Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-qxdb6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T05:11:21.957Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Use of personal call alarms among community-dwelling older people

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 August 2012

SAMUEL R. NYMAN  and
CHRISTINA R. VICTOR
SAMUEL R. NYMAN*
Affiliation:
School of Design, Engineering & Computing, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK.
CHRISTINA R. VICTOR
Affiliation:
School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK.
*
Address for correspondence: Samuel R. Nyman, School of Design, Engineering & Computing, Bournemouth University, Poole House, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole BH12 5BB, UK. E-mail: snyman@bournemouth.ac.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Having a fall and then lying on the floor for an hour or more is known as a ‘long lie’, which is associated with serious injury and an elevated risk of admission to hospital, long-term care and death. Personal call alarms are designed to prevent long lies, although little is known about their use. Using cross-sectional data from the English Longitudinal Study on Ageing, this study investigated the proportion of self-reported users of personal call alarms among 3,091 community-dwelling adults aged 65+ who reported difficulties of mobility or activities of daily living. The characteristics of users were then explored through logistic regressions comparing those living alone with those living with others. One hundred and eighty people self-reported using a personal call alarm (6%). Multivariate regression found the following to significantly predict personal call alarm use among both those living alone and with others: greater difficulty with activities/instrumental activities of daily living, older age, and for those living with others only: lower score on the quality of life subscale for control. Personal call alarm use may be markedly lower than the 30 per cent annual incidence of falls among community-dwelling older people. Better understanding is needed of the reasons for low usage, even amongst those at highest falls risk for whom such alarms are most likely to be beneficial.

Keywords

assistive technologycommunity health carefalls-accidentalprevention
Type
Articles
Information
Ageing & Society , Volume 34 , Issue 1 , January 2014 , pp. 67 - 89
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Audit Commission 2004. Assistive Technology: Independence and Well-being 4. Audit Commission, London.Google Scholar
Bailey, C., Foran, T. G., Ní Scanaill, C. and Dromey, B. 2011. Older adults, falls and technologies for independent living: a life space approach. Ageing & Society, 31, 5, 829–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barlow, J., Singh, D., Bayer, S. and Curry, R. 2007. A systematic review of the benefits of home telecare for frail elderly people and those with long-term conditions. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 13, 4, 172–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blane, D., Netuveli, G. and Montgomery, S. M. 2008. Quality of life, health and physiological status and change at older ages. Social Science & Medicine, 66, 7, 1579–87.Google Scholar
Blaschke, C. M., Freddolino, P. P. and Mullen, E. E. 2009. Ageing and technology: a review of the research literature. British Journal of Social Work, 39, 4, 641–56.Google Scholar
Braun, B. L. 1998. Knowledge and perception of fall-related risk factors and fall-reduction techniques among community-dwelling elderly individuals. Physical Therapy, 78, 12, 1262–76.Google Scholar
Brignell, M., Wootton, R. and Gray, L. 2007. The application of telemedicine to geriatric medicine. Age and Ageing, 36, 4, 369–74.Google Scholar
Brownsell, S., Aldred, H. and Hawley, M. S. 2007. The role of telecare in supporting the needs of elderly people. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 13, 6, 293–7.Google Scholar
Brownsell, S., Bradley, D. A., Bragg, R., Catlin, P. and Carlier, J. 2000. Do community alarm users want telecare? Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 6, 4, 199–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brownsell, S. and Hawley, M. S. 2004. Fall detectors: do they work or reduce the fear of falling? Housing, Care and Support, 7, 1, 18–24.Google Scholar
Brownsell, S. and Hawley, M. S. 2006. Telecare and its role in falls management. In Wootton, R., Dimmick, S. and Kvedar, J. (eds), Home Telehealth: Connecting Care Within the Community. Royal Society of Medicine, London, 108–20.Google Scholar
Bruce, C. R. 2012. Informed decision making for in-home use of motion sensor-based monitoring technologies. The Gerontologist, 52, 3, 317–24.Google Scholar
Cameron, I. D., Murray, G. R., Gillespie, L. D., Robertson, M. C., Hill, K. D., Cumming, R. G. and Kerse, N. 2010. Interventions for preventing falls in older people in nursing care facilities and hospitals. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1, Art. No. CD005465, doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005465.pub2.Google Scholar
Cameron, I. D. and Quine, S. 1994. External hip protectors: likely noncompliance among high-risk elderly people living in the community. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 19, 3, 273–81.Google Scholar
Charness, N. and Boot, W. R. 2009. Aging and information technology use. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 5, 253–8.Google Scholar
Charness, N. and Czaja, S. J. 2005. Adaptation to new technologies. In Johnson, M. L., Bengtson, V. L., Coleman, P. G. and Kirkwood, T. B. L. (eds), The Cambridge Handbook of Age and Ageing. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 662–9.Google Scholar
De San Miguel, K. and Lewin, G. 2008. Personal emergency alarms: what impact do they have on older people's lives? Australasian Journal on Ageing, 27, 2, 103–5.Google Scholar
Department of Health 2009. Telecare. Department of Health, London.Google Scholar
Dibner, A. S., Lowy, L. and Morris, J. N. 1982. Usage and acceptance of an emergency alarm system by the frail elderly. The Gerontologist, 22, 6, 538–9.Google Scholar
Field, A. 2009. Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. Third edition, Sage, London.Google Scholar
Fisk, A. D., Rogers, W. A., Charness, N., Czaja, S. J. and Sharit, J. 2009. Designing for older Adults: Principles and Creative Human Factors Approaches. Second edition, CRC Press, London.Google Scholar
Fleming, J., Brayne, C. and the Cambridge City Over-75s Cohort (CC75C) Study Collaboration 2008. Inability to get up after falling, subsequent time on floor, and summoning help: prospective cohort study in people over 90. British Medical Journal, 337. Published online 17 November, doi: 10.1136/bmj.a2227.Google Scholar
Fleming, J., Matthews, F. E., Brayne, C. and the Cambridge City Over-75s Cohort (CC75C) Study Collaboration 2008. Falls in advanced old age: recalled falls and prospective follow-up of over-90-year-olds in the Cambridge City over-75s Cohort study. BMC Geriatrics, 8, e6.Google Scholar
Ganyo, M., Dunn, M. and Hope, T. 2011. Ethical issues in the use of fall detectors. Ageing & Society, 31, 8, 1350–67.Google Scholar
Gilleard, C., Hyde, M. and Higgs, P. 2007. Community and communication in the third age: the impact of internet and cell phone use on attachment to place in later life in England. Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 62B, 4, S276–83.Google Scholar
Gillespie, L. D., Robertson, M. C., Gillespie, W. J., Lamb, S. E., Gates, S., Cumming, R. G. and Rowe, B. H. 2009. Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, Art. No. CD007146, doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007146.pub2.Google Scholar
Gitlin, L. N., Luborsky, M. R. and Schemm, R. L. 1998. Emerging concerns of older stroke patients about assistive device use. The Gerontologist, 38, 2, 169–80.Google Scholar
Gurley, R. J., Lum, N., Sande, M., Lo, B. and Katz, M. H. 1996. Persons found in their homes helpless or dead. New England Journal of Medicine, 334, 26, 1710–6.Google Scholar
Hartholt, K. A., van Beeck, E. F., Polinder, S., van der Velde, N., van Lieshout, E. M., Panneman, M. J., van der Cammen, T. J. and Patka, P. 2011. Societal consequences of falls in the older population: injuries, healthcare costs, and long-term reduced quality of life. Journal of Trauma, 71, 3, 748–53.Google Scholar
Horton, K. 2008. Falls in older people: the place of telemonitoring in rehabilitation. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 45, 8, 1183–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hyde, M., Wiggins, R. D., Higgs, P. and Blane, D. B. 2003. A measure of quality of life in early old age: the theory, development and properties of a needs satisfaction model (CASP-19). Aging & Mental Health, 7, 3, 186–94.Google Scholar
Johnston, K., Grimmer-Somers, K. and Sutherland, M. 2010. Perspectives on use of personal alarms by older fallers. International Journal of General Medicine, 3, 231–7.Google Scholar
Kannus, P., Sievanen, H., Palvanen, M., Jarvinen, T. and Parkkari, J. 2005. Prevention of falls and consequent injuries in elderly people. Lancet, 366, 9500, 1885–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karafyllis, N. C. 2009. Facts or fiction? A critique on vision assessment as a tool for technology assessment. In Sollie, P. and Düwell, M. (eds), Evaluating New Technologies: Methodological Problems for the Ethical Assessment of Technology Developments. Springer, Milton Keynes, UK, 93–117.Google Scholar
Kiel, D. P., Magaziner, J., Zimmerman, S., Ball, L., Barton, B. A., Brown, K. M., Stone, J. P., Dewkett, D. and Birge, S. J. 2007. Efficacy of a hip protector to prevent hip fracture in nursing home residents: the HIP PRO randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 298, 4, 413–22.Google Scholar
Kingston, P. 2000. Falls in later life: status passage and preferred identities as a new orientation. Health, 4, 2, 216–33.Google Scholar
Lai, C. K. Y., Chung, J. C. C., Leung, N. K. L., Wong, J. C. T. and Mak, D. P. S. 2010. A survey of older Hong Kong people's perceptions of telecommunication technologies and telecare devices. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 16, 8, 441–6.Google Scholar
Lang, I. A., Llewellyn, D. J., Alexander, K. and Melzer, D. 2008. Obesity, physical function, and mortality in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 56, 8, 1474–8.Google Scholar
Larsson, K. and Thorslund, M. 2002. Does gender matter? Differences in patterns of informal support and formal services in a Swedish urban elderly population. Research on Aging, 24, 3, 308–36.Google Scholar
Lee, J. S., Hurley, M. J., Carew, D., Fisher, R., Kiss, A. and Drummond, N. 2007. A randomized clinical trial to assess the impact on an emergency response system on anxiety and health care use among older emergency patients after a fall. Academic Emergency Medicine, 14, 4, 301–8.Google Scholar
Lee, R. Y. W. and Carlisle, A. J. 2011. Detection of falls using accelerometers and mobile phone technology. Age and Ageing, 40, 6, 690–6.Google Scholar
Leone, A., Diraco, G. and Siciliano, P. 2011. Detecting falls with 3D range camera in ambient assisted living applications: a preliminary study. Medical Engineering & Physics, 33, 6, 770–81.Google Scholar
Levine, D. A. and Tideiksaar, R. 1995. Personal emergency response systems: factors associated with use among older persons. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 62, 4, 293–7.Google Scholar
Logan, P. A., Murphy, A., Drummond, A. E. R., Bailey, S., Radford, K. A., Gladman, J. R. F., Walker, M. F., Robertson, K., Edmans, J. A. and Conroy, S. 2007. An investigation of the number and cost of assistive devices used by older people who had fallen and called a 999 ambulance. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 70, 11, 475–8.Google Scholar
Londei, S. T., Rousseau, J., Ducharme, F., St-Arnaud, A., Meunier, J., Saint-Arnaud, J. and Giroux, F. 2009. An intelligent videomonitoring system for fall detection at home: perceptions of elderly people. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 15, 8, 383–90.Google Scholar
