Hostname: page-component-6b989bf9dc-cvxtj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-14T22:30:36.125Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The dissociation of explicit and implicit memory in depressed patients

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2009

N. Bazin ,
P. Perruchet ,
M. De Bonis  and
A. Féline
N. Bazin*
Affiliation:
Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Bicêtre; CNRS – Université de Bourgogne; CNRS – Université Paris XI, UFR Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
P. Perruchet
Affiliation:
Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Bicêtre; CNRS – Université de Bourgogne; CNRS – Université Paris XI, UFR Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
M. De Bonis
Affiliation:
Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Bicêtre; CNRS – Université de Bourgogne; CNRS – Université Paris XI, UFR Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
A. Féline
Affiliation:
Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Bicêtre; CNRS – Université de Bourgogne; CNRS – Université Paris XI, UFR Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
*
1Address for correspondence: Dr Nadine Bazin, Service de Psychiatrie, CHG Lagny – Marne la Vallée, 31 Avenue de G. Leclerc, 77405 Lagny sur Marne, France.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Synopsis

Twenty-three in-patients fulfilling DSM-III-R criteria for major depressive disorder were submitted to a standard cued recall test, and to a word-stem completion test devised to assess the effect of the initial presentation without the explicit retrieval of the words being necessary. Results show that depressed patients are impaired on the cued recall task in comparison with controls matched for sex, age, and educational level. However, the two groups do not differ in the word-stem completion task. This dissociation between explicit and implicit expressions of memory disappeared when patients recovered, although they were still hospitalized and under psychotropic medication. These results are examined in the light of the distinction between effortful and automatic processes.

Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 24 , Issue 1 , February 1994 , pp. 239 - 245
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Beatty, W. W., Wonderlich, S. A., Staton, R. D. & Ternes, L. (1990). Cognitive functioning in bulimia: comparison with depression. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 28, 289–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J. & Erbaügh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 4, 561–571.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonis, M. de., Lebeaux, M.-O., Boeck, P. de., Simon, M. & Pichot, P. (1991). Measuring the severity of depression through a self report inventory: a comparison of logistic, factorial and implicit models. Journal of Affective Disorders 22, 55–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butters, N., Heindel, W. C. & Salmon, D. P. (1990). Dissociation of implicit memory in dementia: neurological implications. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 1990, 359–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calev, A. & Erwin, P. G. (1985). Recall and recognition in depressives: use of matched tasks. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 24, 127–128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calev, A., Korin, Y., Shapira, B., Kugelmass, S. & Lerer, B. (1986). Verbal and non-verbal recall by depressed and euthymic affective patients. Psychological Medicine 16, 789–794.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carroll, M. & Kirsner, K. (1982). Context and repetition effects in lexical decision and recognition memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 21, 55–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cermak, L. S., Talbot, N., Chandler, K. & Wolbarst, L. R. (1985). The perceptual priming phenomenon in amnesia. Neurophyschologia 23, 615–622.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, R. M., Weingartner, H., Smallberg, S. A., Pickar, D. & Murphy, D. L. (1982). Effort and cognition in depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 39, 593–597.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Danion, J.-M., Willard-Schroeder, D., Zimmermann, M.-A., Grangé, D., Schlienger, J.-L. & Singer, L. (1991). Explicit priming and repetition priming in depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 48, 707–711.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Danion, J. M., Zimmermann, M.-A., Willard-Schroeder, D., Grangé, D. & Singer, L. (1989). Diazepam induces a dissociation between explicit and implicit memory. Psychopharmacology 99, 238–243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Denny, E. B. & Hunt, R. (1992). Affective valence and memory in depression: dissociation of recall and fragment completion. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 101, 575–580.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunbar, G. C. & Lishman, W. A. (1984). Depression, recognition-memory and hedonic tone: a signal detection analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry 144, 376–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliot, C. L. & Greene, R. L. (1992). Clinical depression and implicit memory. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 101, 572–574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, H. C. (1990). Depressive deficits in memory: processing initiative and resource allocation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 119, 60–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Golinkoff, M. & Sweeney, J. A. (1989). Cognitive impairments in depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 17, 105–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graf, P. & Schacter, D. L. (1985). Implicit and explicit memory for new associations in normal and amnesic subjects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 11, 501–518.Google ScholarPubMed
Graf, P., Squire, L. R. & Mandler, G. (1984). The information that amnesic patients do not forget. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 10, 164–178.Google Scholar
Hasher, L. & Zacks, R. T. (1979). Automatic and effortful processes in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology 108, 356–388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hertel, P. T. & Hardin, T. S. (1990). Remembering with and without awareness in a depressed mood: evidence of deficits in initiative. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 119, 45–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacoby, L. L. & Dallas, M. (1981). On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 110, 306–340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacoby, L., Ste-Marie, D. & Toth, J. P. (1993). Redefining automaticity: unconscious influences, awareness and control. In Attention, Selection, Awareness and Control. A Tribute to Donald Broadbent. (ed. Baddeley, A. D. & Weiskrantz, L.)Google Scholar
Jacoby, L. L. & Witherspoon, D. (1982). Remembering without awareness. Canadian Journal of Psychology 36, 300–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNemar, Q. (1969). Psychological Statistics (4th ed.) Wiley: New York.Google Scholar
Merikle, P. M. & Reingold, E. M. (1991). Comparing direct (explicit) and indirect (implicit) measures to study unconscious memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 17, 224–233.Google Scholar
Miller, E. & Lewis, P. (1977). Recognition memory in elderly patients with depression and dementia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 86, 84–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montgomery, S. A. & Åsberg, M. (1979). A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. British Journal of Psychiatry 134, 382–389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moscovitch, M. (1982). Multiple dissociations of function in amnesia. In Human Memory and Amnesia (ed. Cermak, L. S.), pp. 337–370. Erlbaum: Hillsdale, NJ.Google Scholar
Nissen, M. J. & Bullemer, P. (1987). Attentional requirements of learning: evidence from performances measures. Cognitive Psychology 19, 1–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perruchet, P. (1989). The effect of spaced practice on explicit and implicit memory. British Journal of Psychology 80, 113–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perruchet, P. & Amorin, M. A. (1992). Conscious knowledge and changes in performance in sequence learning: evidence against dissociation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition 18, 785–800.Google ScholarPubMed
Perruchet, P. & Baveux, P. (1989). Correlational analysis of explicit and implicit memory performance. Memory and Cognition 17, 77–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Priestley, N. M. & Mayes, A. R. (1992). Preservation of priming for interactive context in amnesics. Cortex 28, 555–574.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roediger, H. L. & McDermott, K. B. (1992). Depression and implicit memory: a commentary. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 101, 587–591.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roy-Byrne, P. P., Weingartner, H., Bierer, L. M., Thompson, K. & Post, R. M. (1986). Effortful and automatic cognitive processes in depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 43, 265–267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salmon, D. P., Shimamura, A. P., Butters, N. & Smith, S. (1988). Lexical and semantic priming deficits in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 10, 477–494.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schacter, D. L. (1987). Implicit memory: history and current status. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition 13, 501–518.Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L. (1992). A cognitive neuroscience approach. American Psychologist 47, 559–569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schacter, D. L., McAndrews, M. P. & Moscovitch, M. (1988). Access to consciousness: dissociations between implicit and explicit knowledge in neuropsychological syndromes. In Thought Without Language (ed. Weiskrantz, L.). Clarendon Press: Oxford.Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L., Bowers, J. & Booker, J. (1990). Intention, awareness, and implicit memory: the retrieval intentionality criterion. In Implicit Memory: Theoretical Issues (ed. Lewandowsky, S., Dunn, J. and Kirsner, K.), pp. 47–65. Erlbaum Associates. Hillsdale, NJ.Google Scholar
Sellal, S., Danion, J. M., Kauffmann-Muller, F., Grange, D., Imbs, J. L., Van Der Linden, M. & Singer, L. (1992). Differential effects of diazepam and lorazepam on repetition priming in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology 108, 371–379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tancer, M. E., Brown, T. M., Evans, D. L., Ekstrom, D., Haggerty, J. J., Pedersen, C. & Golden, R. N. (1990). Impaired effortful cognition in depression. Psychiatry Research 31, 161–168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tulving, E. (1985). How many memory systems are there? American Psychologist 40, 385–398.Google Scholar
Watkins, P. C., Mathews, A., Williamson, D. A. & Fuller, R. D. (1992). Mood-congruent memory in depression: emotional priming or elaboration? Journal of Abnormal Psychology 101, 581–586.Google Scholar
Watts, F., Dalgleish, T., Bourke, P. & Healy, D. (1990). Memory deficit in clinical depression: processing resources and the structure of materials. Psychological Medicine 20, 345–349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warrington, E. K. & Weiskrantz, L. (1974). The effect of prior learning on subsequent retention in amnesic patients. Neuropsychologia 12, 419–428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weingartner, H., Cohen, R. M., Murphy, D. L., Martello, J. & Gerdt, C. (1981). Cognitive processes in depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 38, 42–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weingartner, H., Hommer, D., Lister, R. G., Thompson, K. & Wolkowitz, O. (1992). Selective effects of triazolam on memory. Psychopharmacology 106, 341–345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed