Aldrich, John H. (1995) Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America, Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alesina, Alberto and Rosenthal, Howard (1995) Partisan Politics, Divided Government, and the Economy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alesina, Alberto and Spoloare, Enrico (2003) The Size of Nations, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Alesina, Alberto, Ignazio Angeloni and Ludger Schuknecht (2001) ‘What Does the European Union Do?’, NBER Working Paper No. 8647.

Neto, Amorim, Octavio, , Cox, Gary W. and McCubbins, Mathew D. (2003) ‘Agenda Power in Brazil's Câmara dos Deputados, 1989–98’, World Politics, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 550–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Andeweg, Rudy (1995) ‘The Reshaping of National Party Systems’, in Hayward, Jack (ed.) The Crisis of Representation in Europe, London: Frank Cass.Google Scholar

Arrow, Kenneth J. (1951) Social Choice and Individual Values, New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar

Aspinwall, Mark (2002) ‘Preferring Europe: Ideology and National Preferences on European Integration’, European Union Politics, vol. 3, pp. 81–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Attinà, Fulvio (1990) ‘The Voting Behaviour of the European Parliament Members and the Problem of Europarties’, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 18, pp. 557–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Attinà, Fulvio (1992) ‘Parties, Party Systems and Democracy in the European Union’, International Spectator, vol. 27, pp. 67–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Banzhaf, John F. (1965) ‘Weighted Voting Doesn’t Work: A Mathematical Analysis’, Rutgers Law Review, vol. 19, pp. 317–43.Google Scholar

Bardi, Luciano (1992) ‘Transnational Party Federations in the European Community’, in Katz, Richard S. and Mair, Peter (eds.) Party Organizations: A Handbook on Party Organizations in Western Democracies, London: Sage.Google Scholar

Bardi, Luciano (1994) ‘Transnational Party Federations, European Parliamentary Party Groups, and the Building of Europarties’, in Katz, Richard S. and Mair, Peter (eds.) How Parties Organize: Change and Adaptation in Party Organizations in Western Democracies, London: Sage.Google Scholar

Baron, David P. and Ferejohn, John A. (1989) ‘Bargaining in Legislatures’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 83, pp. 1181–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bartolini, Stefano (2000) The Political Mobilization of the European Left, 1860–1980: The Class Cleavage, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bartolini, Stefano (2005) Restructuring Europe: Centre Formation, System Building, and Political Structuring between the Nation State and the European Union, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bartolini, Stefano and Mair, Peter (1990) Identity, Competition, and Electoral Availability: The Stability of European Electorates, 1885–1985, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Benoit, Kenneth R. and Laver, Michael J. (2005) Party Policy in Modern Democracies, London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Berglöf, Erik and Burkart, Mike (2003) ‘European Takeover Regulation’, Economic Policy, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 171–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bergman, Torbjörn, Müller, Wolfgang C. and Strøm, Kaare (2000) ‘Parliamentary Democracy and the Chain of Delegation’, European Journal of Political Research Vol. 37, no.3, pp. 255–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bindseil, Ulrich and Hantke, Cordula (1997) ‘The Power Distribution in Decision-Making among EU Member States’, European Journal of Political Economy, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 171–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Black, Duncan (1958) The Theory of Committees and Elections, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bobbio, Norberto (1996 [1995]) Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction, trans. Cameron, A., Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar

Bolingbroke, , John, Henry St. (1971 [1738]) The Idea of a Patriot King, Menston: Scholar Press.Google Scholar

Bolton, Patrick and Dewatripont, Mathias (2005) Contract Theory, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Bolton, Patrick and Roland, Gérard (1997) ‘The Breakup of Nations: A Political Economy Analysis’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 112, no. 4, pp. 1057–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bourguignon-Wittke, Roswitha, Grabitz, Eberhard, Schmuck, Otto, Steppat, Sabine and Wessels, Wolfgang (1985) ‘Five Years of the Directly Elected European Parliament: Performance and Prospects’, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 39–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bowler, Shaun and Farrell, David (1993) ‘Legislator Shirking and Voter Monitoring: Impacts of European Parliament Electoral Systems upon Legislator/Voter Relationships’, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 45–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bowler, Shaun, Farrell, David M. and Katz, Richard S. (eds.) (1999) Party Discipline and Parliamentary Government, Columbus, OH: Ohio State Press.Google Scholar

Brancati, Dawn (2007) ‘The Origins of Regional Parties’, British Journal of Political Science (forthcoming).Google Scholar

Brzinski, Joanne Bay (1995) ‘Political Group Cohesion in the European Parliament, 1989–1994’, in Rhodes, Carolyn and Mazey, Sonia (eds.) The State of the European Union, Vol. 3, London: Longman.Google Scholar

Budge, Ian, Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, Volkens, Andrea, Bara, Judith and Tanenbaum, Eric (2001) Mapping Policy Preferences: Estimates for Parties, Electors, and Governments 1945–1998, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Callaghan, Helen and Martin Höpner (2004) ‘Parties or Nations? Political Cleavages over EU Efforts to Create a Single European Market for Corporate Control’, paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American political Science Association, September 1994, Chicago.

Cameron, Charles M. (2000) Veto Bargaining: Presidents and the Politics of Negative Power, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Campbell, Angus, Converse, Philip E., Miller, Warren E. and Stokes, Donald E. (1960) The American Voter, New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar

Caramani, Daniele, (2004) The Nationalization of Politics: The Formation of National Electorates and Party Systems in Western Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carrubba, Clifford J., Gabel, Matthew, Murrah, Lacey, Clough, Ryan, Montgomery, Elizabeth and Schambach, Rebecca (2006) ‘Off the Record: unrecorded Legislative votes, selection Bias and and Roll-Call Votes Analysis’, British Journal of Political Science, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 691–704.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Castanheira, Micael (2003) ‘Voting for Losers’, Journal of the European Economic Association, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 1207–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chandler, William, Cox, Gary W. and McCubbins, Mathew D. (2005) ‘Agenda Control in the German Bundestag, 1987–2002’, mimeo, University of California, San Diego, CA.Google Scholar

Chhibber, Pradeep and Kollman, Kenneth (2004) The Formation of National Party Systems: Federalism and Party Competition in Britain, Canada and the US, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Claeys, Paul-Henri and Loeb-Mayer, Nicole (1979) ‘Trans-European Party Groupings: Emergence of New and Alignment of Old Parties in the Light of the Direct Elections to the European Parliament’, Government and Opposition, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 455–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Corbett, Richard (1988) The European Parliament's Role in Closer EU Integration, London: Palgrave.Google Scholar

Corbett, Richard, Jacobs, Francis and Shackleton, Michael (2005) The European Parliament, 6th edition, London: John Harper Publishing.Google Scholar

Cowen, Michael and Laakso, Liisa (eds.) (2002) Multi-Party Elections in Africa, Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar

Cox, Gary W. (1987) The Efficient Secret: The Cabinet and the Development of Political Parties in Victorian England, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cox, Gary W. and McCubbins, Mathew D. (1993) Legislative Leviathan: Party Government in the House, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Cox, Gary W. and Mathew D. McCubbins (2002) ‘Agenda Power in the U.S. House of Representatives, 1877 to 1986’, in Brady, David W. and McCubbins, Mathew D. (eds.) Party, Process, and Political Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Cox, Gary W. and McCubbins, Mathew D. (2005) Setting the Agenda: Responsible Party Government in the U.S. House of Representatives, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cox, Gary W., Masuyama, Mikitaka and McCubbins, Mathew D. (2000) ‘Agenda Power in the Japanese House of Representatives’ Japanese Journal of Political Science, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crombez, Christophe (2001) ‘Institutional Reform and Co-Decision in the European Union’, Constitutional Political Economy, vol. 11, no. 1, pp 41–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dahl, Robert A. (1956) A Preface to Democratic Theory, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Dahrendorf, Ralf (1959) Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society, London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Dalton, Russell J., Flanagan, Scott and Beck, Paul A. (1984) Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies: Realignment or Dealignment?Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Diermeier, Daniel and Feddersen, Timothy J. (1998) ‘Cohesion in Legislatures and the Vote of Confidence Procedure’, American Political Science Review, vol. 92, pp. 611–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Diermeier, Daniel and Merlo, Antonio (2000) ‘Government Turnover in Parliamentary Democracies’, Journal of Economic Theory, vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 46–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Diermeier, Daniel and Stevenson, Randolf T. (1999) ‘Cabinet Survival and Competing Risks’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 43, pp. 1051–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Diermeier, Daniel and Stevenson, Randolf T. (2000) ‘Cabinet Termination and Critical Events’, American Political Science Review, vol. 94, pp. 627–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Downs, Anthony (1957) An Economic Theory of Democracy, New York, NY: Harper and Row.Google Scholar

Duverger, Maurice (1954 [1951]) Political Parties: Their Organization and Activities in the Modern State, New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar

Eijk, Cees and Franklin, Mark (eds.) (1996) Choosing Europe? The European Electorate and National Politics in the Face of Union, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Enelow, James M. and Hinich, Melvin J. (1984) The Spatial Theory of Voting: an Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Epstein, David and O’Halloran, Sharyn (1999) Delegating Powers: A Transaction Cost Politics Approach to Policy Making Under Separate Powers, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

European, Parliament (1999) The Committee of Experts’ Report on Fraud, Mismanagement and Nepotism in the European Commission, Brussels: European Parliament.Google Scholar

Evenett, Simon J. (2003) ‘The Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions Wave of the late 1990s’, in Baldwin, Robert E. and Alan Winters, L. (eds.) Challenges to Globalization: Analyzing the Economics, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Fearon, James D. (1999) ‘Electoral Accountability and the Control of Politicians: Selecting Good Types versus Sanctioning Poor Performance’, in Manin, Bernard, Przeworski, Adam and Stokes, Susan (eds.) Democracy, Accountability, and Representation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Ferejohn, John (1986) ‘Incumbent Performance and Electoral Control’, Public Choice, vol. 50, pp. 5–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ferejohn, John and Fiorina, Morris (1974) ‘The Paradox of Not Voting: A Decision Theoretic Analysis’, American Political Science Review, vol. 68, pp. 525–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Figueiredo, Argelina Cheibub and Limongi, Fernando (2000) ‘Presidential Power, Legislative Organization, and Party Behavior in Brazil’, Comparative Politics, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 151–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Finer, Samuel E. (1987) ‘Left and Right’, in Bogdanor, Vernon (ed.) The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Institutions, Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Fitzmaurice, John (1975) The Party Groups in the European Parliament, Farnborough: Saxon House.Google Scholar

Flanagan, Scott C. (1987) ‘Value Change in Industrial Societies’, American Political Science Review, vol. 81, no. 4, pp. 1303–18.Google Scholar

Franklin, Mark, Mackie, Tom and Valen, Henry (eds.) (1992) Electoral Change: Responses to Evolving Social and Attitudinal Structures in Western Countries, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Gabel, Matthew J. and Anderson, Christopher J. (2002) ‘The Structure of Citizen Attitudes and the European Political Space’, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 35, no. 8, pp. 893–913.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gabel, Matthew J. and Simon Hix (2002a) ‘The European Parliament and Executive Politics in the EU: Voting Behaviour and the Commission President Investiture Procedure’, in Hosli, Madeleine, Deemen, Adrian and Widgrén, Mika (eds.) Institutional Challenges in the European Union, London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gabel, Matthew J. and Hix, Simon (2002b) ‘Defining the EU Political Space: An Empirical Study of the European Elections Manifestos, 1979–1999’, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 35, pp. 934–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grant, Ruth (1977) ‘The Origins of American Political Parties: Antifederalists and Jeffersonian Republicans’, mimeo, University of Chicago.Google Scholar

Grosclose, Tim and Snyder, James M. Jr. (1996) ‘Buying Supermajorities’, American Political Science Review, vol. 90, pp. 303–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guerrera, Francesco and Jennen, Birgit (2003) ‘UK in deal with Germany over Takeover Code’, The Financial Times, 3 February 2003, p. 10.Google Scholar

Hall, Peter and Soskice, David (eds.) (2001) Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hallstein, Walter (1972) Europe in the Making, London: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar

Henig, Stanley (ed.) (1979) Political Parties in the European Community, London: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar

Herbst, Jeffrey (2000) States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Hix, Simon (1994) ‘The Study of the European Community: The Challenge to Comparative Politics’, West European Politics, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 1–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hix, Simon (1999) ‘Dimensions and Alignments in European Union Politics: Cognitive Constraints and Partisan Responses’, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 35, pp. 69–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hix, Simon (2001) ‘Legislative Behaviour and Party Competition in European Parliament: An Application of Nominate to the EU’, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 39, pp. 663–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hix, Simon (2002a) ‘Constitutional Agenda-Setting Through Discretion in Rule Interpretation: Why the European Parliament Won at Amsterdam’, British Journal of Political Science, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 259–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hix, Simon (2002b) ‘Parliamentary Behavior with Two Principals: Preferences, Parties, and Voting in the European Parliament’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 688–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hix, Simon (2004) ‘Electoral Institutions and Legislative Behavior: Explaining Voting Defection in the European Parliament’, World Politics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 194–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hix, Simon (2005) The Political System of the European Union, 2nd edition, London: Palgrave.Google Scholar

Hix, Simon and Lord, Christopher (1996) ‘The Making of a President: The European Parliament and the Confirmation of Jacques Santer as President of the Commission’, Government and Opposition, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 62–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hix, Simon and Lord, Christopher (1997) Political Parties in the European Union. Basingstoke: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hix, Simon, Kreppel, Amie and Noury, Abdul (2003) ‘The Party System in the European Parliament: Collusive or Competitive?’, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 309–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hix, Simon, Noury, Abdul and Roland, Gérard (2005) ‘Power to the Parties: Cohesion and Competition in the European Parliament, 1979–2001’, British Journal of Political Science, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 209–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hoffmann, Stanley (1966) ‘Obstinate or Obsolete? The Fate of the Nation-State and the Case of Western Europe’, Daedalus, vol. 95, pp. 862–914.Google Scholar

Hooghe, Liesbet and Gary Marks (1999) ‘The Making of a Polity: The Struggle Over European Integration’, in Kitschelt, Herbert, Lange, Peter, Marks, Gary and Stephens, John (eds.) Continuity and Change in Contemporary Capitalism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Hooghe, Liesbet, Marks, Gary and Wilson, Carole (2002) ‘Does Left/Right Structure Party Positions on European Integration?’, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 35, pp. 965–989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hosli, Madeleine O. (1997) ‘Voting Strength in the European Parliament’, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 31, pp. 351–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hoyland, Bjorn (2005) Government and Opposition in EU Legislative Politics, Ph.D. thesis, London: London School of Economics and Political Science.Google Scholar

Hotelling, Harold (1929) ‘Stability in Competition’, Economic Journal, vol. 39, pp. 41–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Huber, John D. (1996a) Rationalizing Parliament: Legislative Institutions and Party Politics in France, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Huber, John D. (1996b) The Vote of Confidence in Parliamentary Democracies’, American Political Science Review, vol. 80, no. 4, pp. 1131–50.Google Scholar

Ignazi, Piero (1992) ‘The Silent Counter-Revolution: Hypotheses on the Emergence of Extreme-Right Parties in Europe’, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 3–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Inglehart, Ronald (1977) The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles among Western Publics, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Inglehart, Ronald (1990) Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Jensen, Michael and Meckling, William (1976) ‘Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behaviour, Agency Cost and Capital Structure’, Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 3, pp. 305–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Karvonen, Lauri and Kuhnle, Stein (eds.) (2001) Party Systems and Voter Alignments Revisited, London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Katz, Richard S. and Mair, Peter (1995) ‘Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party’, Party Politics, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 5–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Key, Valdimar O. (1961) Public Opinion and American Democracy, New York, NY: Knopf.Google Scholar

Kiewiet, D. Roderick and McCubbins, Matthew D. (1991) The Logic of Delegation: Congressional Parties and the Appropriations Process, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

King, Anthony (1969) ‘Political Parties in Western Democracies: Some Sceptical Reflections’, Polity, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 111–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert (1994) The Transformation of European Social Democracy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert (1995) The Radical Right in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert, Lange, Peter, Marks, Gary and Stephens, John D. (eds.) (1999) Continuity and Change in Contemporary Capitalism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Krehbiel, Keith (1993) ‘Where's the Party?’, British Journal of Political Science, vol. 23, pp. 235–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Krehbiel, Keith (1998) Pivotal Politics: A Theory of U.S. Lawmaking, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kreppel, Amie (2000) ‘Rules, Ideology and Coalition Formation in the European Parliament: Past, Present and Future’, European Union Politics, vol. 1, pp. 340–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kreppel, Amie (2002a) ‘Moving Beyond Procedure: An Empirical Analysis of European Parliament Legislative Influence’, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 35, no. 7, pp. 784–813.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kreppel, Amie (2002b) The European Parliament and Supranational Party System: A Study in Institutional Development, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Kreppel, Amie and Hix, Simon (2003) ‘From “Grand Coalition” to Left-Right Confrontation: Explaining the Shifting Structure of Party Competition in the European Parliament’, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 36, pp. 75–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kreppel, Amie and Tsebelis, George (1999) ‘Coalition Formation in the European Parliament’, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 32, pp. 933–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Porta, Rafael, Lopez-de-Silanes, Florencio, Shleifer, Andrei and Vishny, Robert (1998) ‘Law and Finance’, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 106, no. 6, pp. 1113–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lane, Jan-ErikMaeland, Reinert and Berg, Sven (1995) ‘The EU Parliament: Seats, States and Political Parties’, Journal of Theoretical Politics, vol. 7, pp. 395–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

LaPalombara, Joseph and Myron Weiner (1966) ‘The Origin and Development of Political Parties’, in LaPalombara, Joseph and Weiner, Myron (eds.) Political Parties and Political Development, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Laver, Michael (1998) ‘Models of Government Formation’, Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 1, pp. 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Laver, Michael (2002) ‘Government Termination’, Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 6, pp. 23–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Laver, Michael J. and Ben Hunt, W. (1992) Policy and Party Competition, London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Laver, Michael and Schofield, Norman (1990) Multiparty Government: The Politics of Coalition in Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Laver, Michael J., Benoit, Kenneth R. and Garry, John (2003) ‘Extracting Policy Positions from Political Texts Using Words as Data’, American Political Science Review, vol. 97, pp. 311–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Levitt, Steven D. (1996) ‘How Do Senators Vote? Disentangling the Role of Voter Preferences, Party Affiliation, and Senator Ideology’, The American Economic Review, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 425–41.Google Scholar

Lipset, Seymour M. (1959) Political Man, London: Heinemann.Google Scholar

Lipset, Seymour M. and Stein Rokkan (1967) ‘Cleavage Structures, Party Systems and Voter Alignments: An Introduction’, in Lipset, Seymour M. and Rokkan, Stein (eds.) Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-national Perspectives, New York, NY: Free Press.Google Scholar

Lupia, Arthur and Strøm, Kaare (1995) ‘Coalition termination and the Strategic Timing of Legislative Elections’, American Political Science Review, vol. 89, pp. 648–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

MacDonald, Stuart E., Listaug, Ola and Rabinowitz, George (1991) ‘Issues and Party Support in Mulitparty Systems’, American Political Science Review, vol. 85, pp. 1107–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

MacRae, Duncan Jr. (1967) Parliament, Parties, and Society in France 1946–1958, New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar

Magnette, Paul (2001) ‘Appointing and Censuring the Commission: the Adaptation of Parliamentary Institutions to the Community Context’, European Law Journal, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 289–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Majone, Giandomenico (1993) ‘The European Community between Social Policy and Social Regulation’, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 153–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Majone, Giandomenico (1996) Regulating Europe, London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Majone, Giandomenico (2002) ‘The European Commission: The Limits of Centralization and the Perils of Parliamentarization’, Governance, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 375–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marks, Gary and Steenbergen, Marco (2002) ‘Introduction: Understanding Political Contestation in the European Union’, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 35, pp. 879–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marks, Gary and Steenbergen, Marco (2004) Marks/Steenbergen Party Dataset, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, available at: www.unc.edu/∼gwmarks/data.htmGoogle Scholar

Marks, Gary and Wilson, Carole J. (2000) ‘The Past in the Present: A Cleavage Theory of Party Response to European Integration’, British Journal of Political Science, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 433–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marks, Gary, Wilson, Carole J. and Ray, Leonard (2002) ‘National Political Parties and European Integration’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 46, pp. 585–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marquand, David (1978) ‘Towards a Europe of the Parties’, Political Quarterly, vol. 49, pp. 425–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mattila, Miko (2004) ‘Contested Decisions: Empirical Analysis of Voting in the EU Council of Ministers’, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 43, pp. 29–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mattila, Miko and Lane, Jan-Eric (2001) ‘Why Unanimity in the Council? A Roll Call Analysis of Council Voting’, European Union Politics, vol. 2, pp. 31–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mayhew, David (1974) Congress: The Electoral Connection, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

McCubbins, Mathew D. and Schwartz, Thomas (1984) ‘Congressional Oversight Overlooked: Police Patrols versus Fire Alarms’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 165–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McKelvey, Richard D. (1976) ‘Intransitivities in Multidimensional Voting Models and Some Implications for Agenda Control’, Journal of Economic Theory, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 472–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Moravcsik, Andrew (1991) ‘Negotiating the Single European Act: National Interests and Conventional Statecraft in the European Community’, International Organization, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 19–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Moravcsik, Andrew (1998) The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Moravcsik, Andrew (2002) ‘In Defense of the “Democratic Deficit”: Reassessing the Legitimacy of the European Union’, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 603–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Müller, Wolfgang C. and Kaare, Strøm (eds.) (2000) Coalition Governments in Western Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Neumann, Sigmund (1956) ‘Toward a Comparative Study of Political Parties’, in Neumann, Sigmund (ed.) Modern Political Parties, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Niedermeyer, Oskar (1983) Europäische Parteien? Zur grenzüberschreitenden Interaktion politischer Parteien im Rahmen der Europäischen Gemeinschaft, Frankfurt: Campus.Google Scholar

Noury, Abdul (2002) ‘Ideology, Nationality and Euro-Parliamentarians’, European Union Politics, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 33–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Noury, Abdul (2004) ‘Abstention in Daylight: Stategic Calculus of Voting in the European Parliament’, Public Choice, vol. 212, pp. 179–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Noury, Abdul and Roland, Gérard (2002) ‘More Power to the European Parliament?’, Economic Policy, vol. 17, no. 35, pp. 280–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nurmi, Hannu (1997) ‘The Representation of Voter Groups in the EP’, Electoral Studies, vol. 16, pp. 317–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Oates, William E. (1972) Fiscal Federalism, New York, NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Google Scholar

Persson, Torsten, Roland, Gérard and Tabellini, Guido (2000) ‘Comparative Politics and Public Finance’, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 108, pp. 1121–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Piketty, Thomas (2000) ‘Voting as Communicating’, Review of Economic Studies, vol. 67, pp. 169–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pollack, Mark A. (1995) ‘Regional Actors in an Intergovernmental Play: The Making and Implementation of EC Structural Policy’, in Rhodes, Carolyn and Mazey, Sonia (eds.) The State of the European Union, vol. 3, London: Longman.Google Scholar

Poole, Keith T. (2005) Spatial Models of Parliamentary Voting, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Poole, Keith T. and Rosenthal, Howard (1997) A Political-Economic History of Roll Call Voting, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Pridham, Geoffrey and Pridham, Pippa (1981) Transnational Party Co-operation and European Integration: The Process Towards Direct Elections, London: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar

Quanjel, Marcel and Menno Wolters (1993) ‘Growing Cohesion in the European Parliament’, paper presented at the Joint Sessions of the ECPR, April 1993, Leiden.

Rae, Douglas W. (1967) The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Raunio, Tapio (1997) The European Perspective: Transnational Party Groups in the 1989–1994 European Parliament, London: Ashgate.Google Scholar

Reif, Karlheinz and Schmitt, Hermann (1980) ‘Nine Second-Order National Elections: A Conceptual Framework for the Analysis of European Election Results’, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 3–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rice, Stuart A. (1928) Quantitative Methods in Politics, New York, NY: Knopf.Google Scholar

Riker, William H. (1962) The Theory of Political Coalitions, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Riker, William H. (1980) ‘Implications for the Disequilibrium of Majority Rule for the Study of Institutions’, American Political Science Review, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 432–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Riker, William H. (1986) The Art of Political Manipulation, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Riker, William H. and Ordeshook, Peter C. (1968) ‘A Theory of the Calculus of Voting’, American Political Science Review, vol. 62, pp. 25–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ringe, Nils (2005) ‘Policy Preference Formation in Legislative Politics: Structures, Actors, and Focal Points’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 731–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rittberger, Berthold (2003) ‘The Creation and Empowerment of the European Parliament’, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 203–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rittberger, Berthold (2005) Building Europe's Parliament: Democratic Representation Beyond the Nation State, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rohde, David W. (1991) Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rokkan, Stein (1999) State Formation, Nation-Building, and Mass Politics in Europe: The Theory of Stein Rokkan, selected and rearranged by Flora, Peter, Kuhnle, Stein and Urwin, Derek, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Romer, Thomas and Rosenthal, Howard (1978) ‘Political Resource Allocation, Controlled Agendas, and the Status Quo’, Public Choice, vol. 33, pp. 27–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rosenthal, Howard and Voeten, Erik (2004) ‘Analyzing Roll Calls with Perfect Spatial Voting: France 1946–1958’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 620–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sartori, Giovanni (1976) Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis, Volume 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Scarrow, Susan (1997) ‘Political Career Paths and the European Parliament’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, vol. 22, pp. 253–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Scharpf, Fritz (1999) Governing in Europe: Effective and Democratic?Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schattschneider, Elmer E. (1942) Party Government, New York, NY: Rinehart.Google Scholar

Schattschneider, Elmar E. (1960) The Semi Sovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America, New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar

Schlesinger, Joseph A. (1984) ‘On the Theory of Party Organization’, Journal of Politics, vol. 46, pp. 369–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schonhardt-Bailey, Cheryl (2003) ‘Ideology, Party and Interests in the British Parliament of 1841–1847’, British Journal of Political Science, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 581–605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schumpeter, Joseph (1943) Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, London: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar

Scully, Roger M. (1997a) ‘Policy Influence and Participation in the European Parliament’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, vol. 12, pp. 233–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Scully, Roger M. (1997b) ‘The EP and the Co-Decision Procedure: A Reassessment’, Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 58–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shapley, Lloyd S. and Shubik, Martin (1954) ‘A Method for Evaluating the Distribution of Power in a Committee System’, American Political Science Review, vol. 48, pp. 787–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shugart, Matthew S. and Carey, John M. (1992) Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Systems, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Skog, Rolf (2002) ‘The Takeover Directive: An Endless Saga?’, European Business Law Review, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 301–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Strøm, Kaare (1990) Minority Government and Majority Rule, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Tirole, Jean (1989) The Theory of Industrial Organization, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Topan, Angelina (2002) ‘The Resignation of the Santer-Commission: The Impact of “Trust” and “Reputation”’, European Integration Online Papers, vol. 6, paper 14, http://eiop.or.at/eiop/texte/2002–014.htmGoogle Scholar

Tsebelis, George (1994) ‘The Power of the European Parliament as a Conditional Agenda-Setter’, American Political Science Review, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 128–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tsebelis, George (1996) ‘Maastricht and the Democratic Deficit’, Aussenwirtschaft, vol. 52, no. 1/2, pp. 29–56.Google Scholar

Tsebelis, George (2002) Veto Players: How Political Institutions Work, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press/Russell Sage Foundation.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tsebelis, George and Garrett, Geoffrey (2000) ‘Legislative Politics in the European Union’, European Union Politics, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 9–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tsebelis, George and Garrett, Geoffrey (2001) ‘The Institutional Foundations of Intergovernmentalism and Supranationalism in the European Union’, International Organization, vol. 55, pp. 357–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tsebelis, George and Money, Jeannette (1997) Bicameralism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tsebelis, George, Jensen, Christian B., Kalandrakis, Anastassios and Kreppel, Amie (2001) ‘Legislative Procedures in the European Union: An Empirical Analysis’, British Journal of Political Science, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 573–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tullock, Gordon (1967) ‘Welfare Costs of Tariffs, Monopolies and Theft’, Western Economic Journal, vol. 5, pp. 224–32.Google Scholar

Oudenhove, Guy (1965) Political Parties in the European Parliament: The First Ten Years (September 1952–September 1962), Leyden: A.W. Sijthoff.Google Scholar

Voeten, Erik (2000) ‘Clashes of The Assembly’, International Organization, vol. 54, pp. 185–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weber, Max (1946 [1918]) ‘Politics as a Vocation’, in Gerth, Hans H. and Mills, C. Wright (eds.) From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Westlake, Martin (1994) A Modern Guide to the European Parliament, London: Pinter.Google Scholar

Williams, Shirley (1991) ‘Sovereignty and Accountability’, in Keohane, Robert O. and Hoffmann, Stanley (eds.) The New European Community, Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar

Zellentin, Gerda (1967) ‘Form and Function of the Opposition in the European Communities’, Government and Opposition, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 416–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aldrich, John H. (1995) Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America, Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alesina, Alberto and Rosenthal, Howard (1995) Partisan Politics, Divided Government, and the Economy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alesina, Alberto and Spoloare, Enrico (2003) The Size of Nations, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Alesina, Alberto, Ignazio Angeloni and Ludger Schuknecht (2001) ‘What Does the European Union Do?’, NBER Working Paper No. 8647.