Lord, S. R., Sherrington, C., Menz, H. B. and Close, J. C. T. 2007. Falls in Older People: Risk Factors and Strategies for Prevention. Second edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Mann, W. C., Belchior, P., Tomita, M. R. and Kemp, B. J. 2005. Use of personal emergency response systems by older individuals with disabilities. Assistive Technology, 17, 1, 82–8.Google Scholar
Marmot, M. and Breeze, E. 2008. Introduction. In Banks, J., Breeze, E., Lessof, C. and Nazroo, J. (eds), Living in the 21st Century: Older People in England: The 2006 English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (Wave 3). The Institute for Fiscal Studies, London, 1–18.Google Scholar
Marmot, M., Nazroo, J., Banks, J., Blundell, R., Erens, B., Lessof, C. and Huppert, F. A. 2008. English Longitudinal Study of Ageing: Wave 0 (1998, 1999 and 2001) and Waves 1–3 (2002–2007). Tenth edition, SN. 5050 [computer file], UK Data Archive [distributor], Colchester, UK.Google Scholar
Martin, S., Kelly, G., Kernohan, W. G., McCreight, B. and Nugent, C. 2008. Smart home technologies for health and social care support. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4, Art. No. CD006412, doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006412.pub2.Google Scholar
Matlabi, H., Parker, S. G. and McKee, K. 2011. The contribution of home-based technology to older people's quality of life in extra care housing. BMC Geriatrics, 11, e68.Google Scholar
McCreadie, C. and Tinker, A. 2005. The acceptability of assistive technology to older people. Ageing & Society, 25, 1, 91–110.Google Scholar
McKee, K. J. 1998. The body drop: a framework for understanding recovery from falls in older people. Generations Review, 8, 4, 11–12.Google Scholar
McMunn, A., Nazroo, J., Wahrendorf, M., Breeze, E. and Zaninotto, P. 2009. Participation in socially-productive activities, reciprocity and wellbeing in later life: baseline results in England. Ageing & Society, 29, 5, 765–82.Google Scholar
Mihailidis, A., Cockburn, A., Longley, C. and Boger, J. 2008. The acceptability of home monitoring technology among community-dwelling older adults and baby boomers. Assistive Technology, 20, 1, 1–12.Google Scholar
National Statistics 2010 a. Mid Year Population Estimates 2006 [Excel data file]. Available online at http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Product.asp?vlnk=15106 [Accessed 2 August 2010].Google Scholar
National Statistics 2010 b. Mid Year Population Estimates 2007 [Excel data file]. Available online at http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Product.asp?vlnk=15106 [Accessed 2 August 2010].Google Scholar
Noury, N., Rumeau, P., Bourke, A. K., ÓLaighin, G. and Lundy, J. E. 2008. A proposal for the classification and evaluation of fall detectors. Ingénierie et Recherche Biomédicale, 29, 6, 340–9.Google Scholar
Nunn, S., Cox, K., Wood, N. and Scholes, S. 2009. English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), Wave 3 Core Dataset, Phase 2 Deposit: User Guide Version 1. National Centre for Social Research, London.Google Scholar
Nyman, S. R. and Oliver, D. 2010. Preventing falls and avoiding restraint. In Hughes, R. (ed.), Rights, Risks and Restraint-free Care of Older People. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London, 167–77.Google Scholar
Oliver, D. 2004. Prevention of falls in hospital inpatients: agendas for research and practice. Age and Ageing, 33, 4, 328–30.Google Scholar
Ozcan, A., Donat, H., Gelecek, N., Ozdirenc, M. and Karadibak, D. 2005. The relationship between risk factors for falling and the quality of life in older adults. BMC Public Health, 5, e90.Google Scholar
Pain, H., Gale, C. R., Watson, C., Cox, V., Cooper, C. and Sayer, A. A. 2007. Readiness of elders to use assistive devices to maintain their independence in the home. Age and Ageing, 36, 4, 465–7.Google Scholar
Parker, M. J., Gillespie, W. J. and Gillespie, L. D. 2005. Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in older people. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3, Art. No. CD001255, doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001255.pub3.Google Scholar
