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⁹ Ellul, Jacques, Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes (New York, 1965).Google Scholar

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³⁶ Tarrow, Sidney, Between Center and Periphery: Grassroots Politicians in Italy and France (New Haven, 1977)Google Scholar, shows there is greater partisan influence over local level administration in Italy than in France.

³⁷ Macridis, Roy C., French Politics in Transition: The Years After DeGaulle (Cambridge, 1975), p. 99Google Scholar. For a view that French parties are in fact important in the system, see Wilson, Frank L., “The Revitalization of French Parties,” Comparative Political Studies, 12 (04 1979), 82–103CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The present argument concedes that parties continue on the whole to structure the vote, and they may even be vehicles for political disputation; but they have become relatively less important in translating opinion into policy, or in making policy generally.

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⁴¹ Ibid., p. 2.

⁴² Nie, Norman H., Verba, Sidney, and Petrocik, John R., The Changing American Voter (Boston, 1976), pp. 1, 105, 193, 347.Google Scholar

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⁴⁶ Hirschman, Albert O., Exit, Voice, and Loyalty (Boston, 1970).Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Butler, David, Stokes, Donald, Political Change in Britain: The Evolution of Electoral Choice, 2nd ed. (New York, 1974), p. 206CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Alt, James E., The Politics of Economic Decline: Economic Management and Political Behavior in Britain Since 1964 (Cambridge, 1979), p. 270.Google Scholar

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