Neto, Amorim, Octavio, , Cox, Gary W. and McCubbins, Mathew D. (2003) ‘Agenda Power in Brazil's Câmara dos Deputados, 1989–98’, World Politics, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 550–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Andeweg, Rudy (1995) ‘The Reshaping of National Party Systems’, in Hayward, Jack (ed.) The Crisis of Representation in Europe, London: Frank Cass.Google Scholar

Arrow, Kenneth J. (1951) Social Choice and Individual Values, New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar

Aspinwall, Mark (2002) ‘Preferring Europe: Ideology and National Preferences on European Integration’, European Union Politics, vol. 3, pp. 81–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Attinà, Fulvio (1990) ‘The Voting Behaviour of the European Parliament Members and the Problem of Europarties’, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 18, pp. 557–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Attinà, Fulvio (1992) ‘Parties, Party Systems and Democracy in the European Union’, International Spectator, vol. 27, pp. 67–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Banzhaf, John F. (1965) ‘Weighted Voting Doesn’t Work: A Mathematical Analysis’, Rutgers Law Review, vol. 19, pp. 317–43.Google Scholar

Bardi, Luciano (1992) ‘Transnational Party Federations in the European Community’, in Katz, Richard S. and Mair, Peter (eds.) Party Organizations: A Handbook on Party Organizations in Western Democracies, London: Sage.Google Scholar

Bardi, Luciano (1994) ‘Transnational Party Federations, European Parliamentary Party Groups, and the Building of Europarties’, in Katz, Richard S. and Mair, Peter (eds.) How Parties Organize: Change and Adaptation in Party Organizations in Western Democracies, London: Sage.Google Scholar

Baron, David P. and Ferejohn, John A. (1989) ‘Bargaining in Legislatures’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 83, pp. 1181–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bartolini, Stefano (2000) The Political Mobilization of the European Left, 1860–1980: The Class Cleavage, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bartolini, Stefano (2005) Restructuring Europe: Centre Formation, System Building, and Political Structuring between the Nation State and the European Union, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bartolini, Stefano and Mair, Peter (1990) Identity, Competition, and Electoral Availability: The Stability of European Electorates, 1885–1985, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Benoit, Kenneth R. and Laver, Michael J. (2005) Party Policy in Modern Democracies, London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Berglöf, Erik and Burkart, Mike (2003) ‘European Takeover Regulation’, Economic Policy, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 171–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bergman, Torbjörn, Müller, Wolfgang C. and Strøm, Kaare (2000) ‘Parliamentary Democracy and the Chain of Delegation’, European Journal of Political Research Vol. 37, no.3, pp. 255–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bindseil, Ulrich and Hantke, Cordula (1997) ‘The Power Distribution in Decision-Making among EU Member States’, European Journal of Political Economy, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 171–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Black, Duncan (1958) The Theory of Committees and Elections, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bobbio, Norberto (1996 [1995]) Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction, trans. Cameron, A., Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar

Bolingbroke, , John, Henry St. (1971 [1738]) The Idea of a Patriot King, Menston: Scholar Press.Google Scholar

Bolton, Patrick and Dewatripont, Mathias (2005) Contract Theory, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Bolton, Patrick and Roland, Gérard (1997) ‘The Breakup of Nations: A Political Economy Analysis’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 112, no. 4, pp. 1057–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bourguignon-Wittke, Roswitha, Grabitz, Eberhard, Schmuck, Otto, Steppat, Sabine and Wessels, Wolfgang (1985) ‘Five Years of the Directly Elected European Parliament: Performance and Prospects’, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 39–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bowler, Shaun and Farrell, David (1993) ‘Legislator Shirking and Voter Monitoring: Impacts of European Parliament Electoral Systems upon Legislator/Voter Relationships’, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 45–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bowler, Shaun, Farrell, David M. and Katz, Richard S. (eds.) (1999) Party Discipline and Parliamentary Government, Columbus, OH: Ohio State Press.Google Scholar

Brancati, Dawn (2007) ‘The Origins of Regional Parties’, British Journal of Political Science (forthcoming).Google Scholar

Brzinski, Joanne Bay (1995) ‘Political Group Cohesion in the European Parliament, 1989–1994’, in Rhodes, Carolyn and Mazey, Sonia (eds.) The State of the European Union, Vol. 3, London: Longman.Google Scholar

Budge, Ian, Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, Volkens, Andrea, Bara, Judith and Tanenbaum, Eric (2001) Mapping Policy Preferences: Estimates for Parties, Electors, and Governments 1945–1998, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Callaghan, Helen and Martin Höpner (2004) ‘Parties or Nations? Political Cleavages over EU Efforts to Create a Single European Market for Corporate Control’, paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American political Science Association, September 1994, Chicago.

Cameron, Charles M. (2000) Veto Bargaining: Presidents and the Politics of Negative Power, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Campbell, Angus, Converse, Philip E., Miller, Warren E. and Stokes, Donald E. (1960) The American Voter, New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar

Caramani, Daniele, (2004) The Nationalization of Politics: The Formation of National Electorates and Party Systems in Western Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carrubba, Clifford J., Gabel, Matthew, Murrah, Lacey, Clough, Ryan, Montgomery, Elizabeth and Schambach, Rebecca (2006) ‘Off the Record: unrecorded Legislative votes, selection Bias and and Roll-Call Votes Analysis’, British Journal of Political Science, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 691–704.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Castanheira, Micael (2003) ‘Voting for Losers’, Journal of the European Economic Association, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 1207–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chandler, William, Cox, Gary W. and McCubbins, Mathew D. (2005) ‘Agenda Control in the German Bundestag, 1987–2002’, mimeo, University of California, San Diego, CA.Google Scholar

Chhibber, Pradeep and Kollman, Kenneth (2004) The Formation of National Party Systems: Federalism and Party Competition in Britain, Canada and the US, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Claeys, Paul-Henri and Loeb-Mayer, Nicole (1979) ‘Trans-European Party Groupings: Emergence of New and Alignment of Old Parties in the Light of the Direct Elections to the European Parliament’, Government and Opposition, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 455–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Corbett, Richard (1988) The European Parliament's Role in Closer EU Integration, London: Palgrave.Google Scholar

Corbett, Richard, Jacobs, Francis and Shackleton, Michael (2005) The European Parliament, 6th edition, London: John Harper Publishing.Google Scholar

Cowen, Michael and Laakso, Liisa (eds.) (2002) Multi-Party Elections in Africa, Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar

Cox, Gary W. (1987) The Efficient Secret: The Cabinet and the Development of Political Parties in Victorian England, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cox, Gary W. and McCubbins, Mathew D. (1993) Legislative Leviathan: Party Government in the House, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Cox, Gary W. and Mathew D. McCubbins (2002) ‘Agenda Power in the U.S. House of Representatives, 1877 to 1986’, in Brady, David W. and McCubbins, Mathew D. (eds.) Party, Process, and Political Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Cox, Gary W. and McCubbins, Mathew D. (2005) Setting the Agenda: Responsible Party Government in the U.S. House of Representatives, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cox, Gary W., Masuyama, Mikitaka and McCubbins, Mathew D. (2000) ‘Agenda Power in the Japanese House of Representatives’ Japanese Journal of Political Science, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crombez, Christophe (2001) ‘Institutional Reform and Co-Decision in the European Union’, Constitutional Political Economy, vol. 11, no. 1, pp 41–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dahl, Robert A. (1956) A Preface to Democratic Theory, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Dahrendorf, Ralf (1959) Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society, London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Dalton, Russell J., Flanagan, Scott and Beck, Paul A. (1984) Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies: Realignment or Dealignment?Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Diermeier, Daniel and Feddersen, Timothy J. (1998) ‘Cohesion in Legislatures and the Vote of Confidence Procedure’, American Political Science Review, vol. 92, pp. 611–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Diermeier, Daniel and Merlo, Antonio (2000) ‘Government Turnover in Parliamentary Democracies’, Journal of Economic Theory, vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 46–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Diermeier, Daniel and Stevenson, Randolf T. (1999) ‘Cabinet Survival and Competing Risks’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 43, pp. 1051–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Diermeier, Daniel and Stevenson, Randolf T. (2000) ‘Cabinet Termination and Critical Events’, American Political Science Review, vol. 94, pp. 627–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Downs, Anthony (1957) An Economic Theory of Democracy, New York, NY: Harper and Row.Google Scholar

Duverger, Maurice (1954 [1951]) Political Parties: Their Organization and Activities in the Modern State, New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar

Eijk, Cees and Franklin, Mark (eds.) (1996) Choosing Europe? The European Electorate and National Politics in the Face of Union, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Enelow, James M. and Hinich, Melvin J. (1984) The Spatial Theory of Voting: an Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Epstein, David and O’Halloran, Sharyn (1999) Delegating Powers: A Transaction Cost Politics Approach to Policy Making Under Separate Powers, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

European, Parliament (1999) The Committee of Experts’ Report on Fraud, Mismanagement and Nepotism in the European Commission, Brussels: European Parliament.Google Scholar

Evenett, Simon J. (2003) ‘The Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions Wave of the late 1990s’, in Baldwin, Robert E. and Alan Winters, L. (eds.) Challenges to Globalization: Analyzing the Economics, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Fearon, James D. (1999) ‘Electoral Accountability and the Control of Politicians: Selecting Good Types versus Sanctioning Poor Performance’, in Manin, Bernard, Przeworski, Adam and Stokes, Susan (eds.) Democracy, Accountability, and Representation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Ferejohn, John (1986) ‘Incumbent Performance and Electoral Control’, Public Choice, vol. 50, pp. 5–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ferejohn, John and Fiorina, Morris (1974) ‘The Paradox of Not Voting: A Decision Theoretic Analysis’, American Political Science Review, vol. 68, pp. 525–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Figueiredo, Argelina Cheibub and Limongi, Fernando (2000) ‘Presidential Power, Legislative Organization, and Party Behavior in Brazil’, Comparative Politics, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 151–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Finer, Samuel E. (1987) ‘Left and Right’, in Bogdanor, Vernon (ed.) The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Institutions, Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Fitzmaurice, John (1975) The Party Groups in the European Parliament, Farnborough: Saxon House.Google Scholar

Flanagan, Scott C. (1987) ‘Value Change in Industrial Societies’, American Political Science Review, vol. 81, no. 4, pp. 1303–18.Google Scholar

Franklin, Mark, Mackie, Tom and Valen, Henry (eds.) (1992) Electoral Change: Responses to Evolving Social and Attitudinal Structures in Western Countries, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Gabel, Matthew J. and Anderson, Christopher J. (2002) ‘The Structure of Citizen Attitudes and the European Political Space’, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 35, no. 8, pp. 893–913.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gabel, Matthew J. and Simon Hix (2002a) ‘The European Parliament and Executive Politics in the EU: Voting Behaviour and the Commission President Investiture Procedure’, in Hosli, Madeleine, Deemen, Adrian and Widgrén, Mika (eds.) Institutional Challenges in the European Union, London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gabel, Matthew J. and Hix, Simon (2002b) ‘Defining the EU Political Space: An Empirical Study of the European Elections Manifestos, 1979–1999’, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 35, pp. 934–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grant, Ruth (1977) ‘The Origins of American Political Parties: Antifederalists and Jeffersonian Republicans’, mimeo, University of Chicago.Google Scholar

Grosclose, Tim and Snyder, James M. Jr. (1996) ‘Buying Supermajorities’, American Political Science Review, vol. 90, pp. 303–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guerrera, Francesco and Jennen, Birgit (2003) ‘UK in deal with Germany over Takeover Code’, The Financial Times, 3 February 2003, p. 10.Google Scholar

Hall, Peter and Soskice, David (eds.) (2001) Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hallstein, Walter (1972) Europe in the Making, London: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar

Henig, Stanley (ed.) (1979) Political Parties in the European Community, London: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar

Herbst, Jeffrey (2000) States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Hix, Simon (1994) ‘The Study of the European Community: The Challenge to Comparative Politics’, West European Politics, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 1–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hix, Simon (1999) ‘Dimensions and Alignments in European Union Politics: Cognitive Constraints and Partisan Responses’, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 35, pp. 69–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hix, Simon (2001) ‘Legislative Behaviour and Party Competition in European Parliament: An Application of Nominate to the EU’, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 39, pp. 663–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hix, Simon (2002a) ‘Constitutional Agenda-Setting Through Discretion in Rule Interpretation: Why the European Parliament Won at Amsterdam’, British Journal of Political Science, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 259–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hix, Simon (2002b) ‘Parliamentary Behavior with Two Principals: Preferences, Parties, and Voting in the European Parliament’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 688–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hix, Simon (2004) ‘Electoral Institutions and Legislative Behavior: Explaining Voting Defection in the European Parliament’, World Politics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 194–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hix, Simon (2005) The Political System of the European Union, 2nd edition, London: Palgrave.Google Scholar

Hix, Simon and Lord, Christopher (1996) ‘The Making of a President: The European Parliament and the Confirmation of Jacques Santer as President of the Commission’, Government and Opposition, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 62–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hix, Simon and Lord, Christopher (1997) Political Parties in the European Union. Basingstoke: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hix, Simon, Kreppel, Amie and Noury, Abdul (2003) ‘The Party System in the European Parliament: Collusive or Competitive?’, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 309–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hix, Simon, Noury, Abdul and Roland, Gérard (2005) ‘Power to the Parties: Cohesion and Competition in the European Parliament, 1979–2001’, British Journal of Political Science, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 209–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hoffmann, Stanley (1966) ‘Obstinate or Obsolete? The Fate of the Nation-State and the Case of Western Europe’, Daedalus, vol. 95, pp. 862–914.Google Scholar

Hooghe, Liesbet and Gary Marks (1999) ‘The Making of a Polity: The Struggle Over European Integration’, in Kitschelt, Herbert, Lange, Peter, Marks, Gary and Stephens, John (eds.) Continuity and Change in Contemporary Capitalism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Hooghe, Liesbet, Marks, Gary and Wilson, Carole (2002) ‘Does Left/Right Structure Party Positions on European Integration?’, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 35, pp. 965–989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hosli, Madeleine O. (1997) ‘Voting Strength in the European Parliament’, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 31, pp. 351–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hoyland, Bjorn (2005) Government and Opposition in EU Legislative Politics, Ph.D. thesis, London: London School of Economics and Political Science.Google Scholar