Parker, M. J., Gillespie, W. J. and Gillespie, L. D. 2006. Effectiveness of hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in elderly people: systematic review. British Medical Journal, 332, 7541, 571–4.Google Scholar
Porter, E. J. and Ganong, L. H. 2002. Considering the use of a personal emergency response system: an experience of frail, older women. Care Management Journals: Journal of Case Management: Journal of Long Term Home Health Care, 3, 4, 192–8.Google Scholar
Prado-Velasco, M., del Rio-Cidoncha, M. G. and Ortiz-Martin, R. 2008. The inescapable smart impact detection system (ISIS): an ubiquitous and personalized fall detector based on a distributed ‘divide and conquer strategy’. In Proceedings of the 30th IEEE EMBS Annual International Conference, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, August 20–24, 3332–5.Google Scholar
Pressler, K. A. and Ferraro, K. F. 2010. Assistive device use as a dynamic acquisition process in later life. The Gerontologist, 50, 3, 371–81.Google Scholar
Punie, Y. 2005. The future of ambient intelligence in Europe – the need for more everyday life. In Silverstone, R. (ed.), Media Technology and Everyday Life in Europe: From Information to Communication. Ashgate, Aldershot, UK, 159–77.Google Scholar
Radloff, L. S. 1977. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 3, 385–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rajendran, P., Corcoran, A., Kinosian, B. and Alwan, M. 2008. Falls, fall prevention, and fall detection technologies. In Alwan, M. and Felder, R. (eds), Aging Medicine, Eldercare Technology for Clinical Practitioners. Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey, 187–202.Google Scholar
Remmers, H. 2010. Environments for ageing, assistive technology and self-determination: ethical perspectives. Informatics for Health & Social Care, 35, 3/4, 200–10.Google Scholar
Roelands, M., Van Oost, P., Buysse, A. and Depoorter, A. 2002 a. Awareness among community-dwelling elderly of assistive devices for mobility and self-care and attitudes towards their use. Social Science & Medicine, 54, 9, 1441–51.Google Scholar
Roelands, M., Van Oost, P., Depoorter, A. and Buysse, A. 2002 b. A social-cognitive model to predict the use of assistive devices for mobility and self-care in elderly people. The Gerontologist, 42, 1, 39–50.Google Scholar
Rogers, W. A. and Fisk, A. D. 2010. Toward a psychological science of advanced technology design for older adults. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 65B, 6, 645–53.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, L., Kottorp, A. and Nygård, L. 2011. Readiness for technology use with people with dementia: the perspectives of significant others. Journal of Applied Gerontology. Published online 28 January, doi: 10.1177/0733464810396873.Google Scholar
Rubenstein, L. Z. 2006. Falls in older people: epidemiology, risk factors, and strategies for prevention. Age and Ageing, 35, S2, ii37–41.Google Scholar
Scholes, S., Cox, K. and Lessof, C. 2008. Methodology. In Banks, J., Breeze, E., Lessof, C. and Nazroo, J. (eds), Living in the 21st Century: Older People in England: The 2006 English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (Wave 3). The Institute for Fiscal Studies, London, 281–303.Google Scholar
Selwyn, N. 2004. The information aged: a qualitative study of older adults’ use of information and communications technology. Journal of Aging Studies, 18, 4, 369–84.Google Scholar
Selwyn, N., Gorard, S., Furlong, J. and Madden, L. 2003. Older adults’ use of information and communications technology in everyday life. Ageing & Society, 23, 5, 561–82.Google Scholar
Skelton, D. A. and Todd, C. J. 2004. What Are the Main Risk Factors for Falls Amongst Older People and What Are the Most Effective Interventions to Prevent These Falls? Health Evidence Network, World Health Organization, Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Sollie, P. and Düwell, M. 2009. Evaluating new technologies: an introduction. In Sollie, P. and Düwell, M. (eds), Evaluating New Technologies: Methodological Problems for the Ethical Assessment of Technology Developments. Springer, Milton Keynes, UK, 1–8.Google Scholar
Stafford, M., McMunn, A. and de Vogli, R. 2011. Neighbourhood social environment and depressive symptoms in mid-life and beyond. Ageing & Society, 31, 6, 893–910.Google Scholar
Stafford, M., McMunn, A., Zaninotto, P. and Nazroo, J. 2011. Positive and negative exchanges in social relationships as predictors of depression: evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Aging. Journal of Aging and Health, 23, 4, 607–28.Google Scholar
Steel, D. M. and Gray, M. A. 2009. Baby boomers’ use and perception of recommended assistive technology: a systematic review. Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology, 4, 3, 129–36.Google Scholar
Stevens, K. N., Lang, I. A., Guralnik, J. M. and Melzer, D. 2008. Epidemiology of balance and dizziness in a national population: findings from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Age and Ageing, 37, 3, 300–5.Google Scholar
Tabassum, F., Verropoulou, G., Tsimbos, C., Gjonca, E. and Breeze, E. 2009. Socio-economic inequalities in physical functioning: a comparative study of English and Greek elderly men. Ageing & Society, 29, 7, 1123–40.Google Scholar
Takahashi, P. Y., Pecina, J. L., Upatising, B., Chaudhry, R., Shah, N. D., Van Houten, H., Cha, S., Croghan, I., Naessens, J. M. and Hanson, G. J. 2012. A randomized controlled trial of telemonitoring in older adults with multiple health issues to prevent hospitalizations and emergency department visits. Archives of Internal Medicine. Published online 16 April, doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2012.256.Google Scholar
Taylor, R., Conway, L., Calderwood, L. and Lessof, C. 2003. Methodology. In Marmot, M., Banks, J., Blundell, R., Lessof, C. and Nazroo, J. (eds), Health, Wealth and Lifestyles of the Older Population in England: The 2002 English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Institute for Fiscal Studies, London, 357–74.Google Scholar
Tinetti, M. E., Liu, W.-L. and Claus, E. B. 1993. Predictors and prognosis of inability to get up after falls among elderly persons. Journal of the American Medical Association, 269, 1, 65–70.Google Scholar
Tinetti, M. E., Williams, T. F. and Mayewski, R. 1986. Fall risk index for elderly patients based on number of chronic disabilities. The American Journal of Medicine, 80, 3, 429–34.Google Scholar
Tinker, A. and Lansley, P. 2005. Introducing assistive technology into the existing homes of older people: feasibility, acceptability, costs and outcomes. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 11, supplement 1, 1–3.Google Scholar
Todd, C. J., Ballinger, C. and Whitehead, S. 2007. A Global Report on Falls Prevention: Reviews of Socio-demographic Factors Related to Falls and Environmental Interventions to Prevent Falls Amongst Older People Living in the Community. World Health Organization, Geneva.Google Scholar
Vedder, A. and Custers, B. 2009. Whose responsibility is it anyway? Dealing with the consequences of new technologies. In Sollie, P. and Düwell, M. (eds), Evaluating New Technologies: Methodological Problems for the Ethical Assessment of Technology Developments. Springer, Milton Keynes, UK, 21–34.Google Scholar
Victor, C. R. 2002. Using existing research and statistical data: secondary data analysis. In Jamieson, A. and Victor, C. R. (eds), Researching Ageing and Later Life: The Practice of Social Gerontology. Open University Press, Buckingham, UK, 51–65.Google Scholar
Vlachantoni, A. 2010. The demographic characteristics and economic activity patterns of carers over 50: evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Population Trends, 141, 1, 54–76.Google Scholar
Wielandt, T. and Strong, J. 2000. Compliance with prescribed adaptive equipment: a literature review. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 63, 2, 65–75.Google Scholar
Wild, D., Nayak, U. S. and Isaacs, B. 1981. How dangerous are falls in old people at home? British Medical Journal, 282, 6260, 266–8.Google Scholar
Yardley, L., Donovan-Hall, M., Francis, K. and Todd, C. J. 2006. Older people's views of advice about falls prevention: a qualitative study. Health Education Research, 21, 4, 508–17.Google Scholar