Morton, G. R. and Wingrove, J., ‘Constitution of bloomery slags: part I: Roman’, J. Iron & Steel Inst. ccvii (1969), 1556–64Google Scholar; Morton and Wingrove, op. cit. (note 65).

67 Levin, E. M., Robbins, C. R. and McMurdie, H. G., Phase Diagrams for Ceramicists (Columbus, Ohio, 1964), 288Google Scholar.

68 Morton and Wingrove 1969, op. cit. (note 66).

69 McDonnell, G., ‘Tap slags and hearth bottoms’, Current Arch, viii (1983), 81–3Google Scholar; Tylecote, op. cit. (note 63), table 71.

70 Scott Garrett, op. cit. (note 7), 121.

71 The fragments are registered at the City of Gloucester Museum and Art Gallery as A.25983 to A.25986 and A.26046 to A.26069.

72 No. A.26057, catalogued as a counter.

73 Nos. A.26043, A.26046, A.26054, A.26062, A.26063.

74 White glasses—nos. A.25983, A.26048, A.26052, A.26053, A.26064, A.26066, A.26069; coloured glasses—A.26049, A.26068.

75 Nos. A.26050, A.26058.

76 Allen and Fulford, op. cit. (note 5).

77 McDonnell, op. cit. (note 5).

78 Everton and Everton, op. cit. (note 6); Allen and Fulford, op. cit. (note 5); S. Juggins, pers. comm. 1986.

79 lies, R., ‘Excavations at Oldbury Camp, Oldbury on Severn, 1978–9’, Bristol Arch. Res. Group Rev. i (1980), 35–9Google Scholar.

80 Allen and Fulford, op. cit. (note 5); R. Trett (Newport Museum and Art Gallery), pers. comm. 1985.

81 Heighway, op. cit. (note 44), 101.

82 Webster, op. cit. (note 53).

83 Scott Garrett, op. cit. (note 7), 113–14, 177.

84 M. J. Watkins (Gloucester City Museum and Art Gallery), pers. comm. 1985.

85 Registered as HWCM 378 2086.

86 Barker, P. A. (ed.), ‘The origins of Worcester’, Trans. Worcestershire Arch. Soc. 3rd ser. ii, 1968–9 (1970), 1–116Google Scholar; Carver, M. O. H. (ed.), ‘Medieval Worcester, an archaeological framework’, Trans. Worcestershire Arch. Soc. 3rd ser. vii (1980), 1–356Google Scholar.

87 Morton and Wingrove 1969 and 1970, op. cit. (note 66).

88 Biek and Bayley, op. cit. (note 60); Sanderson, D. C. W. and Hunter, J. R., ‘Major element glass type specification for Roman, post-Roman, and medieval glasses’, Révue d’Archéométrie, Suppl.: 20th Symposium for Archaeometry, Paris (1981), 255–64Google Scholar; Sanderson, D. C. W., Hunter, J. R. and Warren, S. E., ‘Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis of 1st millennium A.D. glass from Britain’, J. Arch. Sci. xi (1984), 53–69CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Henderson, J., ‘The raw materials of early glass production’, Oxford J. Arch, iv (1985), 267–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

89 We are indebted to Mr C. F. Mundy (County of Hereford and Worcester Department of Archaeology) for telling us about the presence of glass residues as well as iron ore in the material from the 1985–6 excavations.

90 Registered as HWCM 378 2151/711.

91 Registered as HWCM 378 613/82,618/77 and 753/459–

92 See above, op. cit. (notes 60, 88).

93 Cleere, H. and Crossley, D., The Iron Industry of the Weald (Leicester, 1985), 57–86Google Scholar.

94 Ordnance Survey, op. cit. (note 7).

95 R. E. M., and Wheeler, T. V., Report on the Excavation of the Prehistoric, Roman and Post-Roman Site in Lydney Park, Gloucestershire, Soc. Antiq. London Res. Rep. 9 (Oxford, 1932), 18–22Google Scholar, pl. viii.

96 Two other possible sites, in the Coleford area, are listed by Standing, I., ‘Review of archaeology in the Forest of Dean, 1985–86’, Glevensis, xx (1986), 33–4Google Scholar.

97 See above, op. cit. (note 64).

98 Victoria County History, Herefordshire, 1 (London, 1908), 187–90Google Scholar; Jack, G. H., ‘Excavation of the site of Ariconium: a Romano-British smelting town situate in the parish of Weston-under-Penyard’, Trans. Woolhope Nat. Fid. Club, 1921–3 (1925)Google Scholar; R.C.H.M.(E.), Herefordshire, 11 (London, 1932), 209–10Google Scholar; Bridgewater, N. P., ‘Romano-British iron working near Ariconium’, Trans. Woolhope Nat. Fid. Club, xxxviii (1965), 124–35Google Scholar.

99 See above, op. cit. (note 86).

100 Whitehead, T. H. and Pocock, R. W., Dudley and Bridgenorth, Memoir Brit. Geol. Survey (London, 1947)Google Scholar; Mitchell, G. H., Pocock, R. W. and Taylor, J. H., Geology of the Country around Droitwich, Abberley and Kidderminster, Memoir Brit. Geol. Survey (London, 1961)Google Scholar.

101 Cleere and Crossley, op. cit. (note 93), fig. 19.

102 cf. Greene, K., The Archaeology of the Roman Economy (London, 1986), 19–28, 30–4Google Scholar.

103 See above, op. cit. (notes 9, 10).

104 Scott, D. B. and Greenberg, D. A., ‘Relative sea-level rise and tidal development in the Fundy system’, Can. J. Earth Sci. xx (1983), 1554–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

105 Tooley, M. J., ‘sea levels’, Prog, in Phys. Geogr. ix (1985), 113–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Allen and Fulford, op. cit. (note 5); Locke, op cit. (note 7); Hawkins, op. cit. (note 14); Heyworth and Kidson, op. cit. (note 14); Murray and Hawkins, op. cit (note 16).

106 Ibid.

107 Ibid., fig. 3; Tooley, op. cit. (note 105).

108 See, for example, Allen, op. cit. (note 15).

109 There are now a number of quantified pottery reports from Gloucester where the wares we are concerned with are represented by varying quantities. Rather than average data quantified in different ways from assemblages of disparate sizes, we have choosen to present in fig. 20 the proportions from the large dark loam deposit containing mostly fourth-century pottery from Berkeley Street, in J. R. Timby, in H. R. Hurst, Excavations in Berkeley Street, Gloucester (in preparation). The proportions of BBi, Severn Valley ware and the micaceous Gloucester TF 5 are actually lower than in the smaller assemblages reported by C. Ireland, in C. Heighway, op. cit. (note 44), 96–9, and by Vince, A. G. and Goudge, C. E., in Heighway, C. and Garrod, P., ‘Excavations at nos 1 and 30 Westgate Street: the Roman levels’, Britannia, xi (1980), 95–7Google Scholar.

110 Webster, op. cit. (note 53); id., 'severn Valley ware on the Antonine Frontier’, in J. Dore and K. Greene (eds.), Roman Pottery Studies in Britain and Beyond, Brit. Arch. Rep. Suppl. ser. 30 (Oxford, 1977), 163–76.

111 J. R. Timby, in P. Ellis, ‘Excavations at Sea Mills, Bristol, between 1965 and 1968’, Trans. Bristol & Gloucestershire Arch. Soc. (forthcoming); cf. Bennett, J., Sea Mills: the Roman Town of Abonae, Excavations at Nazareth House 1972, City Bristol Mus. & Art Gallery Monograph 3 (1985), 40Google Scholar; Allen and Fulford, op. cit. (note 5).

112 See above, op. cit. (note 109).

113 Timby, op. cit. (note 111).

114 J. R. Timby, pers. comm. 1986; Allen and Fulford, op. cit. (note 5).

115 Timby, op. cit. (note 111).

116 Allen and Fulford, op. cit. (note 5).

117 See above, op. cit. (note 109).

118 Keely, J., in McWhirr, A., Houses in Roman Cirencester, Cirencester Excavations III, Cirencester Excavations Comm. (Cirencester, 1968), 118Google Scholar, table 27; Green, S. and Young, C., in Cunliffe, B. and Davenport, P., The Temple of Sulis Minerva at Bath, I, Oxford Univ. Comm. Arch. Monograph ser. 7 (Oxford, 1985), 143–4, 158–9Google Scholar.

119 Blockley, K., Marshfield: Ironmongers Piece Excavations 1982–3: an Iron Age and Romano-British Settlement in the South Cotswolds, Brit. Arch. Rep. 141 (Oxford, 1985), 322–3Google Scholar.

120 Leach, P., Ilchester, i: Excavations 1974–5, Western Arch. Trust (Bristol, 1982), 142, 144–8Google Scholar.

121 Leech, R., Excavations at Catsgore 1970–73, Western Arch. Trust (Bristol, 1982), 159Google Scholar.

122 Hurst, H. R., Kingsholm, Gloucester Arch. Rep. 1, (1985), 89–94Google Scholar.

123 K. Greene, pers. comm. 1986.

124 James, H., ‘Excavations at Church Street, Carmarthen, 1976’, in Boon, G. C. (ed.), Monographs and Collections, i: Roman Sites, Cambrian Arch. Assoc. (Cardiff, 1978), 98–102, esp. 99Google Scholar.

125 Timby, op. cit. (note 111); Bennett, op. cit. (note 111), 40.

126 The evidence for a Roman waterfront at Gloucester is discussed by Rowbotham, F. W., ‘The River Severn at Gloucester with particular reference to its Roman and medieval channels’, Glevensis, xii (1978), 4–9Google Scholar; Heighway, C. M. and Garrod, A. P., ‘Gloucester’, in Milne, G. and Hobley, B. (eds.), Waterfront Archaeology in Britain and Northern Europe, Counc. Brit. Arch. Res. Rep. 41 (1981), 123–4Google Scholar, and Garrod, A. P. and Heighway, C. M., Garrod's Gloucester: Archaeological Observations 1974–81, Western Arch. Trust (Gloucester, 1984), 3, 17, 48–51Google Scholar, where a second-century date is suggested for the quayside wall and platform. Evidence from Caerleon where a Roman quay is attested (G. C. Boon, ‘Excavations on the site of a Roman quay at Caerleon and its significance’, in Boon, op. cit. (note 124), 1–24) offers a parallel to Gloucester: BBi is a major component of pottery groups from the Fortress Baths, accounting for 40 per cent of the assemblage in the early fourth century (Zienkiewicz, J. D., The Legionary Fortress Baths at Caerleon, 2 vols. (Cardiff, 1986), 11, 56–7Google Scholar.