Hotelling, Harold (1929) ‘Stability in Competition’, Economic Journal, vol. 39, pp. 41–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Huber, John D. (1996a) Rationalizing Parliament: Legislative Institutions and Party Politics in France, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Huber, John D. (1996b) The Vote of Confidence in Parliamentary Democracies’, American Political Science Review, vol. 80, no. 4, pp. 1131–50.Google Scholar

Ignazi, Piero (1992) ‘The Silent Counter-Revolution: Hypotheses on the Emergence of Extreme-Right Parties in Europe’, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 3–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Inglehart, Ronald (1977) The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles among Western Publics, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Inglehart, Ronald (1990) Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Jensen, Michael and Meckling, William (1976) ‘Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behaviour, Agency Cost and Capital Structure’, Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 3, pp. 305–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Karvonen, Lauri and Kuhnle, Stein (eds.) (2001) Party Systems and Voter Alignments Revisited, London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Katz, Richard S. and Mair, Peter (1995) ‘Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party’, Party Politics, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 5–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Key, Valdimar O. (1961) Public Opinion and American Democracy, New York, NY: Knopf.Google Scholar

Kiewiet, D. Roderick and McCubbins, Matthew D. (1991) The Logic of Delegation: Congressional Parties and the Appropriations Process, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

King, Anthony (1969) ‘Political Parties in Western Democracies: Some Sceptical Reflections’, Polity, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 111–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert (1994) The Transformation of European Social Democracy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert (1995) The Radical Right in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert, Lange, Peter, Marks, Gary and Stephens, John D. (eds.) (1999) Continuity and Change in Contemporary Capitalism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Krehbiel, Keith (1993) ‘Where's the Party?’, British Journal of Political Science, vol. 23, pp. 235–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Krehbiel, Keith (1998) Pivotal Politics: A Theory of U.S. Lawmaking, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kreppel, Amie (2000) ‘Rules, Ideology and Coalition Formation in the European Parliament: Past, Present and Future’, European Union Politics, vol. 1, pp. 340–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kreppel, Amie (2002a) ‘Moving Beyond Procedure: An Empirical Analysis of European Parliament Legislative Influence’, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 35, no. 7, pp. 784–813.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kreppel, Amie (2002b) The European Parliament and Supranational Party System: A Study in Institutional Development, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Kreppel, Amie and Hix, Simon (2003) ‘From “Grand Coalition” to Left-Right Confrontation: Explaining the Shifting Structure of Party Competition in the European Parliament’, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 36, pp. 75–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kreppel, Amie and Tsebelis, George (1999) ‘Coalition Formation in the European Parliament’, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 32, pp. 933–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Porta, Rafael, Lopez-de-Silanes, Florencio, Shleifer, Andrei and Vishny, Robert (1998) ‘Law and Finance’, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 106, no. 6, pp. 1113–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lane, Jan-ErikMaeland, Reinert and Berg, Sven (1995) ‘The EU Parliament: Seats, States and Political Parties’, Journal of Theoretical Politics, vol. 7, pp. 395–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

LaPalombara, Joseph and Myron Weiner (1966) ‘The Origin and Development of Political Parties’, in LaPalombara, Joseph and Weiner, Myron (eds.) Political Parties and Political Development, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Laver, Michael (1998) ‘Models of Government Formation’, Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 1, pp. 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Laver, Michael (2002) ‘Government Termination’, Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 6, pp. 23–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Laver, Michael J. and Ben Hunt, W. (1992) Policy and Party Competition, London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Laver, Michael and Schofield, Norman (1990) Multiparty Government: The Politics of Coalition in Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Laver, Michael J., Benoit, Kenneth R. and Garry, John (2003) ‘Extracting Policy Positions from Political Texts Using Words as Data’, American Political Science Review, vol. 97, pp. 311–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Levitt, Steven D. (1996) ‘How Do Senators Vote? Disentangling the Role of Voter Preferences, Party Affiliation, and Senator Ideology’, The American Economic Review, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 425–41.Google Scholar

Lipset, Seymour M. (1959) Political Man, London: Heinemann.Google Scholar

Lipset, Seymour M. and Stein Rokkan (1967) ‘Cleavage Structures, Party Systems and Voter Alignments: An Introduction’, in Lipset, Seymour M. and Rokkan, Stein (eds.) Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-national Perspectives, New York, NY: Free Press.Google Scholar

Lupia, Arthur and Strøm, Kaare (1995) ‘Coalition termination and the Strategic Timing of Legislative Elections’, American Political Science Review, vol. 89, pp. 648–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

MacDonald, Stuart E., Listaug, Ola and Rabinowitz, George (1991) ‘Issues and Party Support in Mulitparty Systems’, American Political Science Review, vol. 85, pp. 1107–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

MacRae, Duncan Jr. (1967) Parliament, Parties, and Society in France 1946–1958, New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar

Magnette, Paul (2001) ‘Appointing and Censuring the Commission: the Adaptation of Parliamentary Institutions to the Community Context’, European Law Journal, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 289–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Majone, Giandomenico (1993) ‘The European Community between Social Policy and Social Regulation’, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 153–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Majone, Giandomenico (1996) Regulating Europe, London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Majone, Giandomenico (2002) ‘The European Commission: The Limits of Centralization and the Perils of Parliamentarization’, Governance, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 375–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marks, Gary and Steenbergen, Marco (2002) ‘Introduction: Understanding Political Contestation in the European Union’, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 35, pp. 879–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marks, Gary and Steenbergen, Marco (2004) Marks/Steenbergen Party Dataset, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, available at: www.unc.edu/∼gwmarks/data.htmGoogle Scholar

Marks, Gary and Wilson, Carole J. (2000) ‘The Past in the Present: A Cleavage Theory of Party Response to European Integration’, British Journal of Political Science, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 433–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marks, Gary, Wilson, Carole J. and Ray, Leonard (2002) ‘National Political Parties and European Integration’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 46, pp. 585–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marquand, David (1978) ‘Towards a Europe of the Parties’, Political Quarterly, vol. 49, pp. 425–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mattila, Miko (2004) ‘Contested Decisions: Empirical Analysis of Voting in the EU Council of Ministers’, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 43, pp. 29–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mattila, Miko and Lane, Jan-Eric (2001) ‘Why Unanimity in the Council? A Roll Call Analysis of Council Voting’, European Union Politics, vol. 2, pp. 31–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mayhew, David (1974) Congress: The Electoral Connection, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

McCubbins, Mathew D. and Schwartz, Thomas (1984) ‘Congressional Oversight Overlooked: Police Patrols versus Fire Alarms’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 165–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McKelvey, Richard D. (1976) ‘Intransitivities in Multidimensional Voting Models and Some Implications for Agenda Control’, Journal of Economic Theory, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 472–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Moravcsik, Andrew (1991) ‘Negotiating the Single European Act: National Interests and Conventional Statecraft in the European Community’, International Organization, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 19–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Moravcsik, Andrew (1998) The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Moravcsik, Andrew (2002) ‘In Defense of the “Democratic Deficit”: Reassessing the Legitimacy of the European Union’, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 603–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Müller, Wolfgang C. and Kaare, Strøm (eds.) (2000) Coalition Governments in Western Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Neumann, Sigmund (1956) ‘Toward a Comparative Study of Political Parties’, in Neumann, Sigmund (ed.) Modern Political Parties, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Niedermeyer, Oskar (1983) Europäische Parteien? Zur grenzüberschreitenden Interaktion politischer Parteien im Rahmen der Europäischen Gemeinschaft, Frankfurt: Campus.Google Scholar

