Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-wq2xx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T00:08:48.674Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Creating a Safe Space: A Case Study of Complex Trauma and a Call for Proactive Comprehensive Psychoeducational Assessments and Reviews

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 March 2015

Debra J. Mainwaring*
Affiliation:
Cared4 by DJM Psychological Services, Queensland Learning & Development Clinic, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
*
address for correspondence: Debra Mainwaring, Cared4 by DJM Psychological Services, Queensland Learning & Development Clinic, PO Box 501, Springwood QLD 4127, Australia. Email: debra@cared4.com.au
Get access

Abstract

This article advocates for proactive, dynamic and comprehensive psycho-educational assessments for children and young people who have a history of complex trauma, because of its known effects on development and learning. A case study is shared of a young woman with a history of complex trauma because of exposure to parental neglect, multiple foster care placements, and abuse while in the care system. Background information on the impact of both early developmental trauma and interruptions to attachment with an early caregiver on learning and development is discussed, along with the benefits of using dynamic assessment. In particular, the case will expose how delays in thorough, high quality psycho-educational assessment not only impacts on educational outcomes, but also care outcomes. It also illustrates the importance of including measures of social emotional functioning as part of psycho-educational assessments when, as in this case, a review of developmental and learning needs is required in preparation for transition to high school, to assist funding applications for additional support, and to contribute to case planning towards reunification with siblings. Best practice protocols are shared that promote both multi-professional and multi-dimensional assessment, including working between agencies, systems, group and individual assessment, and, most importantly, tools that facilitate both transformation of teaching practice and the voice of the young person; all serving to promote mental health and wellbeing.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American School Counsellor Association (ASCA). (2009). The Professional School Counsellor and school mental health. Alexandria, VA, Author. Retrieved from http://wwww.schoolcounselor.org/files/PS_StudentMentalHealth.pdfGoogle Scholar
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). (2014). Child protection Australia: 2012–13 (Child Welfare series no. 58., Cat. no. CWS 49). Canberra, Australia: Author.Google Scholar
Ainsworth, M.D.S., Blehar, M.D., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss. Volume 1: Attachment (2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Briere, J. (1996). Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children: Professional Manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources Inc.Google Scholar
Briere, J. (2004). Psychological assessment of adult posttraumatic states: Phenomenology, diagnosis, and measurement (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Briere, J.N., & Lanktree, C.B. (2012). Treating complex trauma in adolescents and young adults. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Briere, J.N., & Lanktree, C.B. (2012). Treating complex trauma in adolescents and young adults. London: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bronfenbrenner, U. (2005). Making human beings human. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Brophy, J., & Good, T.L. (1970). Teachers’ communications of differential expectations for children's classroom performance: Some behavioral data. Journal of Educational Psychology, 61, 366374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruskas, D. (2008). Children in foster care. A vulnerable population at risk. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 21 (2), 7077.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chadwick Center for Children and Families. (2009). Assessment-based treatment for traumatized children: A Trauma Assessment Pathway (TAP). San Diego, CA: Chadwick Center for Children and Families.Google Scholar
Civic Enterprises, Bridgeland, J., Bruce, M., & Hariharan, , (2013). The Missing Piece: A national teacher survey on how social and emotional learning can empower children and transform schools. Chicago: Author.Google Scholar
Community-University Partnership for the Study of Children, Youth, and Families. (2011). Review of the Behavior Assessment System for Children — Second edition (BASC2). Edmonton, Canada: Author.Google Scholar
Cook et al., (2005). Complex trauma in children and adolescents. Psychiatric Annals, 35 (5), 390398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Courtois, C.A. & Ford, J.D. (Eds.). (2009). Treating complex traumatic stress disorders: An evidence-based guide. New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Deutsch, R., & Mohammed, M. (2009). Cognitive Abilities Profile. Canterbury, UK: Real Group (UK).Google Scholar
Downey, L. (2007). Calmer classrooms: A guide to working with traumatised children. Melbourne, Australia: Child Safety Commissioner. Retrieved 20 June 2013, from: http://www.kids.vic.gov.au/downloads/calmer_classrooms.pdfGoogle Scholar
Erickson, A.R. (2013). A high school counselor's leadership in providing school-wide screenings for depression and enhancing suicide awareness. Professional School Counseling, 16 (5), 283289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feuerstein, R. (1979). The Dynamic Assessment of Retarded Performers: The learning potential assessment device: Theory, instruments and techniques. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press.Google Scholar
Feuerstein, R., Haywood, H.C., Hoffman, M.B., & Jensen, A.R. (1986). Learning Potential Assessment Device manual. Jerusalem, Israel: HWCRI.Google Scholar
Fleuret, S., & Atkinson, S. (2007). Wellbeing, health and geography: A critical review and research agenda. New Zealand Geographer, 63, 106118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forgeard, M.J.C., Jayawickreme, E., Kern, M., & Seligman, M.E.P. (2011). Doing the right thing: Measuring wellbeing for public policy. International Journal of Wellbeing, 1 (1), 79106. doi:10.5502/ijw.v1i1.15Google Scholar
Guzman, M.P., Jellinek, M., George, M., Hartley, M., Squicciarini, A.M., Canenguez, K.M., & Murphy, J.M. (2011). Mental health matters in elementary school: First-grade screening predicts fourth grade achievement test scores. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 20, 401411. doi:10.1007/s00787-011-0191-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall, E. (2010). Spaces of wellbeing for people with learning disabilities. Scottish Geographical Journal, 126, 275284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harker, R. (2004). More than the sum of its parts? Inter-professional working in the education of looked after children. Children & Society, 18 (3), 179193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaycox, L. (2004). Cognitive-behavioural intervention for trauma in schools: Training manual. Longmont, CO: Sopris West Educational Services.Google Scholar
Jiddu Krishnamurti. (n.d.). BrainyQuote.com. Retrieved September 20, 2014, from http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/j/jiddukrish389324.htmlGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, H., Landor, M., & Todd, L. (2011). Video Interaction Guidance. A relationship-based intervention to promote attunement, empathy and well-being. London: Jessica Kingsley.Google Scholar
Kesby, M. (2007). Spatialising participatory approaches: The contribution of geography to a mature debate. Environmental Planning A, 29, 2813–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, G., Law, M., King, S., Hurley, P., Rosenbaum, P., Hanna, S., & Young, N. (2005). Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment (CAPE) and Preferences for Activities of Children (PAC). San Antonio, TX: Pearson.Google Scholar
Lidz, C.S. (Ed.). (1987). Dynamic assessment: An interactional approach to evaluating learning potential. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Lidz, C. (1991). Practitioner's Guide to Dynamic Assessment. NY: Guildford Press.Google Scholar
Mainwaring, D. (2014). Educational psychologists as advocates of children in out of home care: An innovative program model that empowers young people and the adults who support them. Educational & Child Psychology, 31 (1), 101123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGrath, H. (2007). To repeat or not to repeat? Curriculum Matters, 6 (3), 1623.Google Scholar
McGorry, P. (2014). Early intervention, youth mental health: the value of translational research for reform and investment in mental health. Australasian Psychiatry, 225227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neukrug, E.S., & Fawcett, R.C. (2010). Essentials of testing and assessment: A practical guide for counselors, social workers, and psychologists (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning.Google Scholar
New Economics Foundation. (2008). Measuring Wellbeing. A Guide for Practitioners. Retrieved from www.nef-consulting.co.uk/?s=measuring+well-beingGoogle Scholar
New Economics Foundation (NEF). (2009). Backing the future: Practical guide 2. A guide to measuring children's well-being. London: Author. Retrieved from http://www.neweconomics.orgpublications/entry/a-guide-to-measuring-childrens-well-beingGoogle Scholar
Perry, B.D., & Szalavitz, M. (2006). The boy who was raised as a dog: And other stories from a child psychiatrist's notebook: What traumatised children can teach us about loss, love, and healing. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Peterson, C. (2006). A primer in positive psychology (Oxford Positive Psychology Series). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pictello. (2013). AssistiveWare B.V. (Version 1.7) [Mobile application software]. Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/Google Scholar
Prince-Embury, S. (2005). Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents: A profile of personal strengths. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment.Google Scholar
Queensland Government. (2004). Partnership agreement. Educating children and young people in the care of the state. Retrieved July 23, 2013, from: http://education.qld.gov.au/students/incare/docs/pshipagrmnt.pdfGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, C.R., & Kamphaus, R.W. (2009). Behaviour Assessment System for Children (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: NCS Pearson.Google Scholar
Reynolds, C.R., & Kamphaus, R.W. (2012). Behaviour Assessment System for Children (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Pearson.Google Scholar
Rivers, A. (2009). Growing problem — Children with a mental illness or mental disorder. Health Voices 4, 1112. Retrieved from https://www.chf.org.au/pdfs/hvo/hvo-2009–4-children-with-mental-illness-disorder.pdfGoogle Scholar
Sawyer, M.G., Arney, F.M., Baghurst, P.A., Clark, J.J., Graetz, B.W., Kosky, R.J., . . . Zubrick, S.R. (2000). Child and adolescent component of the National Survey of Mental Health and Well-being. Canberra, Australia: Mental Health and Special Programs Branch of the Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care.Google Scholar
Scottish Government. (2012). Getting it right for children and families. A guide for getting it right for children. Scotland: Author.Google Scholar
Seligman, M.E.P. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. New York, NY: Free Press.Google Scholar
The Theraplay Institute. (2011). Marschak Interaction Method manual and card set: Includes tasks for prenatal, infant, toddler, pre-school/school age and adolescent versions. Evanston, IL: The Theraplay Institute.Google Scholar
Tzuriel, D. (1989). Dynamic assessment of learning potential: Novel measures for young children. The Thinking Teacher, 5, 9–l0.Google Scholar
Vygotsky, L.S. (1987). Thinking and speech (N. Minick, Trans.). In Rieber, R. & Carton, A. (Eds.), The collected works of L. L. Vygotsky. Vol. 1. Problems of general psychology (pp. 39285). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D., & Naglieri, J.A. (2006). Wechsler Nonverbal Scale of Ability. San Antonio, TX: Pearson.Google Scholar
Wnek, A.C., Klein, G., & Bracken, B.A. (2008). Professional development issues for school psychologists: What's hot, what's not in the United States. School Psychology International, 29, 145160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yeoman, J. (2008). Dynamic assessment practice: some suggestions for ensuring follow-up. Educational Psychology in Practice, 24 (2), 105114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zins, J.E., Bloodworth, M.R., Weissberg, R.P., & Walberg, H.J. (2004). The scientific base linking social and emotional learning to school success. In Zins, J.E., Weissberg, R.P., Wang, M.C., & Walberg, H.J. (Eds.), Building academic success on social and emotionallearning: What does the research say? (pp. 222). New York: Teacher College Press.Google Scholar