Noury, Abdul (2002) ‘Ideology, Nationality and Euro-Parliamentarians’, European Union Politics, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 33–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Noury, Abdul (2004) ‘Abstention in Daylight: Stategic Calculus of Voting in the European Parliament’, Public Choice, vol. 212, pp. 179–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Noury, Abdul and Roland, Gérard (2002) ‘More Power to the European Parliament?’, Economic Policy, vol. 17, no. 35, pp. 280–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nurmi, Hannu (1997) ‘The Representation of Voter Groups in the EP’, Electoral Studies, vol. 16, pp. 317–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Oates, William E. (1972) Fiscal Federalism, New York, NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Google Scholar

Persson, Torsten, Roland, Gérard and Tabellini, Guido (2000) ‘Comparative Politics and Public Finance’, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 108, pp. 1121–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Piketty, Thomas (2000) ‘Voting as Communicating’, Review of Economic Studies, vol. 67, pp. 169–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pollack, Mark A. (1995) ‘Regional Actors in an Intergovernmental Play: The Making and Implementation of EC Structural Policy’, in Rhodes, Carolyn and Mazey, Sonia (eds.) The State of the European Union, vol. 3, London: Longman.Google Scholar

Poole, Keith T. (2005) Spatial Models of Parliamentary Voting, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Poole, Keith T. and Rosenthal, Howard (1997) A Political-Economic History of Roll Call Voting, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Pridham, Geoffrey and Pridham, Pippa (1981) Transnational Party Co-operation and European Integration: The Process Towards Direct Elections, London: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar

Quanjel, Marcel and Menno Wolters (1993) ‘Growing Cohesion in the European Parliament’, paper presented at the Joint Sessions of the ECPR, April 1993, Leiden.

Rae, Douglas W. (1967) The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Raunio, Tapio (1997) The European Perspective: Transnational Party Groups in the 1989–1994 European Parliament, London: Ashgate.Google Scholar

Reif, Karlheinz and Schmitt, Hermann (1980) ‘Nine Second-Order National Elections: A Conceptual Framework for the Analysis of European Election Results’, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 3–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rice, Stuart A. (1928) Quantitative Methods in Politics, New York, NY: Knopf.Google Scholar

Riker, William H. (1962) The Theory of Political Coalitions, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Riker, William H. (1980) ‘Implications for the Disequilibrium of Majority Rule for the Study of Institutions’, American Political Science Review, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 432–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Riker, William H. (1986) The Art of Political Manipulation, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Riker, William H. and Ordeshook, Peter C. (1968) ‘A Theory of the Calculus of Voting’, American Political Science Review, vol. 62, pp. 25–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ringe, Nils (2005) ‘Policy Preference Formation in Legislative Politics: Structures, Actors, and Focal Points’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 731–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rittberger, Berthold (2003) ‘The Creation and Empowerment of the European Parliament’, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 203–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rittberger, Berthold (2005) Building Europe's Parliament: Democratic Representation Beyond the Nation State, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rohde, David W. (1991) Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rokkan, Stein (1999) State Formation, Nation-Building, and Mass Politics in Europe: The Theory of Stein Rokkan, selected and rearranged by Flora, Peter, Kuhnle, Stein and Urwin, Derek, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Romer, Thomas and Rosenthal, Howard (1978) ‘Political Resource Allocation, Controlled Agendas, and the Status Quo’, Public Choice, vol. 33, pp. 27–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rosenthal, Howard and Voeten, Erik (2004) ‘Analyzing Roll Calls with Perfect Spatial Voting: France 1946–1958’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 620–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sartori, Giovanni (1976) Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis, Volume 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Scarrow, Susan (1997) ‘Political Career Paths and the European Parliament’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, vol. 22, pp. 253–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Scharpf, Fritz (1999) Governing in Europe: Effective and Democratic?Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schattschneider, Elmer E. (1942) Party Government, New York, NY: Rinehart.Google Scholar

Schattschneider, Elmar E. (1960) The Semi Sovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America, New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar

Schlesinger, Joseph A. (1984) ‘On the Theory of Party Organization’, Journal of Politics, vol. 46, pp. 369–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schonhardt-Bailey, Cheryl (2003) ‘Ideology, Party and Interests in the British Parliament of 1841–1847’, British Journal of Political Science, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 581–605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schumpeter, Joseph (1943) Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, London: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar

Scully, Roger M. (1997a) ‘Policy Influence and Participation in the European Parliament’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, vol. 12, pp. 233–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Scully, Roger M. (1997b) ‘The EP and the Co-Decision Procedure: A Reassessment’, Journal of Legislative Studies, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 58–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shapley, Lloyd S. and Shubik, Martin (1954) ‘A Method for Evaluating the Distribution of Power in a Committee System’, American Political Science Review, vol. 48, pp. 787–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shugart, Matthew S. and Carey, John M. (1992) Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Systems, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Skog, Rolf (2002) ‘The Takeover Directive: An Endless Saga?’, European Business Law Review, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 301–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Strøm, Kaare (1990) Minority Government and Majority Rule, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Tirole, Jean (1989) The Theory of Industrial Organization, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Topan, Angelina (2002) ‘The Resignation of the Santer-Commission: The Impact of “Trust” and “Reputation”’, European Integration Online Papers, vol. 6, paper 14, http://eiop.or.at/eiop/texte/2002–014.htmGoogle Scholar

Tsebelis, George (1994) ‘The Power of the European Parliament as a Conditional Agenda-Setter’, American Political Science Review, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 128–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tsebelis, George (1996) ‘Maastricht and the Democratic Deficit’, Aussenwirtschaft, vol. 52, no. 1/2, pp. 29–56.Google Scholar

Tsebelis, George (2002) Veto Players: How Political Institutions Work, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press/Russell Sage Foundation.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tsebelis, George and Garrett, Geoffrey (2000) ‘Legislative Politics in the European Union’, European Union Politics, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 9–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tsebelis, George and Garrett, Geoffrey (2001) ‘The Institutional Foundations of Intergovernmentalism and Supranationalism in the European Union’, International Organization, vol. 55, pp. 357–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tsebelis, George and Money, Jeannette (1997) Bicameralism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tsebelis, George, Jensen, Christian B., Kalandrakis, Anastassios and Kreppel, Amie (2001) ‘Legislative Procedures in the European Union: An Empirical Analysis’, British Journal of Political Science, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 573–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tullock, Gordon (1967) ‘Welfare Costs of Tariffs, Monopolies and Theft’, Western Economic Journal, vol. 5, pp. 224–32.Google Scholar

Oudenhove, Guy (1965) Political Parties in the European Parliament: The First Ten Years (September 1952–September 1962), Leyden: A.W. Sijthoff.Google Scholar

Voeten, Erik (2000) ‘Clashes of The Assembly’, International Organization, vol. 54, pp. 185–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weber, Max (1946 [1918]) ‘Politics as a Vocation’, in Gerth, Hans H. and Mills, C. Wright (eds.) From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Westlake, Martin (1994) A Modern Guide to the European Parliament, London: Pinter.Google Scholar

Williams, Shirley (1991) ‘Sovereignty and Accountability’, in Keohane, Robert O. and Hoffmann, Stanley (eds.) The New European Community, Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar

Zellentin, Gerda (1967) ‘Form and Function of the Opposition in the European Communities’, Government and Opposition, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 416–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar