Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c4f8m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T12:52:28.717Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Old wine in new bottles: neurasthenia and ‘ME’

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2009

Simon Wessely
Simon Wessely*
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry, London
*
1Address for correspondence: Dr Simon Wessely, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Synopsis

The history of neurasthenia is discussed in the light of current interest in chronic fatigue, and in particular the illness called myalgic encephalomyelitis (‘ ME ’). A comparison is made of the symptoms, presumed aetiologies and treatment of both illnesses, as well as their social setting. It is shown that neurasthenia remained popular as long as it was viewed as a non-psychiatric, neurological illness caused by environmental factors which affected successful people and for which the cure was rest. The decline in neurasthenia was related to the changes which occurred in each of these views. It is argued that similar factors are associated with the current interest in myalgic encephalomyelitis. It is further argued that neither neurasthenia nor ‘ ME ’ can be fully understood within a single medical or psychiatric model. Instead both have arisen in the context of contemporary explanations and attitudes involving mental illness. Future understanding, treatment and prevention of these and related illnesses will depend upon both psychosocial and neurobiological explanations of physical and mental fatigability.

Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 20 , Issue 1 , February 1990 , pp. 35 - 53
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1990

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, R. & Victor, M. (1985). Principles of Neurology, 3rd edn.McGraw-Hill: New York.Google Scholar
Allan, F. (1944). The differential diagnosis of weakness and fatigue. New England Journal of Medicine 231, 414–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allan, F. (1945). The clinical management of weakness and fatigue. Journal Americal Medical Association 127, 957–960.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvarez, W. (1935). What is wrong with the patient who feels tired, weak and toxic? New England Journal Medicine 212, 96–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anonymous (1986). Local woman wants to form support group for those who have this fatiguing disease. Daily News Miner, Fairbanks, Alaska, 23 05 1986.Google Scholar
Anonymous (1988). ME Action Campaign Factsheet.Google Scholar
Archer, M. (1987). The post-viral syndrome; a review. Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners 37, 212–214.Google ScholarPubMed
Arndt, R. (1982). Neurasthenia. In Dictionary of Psychological Medicinde, vol. II (ed. Tuke, D.), pp. 840–850. J. Churchill: London.Google Scholar
Askwith, R. (1989). The ME generation. sunday Telegraph, 22 01. 1989.Google Scholar
Ballet, G. (1908). Neurasthenia. Henry Klimpton: London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barsky, A. (1988). Worrid Sick: Our Troubled Quest for Wellness, pp. 119–120. Little, Brown & Co.: Boston.Google Scholar
Bartlett, J. (1989). How to survive a psychiatric consultation. Interaction 2. ME Action Campaign, 43–47.Google Scholar
Beard, G. (1869). Neurasthenia or nervous exhaustion. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 3, 217–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beard, G. (1880). a Practical Treatise on Nervous Exhaustion (Neurasthenia). William Wood: New York.Google Scholar
Beard, G. (1881). American Nervousness. G. P. Putnam's: New York.Google Scholar
Behan, P. & Behan, W. (1980). Epidemic Myalgic encephalitis. In Clinical Neuroepidemiology (ed. Rose, F. Cliffort), pp. 374–383. pitman: London.Google Scholar
Behan, P.Behan, W. & Bell, E. (1985). The postviral fatigue syndrome–an analysis of the findings in 50 cases. Journal of Infection 10, 211–222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Behan, P. & Behan, W. (1988). The postviral fatigue syndrome. Critical Reviews in Neurobilogy 42, 157–178.Google Scholar
Bell, D. & Bell, K. (1988). chronic fatigue syndrome. Annals of Internal Medicine 109, 167.Google Scholar
BellE., McCartney, R. E., McCartney, R. & Riding, M. (1988). Coxsackie B viruses and myalgic encephalomyelitis. Journal of the Royal Society Medicine 81, 329–331.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berrios, G. (1985). Obsessional disorders in the nineteenth century: terminological and classificatory issues. In the Anatomy of Madness, vol. 1 (ed. Bynum, W., Porter, R. and Shepherd, M.), pp. 167–187. Tavistock: London.Google Scholar
Berrios, G. (1988). Melancholia and depression during the 19th century: a conceptual history. Britis Journal of Psychiatry 153, 298–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berrios, G. (1989). On feelings of fatigue and psychiatry. British Journal of Psychiatry (in the press)Google Scholar
Bleuler, E. (1924). Textbook of Psychiatry (Transl. Brill, A.), PP. 557–559. Macmillan: New York.Google Scholar
Blumer, G. (1906). The coming of psychasthenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorder 33, 336–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brill, A. (1930). Diagnostic errors in neurasthenia. Medical Review of Reviews 36, 122–129.Google Scholar
Bryan, J. & Melville, J. (1989). The ME generation. Observer, 22 01. 1989.Google Scholar
Bryant, J. (1920). Chronic fatigue: diet, exercise and other factors in treatment. Boston Medical Surgical Journal 182, 629–631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bunker, H. (1930). From Beard to freud: a brief history of the concept of neurasthenia. Medical Review of Reviews 36, 108–114.Google Scholar
Burnham, W. (1908). The problem of fatigue. Americal Journal of Psychology 19, 385–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buzzard, E. F. (1930). The dumping ground of neurasthenia. Lancet i, 1–4.Google Scholar
Carlson, E. (1970). The nerve weakness of the 19th century. International Journal of Psychiatry 9, 50–54.Google Scholar
Chatel, J. & Peele, R. (1970). A centennial review of neurasthenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 126, 48–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charcot, J. (1889). Lecons du Mardia la Salpêtriere. Progres Médical. E. Lecrosnier & Babe: Paris.Google Scholar
Chen, M. (1986). The epidemiology of self-perceived fatigue among adults. Preventive Medicine 15, 74–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, A. (1886). Some observations concerning what is called neurasthenia. Lancet i, 1–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowles, E. (1893). The mental symptoms of fatigue. New York Medical Journal 1 04, 345–352.Google Scholar
Cox, B., Blaxter, M., Buckle, A., Fenner, N., Golding, J., Gore, M., Huppert, F., Nickson, J., Roth, M., Stark, J., Wadsworth, M. & Whichelow, M. (1987). The Health and Lifestyle Survey. Health Promotion Research Trust: London.Google Scholar
Cuozzo, J. (1989). Chronic Fatigue syndrome. Journal of the American Medical Association 261, 607.Google Scholar
Dana, C. (1904). The partial Passing of neurasthenia. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 60, 339–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
David, A., Wessely, S. & Pelosi, A. (1988). Post-viral fatigue: time for a new approach. British Medical Journal 296, 696–699.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawes, B. & Downing, D. (1989). Why ME? A Guide to Combatting Viral Illness. Grafton: London.Google Scholar
Dawson, C. (1989). ME and my shadow. Guardian, 11 01. 1989.Google Scholar
De Fleury, M. (1901). Les Grands Symptomes Neurastheniques (Pathologie et Traitement). Germer Balliere: paris.Google Scholar
Dohrenwend, B. & Crandell, D. (1970). Psychiatric symptoms in community, clinic, and mental hospital groups. Americal Journal of Psychiatry 126, 1611–1621.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dawden, C. & Johnson, W. (1929). Exhaustion states. Journal of the Americal Medical Association 93, 1702–1706.Google Scholar
Drinka, G. (1984). The Brith of Neurosis: Myth, Malady and the Victorians. Simon Schuster: New York.Google Scholar
Dutil, A. (1903). Neurasthénie. In Traité de Pathologie Mentale (ed. Ballet, G.). pp. 842–850. Octave Doin: Paris.Google Scholar
Editorial (1909). Neurasthenia and modern life. British Medical Journal ii, 97–98.Google Scholar
Editorial (1987). Aching muscles after exercise. Lancet ii, 1123–1125.Google Scholar
Edwards, R. H. (1981). Human muscle function and fatigue. In Human muscle Fatigue: Psysiological Mechanisms (ed. Porter, R. and Whelan, J.), pp. 1–18. CIBA Foundation Symposium 82. Pitman: London.Google Scholar
Edwards, R. (1986). Muscle fatigue and pain. Acta Medica Scandinavica, Suppl. 771, 179–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisenberg, L. (1988). The social construction of mental illness. psychological Medicine 18, 1–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fegan, K., Behan, P. & Bell, E. (1983). Myalgic encephalomyelitis report of an epidemic. Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners 33, 335–337.Google ScholarPubMed
Field, E. (1989 a). Preface to MacIntyre, A. (1989). ME: Post-viral Fatigue Syndrome: How to Live With It. Unwin: London.Google Scholar
Field, E. (1989 b). The management of chronic ‘ postviral’ fatigue syndrome. Journal of the Royal College of General Practioners, 171–172.Google Scholar
Forbes, W. (1943). Problems arising in the study of fatigue. Psychosomatic Medicine 5, 155–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Francis, C. (1988). A beginning. In Interaction 1. ME Action Campaign., pp. 9–18. ME Action Campaign: London.Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1985). On the Grounds of detaching a Particular Syndrome from Neurasthenia under the Description ‘ Anxiety Neurosis’ standard edition, vol. 3 (ed. Strachey, J.), pp. 87–115. Horgarth Press: London.Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1961). The Letters of Sigmund Freud. (ed. Freud, Ernest: Transl. T., & Stern, J.). Hogarth press: London.Google Scholar
Fullerton, D. & Munsat, T. (1966). Pseudomyasthenia gravis: a conversion reaction. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 142, 78–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gildea, M. & Gildea, E. (1945). Personalities of Americal Psychotherapists. Americal Journal of Psychiatry 101, 464–466.Google Scholar
Glorieax, . (1906). Neurasthenia among the working classes. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases 33, 607.Google Scholar
Goldberg, D. & Huxley, P. (1980). Mental Illness in the Community p. 20Tavistock: London.Google Scholar
Goldman, L. (1987). Clinics baffled by mysterious muscle disease. Hospital Doctor 12 03, p. 21.Google Scholar
Gosling, F. (1987). Before Freud: Neurasthenia and the Americal Medical Community, 1870–1910. University of Illinois Press: Springfield.Google Scholar
Gosling, F. & Ray, J. (1986). The right to be sick. Journal of Social Hostory 20, 251–267.Google ScholarPubMed
Gowers, W.; (1888). A Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System: vol. II. 2nd. ed, p. 960. Churchill: London.Google Scholar
Gowers, W. (1899). A manual of Diseases of the Nervous System: vol. I, 3rd edn. (ed Gowers, W. and Taylor, J.), p. 668. Churchill: London.Google Scholar
Graves, R. (1960). Goodbye to All That, p. 257. penguin: London.Google Scholar
Hall, W. & MacPhee, D. (1985). Do Vietnam Veterans suffer from toxic neurasthenia? Australian New Zealand Journal of psychiatry 19, 19–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Havard, C. (1985). Lassitude. British Medical Journal 290, 1161–1162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Helman, C. (1978). Feed a cold and starve a fever. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 7, 107–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, R., Cheetham, R. & Wallace, H. (1959). Epidemic myalgic encephalomyelopathy. Lancet ii, 85–87.Google Scholar
Jones, E. (1961). The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, p. 227. Penguin: London.Google Scholar
Judge, B. (1970). Epidemic malaise. British Medical Journal i, 171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katon, W., Riggs, R., Gold, D. & Corey, L. (1988). Chronic fatigue syndrome: a collaborative virologic, immunologic and psychiatric study. Presented at the Americal Psychiatric Association, Montreal, Canada, 1988Google Scholar
Katz, B. & Andiman, W. (1988). Chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Paediatrics 113, 944–947.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kleinman, A. (1982). Neurasthenia and depression: a study of somatisation and culture in China. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 6, 117–190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraepelin, E. (1902). Clinical Psychiatry (transl. Defendorf, R.). Macmillan: London.Google Scholar
Kruesi, M., Dale, J. & Straus, S. (1989). Psychiatric diagnoses in patients who have chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 50, 53–56.Google ScholarPubMed
Lagrange, F. (1901). Les Mouvements Methodiques et la Mecanotherapie p. 429. Felix Alcon: Paris.Google Scholar
Lane, C. (1906). The mental element in the etiology of neurasthenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 33, 463–466.Google Scholar
Lane, A. (1919). Reflections on the evolution of disease. Lancet ii, 1117–1123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd, A., Hales, J. & Gandevia, S. (1988). Muscle strength, endurance and recovery in the post-infection fatigue syndrome. Journal of Neurology Neuosurgey Psychiatry 51, 1316–1322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDonald, A., Burford, C. & Mann, A. (1989). Psychological symptoms and interon activity in ME. (Submitted for Publication).Google Scholar
MacDougall, R. (1899). Fatigue. psychological Review 6, 203–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MeEvedy, C. & Beard, A. (1970). Royal-Free epidemic of 1955: a reconsideration. British Medical Journal i, 7–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacIntyre, A. (1899). ME: Post-Viral Fatigue syndrome: How to Live With It. Unwin: London.Google Scholar
Macy, J. & Allen, E. (1934). Justification of the diagnosis of chronic nervous exhaustion. Annals of Internal Medicine 7, 861–867.Google Scholar
Mantysaari, M., Antila, K. & Peltonen, T. (1988). Blood pressure reactivity in patients with neurocirculatory asthenia. American Journal of Hypertension 1, 132–139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Menu, P., Matthews, D. & Lane, T. (1988). The mental health of Patients with a chief complaint of chronic fatigue: a prospective evaluation and follow-up. Archives of Internal Medicine 148, 2213–2217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Medical Staff of the Royal-Free Hospital (1957). An outbreak of encephalomyelitis in the Royal-Free Hospital Group. London, in 1955. British Medical Journal ii, 895–904.Google Scholar
Miller, H. (1987). Quoted in Dixon, B. Scientifically speaking. British Medical Journal 294, 317.Google Scholar
Mitchell, S. W. (1884). Fat and Blood: An Essay on the Treatment of Certain Forms of Neurasthenia and Hysteria (3rd etd). J. Lippincott: Philadephia.Google Scholar
Mitchell, S. W. (1904). The evolution of the rest treatment. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 31, 368–373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monk, T. (1989). A visual analogue scale technique to measure global vigor and affect. Psychiatry Research 27, 89–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mosso, A. (1904). Fatigue (Transl. Drummond, M. & Drummond, W.). Sonnenschein: London.Google Scholar
Muscio, B. (1921). Is a fatigue test possible? British Journal of Psychology 12, 31–46.Google Scholar
Myerson, A. (1922). Anhedonia. American Journal of Psychiatry 2, 87–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newham, D. (1988). The consequences of eccentric contraction and their relationshio to delayed onset muscle pain. European Journal of Applied Physiology 57, 353–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nichols, P. (1989). Yound talents tired out. Observer 5 02.Google Scholar
Oppenheim, H. (1908). Text-book of Nervous Diseases for Physicians and Students, vol. II, 5th edn. (transl. Bruce, A., 1911). Foulis: London.Google Scholar
Pil, R. & Stott, N. (1981). Concepts of illness cause and responsibility. Social Science and Medicine 16, 43–52.Google Scholar
Playfair, W. (1892). Neurasthenia – treatment. In Dictionary of Psychological Medicine (ed. Tuke, D.). pp. 850–857. J. churchill: London.Google Scholar
Poore, G. (1875). On fatigue. Lancet i, 163–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porter, R. (1987). A Social History of Madness p. 119. Weidenfeld & Nicholson: London.Google Scholar
Powell, R., Donlan, R. & Wessely, S. (1989). Attributions and self esteem in depression and the chronic fatigue syndrome (in preparation).Google Scholar
Proust, A. (1902). The Treatment of Neurasthenia. Henry Klimpton: London.Google Scholar
Rabinbach, A. (1982). The body without fatigue: a nineteenth century Utopia. In Pplitical Symbolism in Modern Europe: Essays in Honour of George Mosse (ed. Drescher, S., Sabean, D., Sarlin, A.). pp. 42–62. Transaction Books: London.Google Scholar
Radford, C. (1988). The chronic fatigue syndrome. Annals of Internal Medicine 109, 166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramsay, A. (1978). ‘ Epidemic neuromyasthenia ’ 1955–1978. Postgraduate Medical Journal 54, 718–721.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramsay, M. (1986). Postviral Fatigue Syndrome: The Saga of Royal Free Disease. Gower Medical: London.Google Scholar
Read, R. (1988). Tired but tenacious –. the fatigued patient. pulse 23 01.Google Scholar
Richmond, C. (1989). Myalgic encephalomyelitis, Princess Aurora, and the wandering womb. British Medical Journal 298, 1295–1296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosen, S.King, J. & Nixon, P. (1988). Branistorming the postviral fatigue syndrome. British Medical Journal, 296, 1543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenberg, C. (1962). The place of George M. Beard in nineteenth century psychiatry. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 36, 245–259.Google Scholar
Savage, G. (1875). Overwork as a cause of insanity. Lancet, 24 07.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savill, T. (1906). Clinical Lectures on Neurasthenia. Henry J. Glasiher: London.Google Scholar
Schiller, H., Schwartz, M. & Friman, G. (1977). Disturbed neuromuscular transmission in viral infection. New England Journal of Medicine 296, 884.Google ScholarPubMed
Schooley, R. (1988). Chronic fatigue syndrome: a manifestation of Epstein-Barr virus infection? In Current Topics in Infectious Diseases, vol. 9 (ed. Remington, J. and Swartz, M.). pp. 125–146. McGraw-Hill: New York.Google Scholar
Seligmann, J., Abramson, P., Shaprio, D., Gosnell, M. & Hager, M. (1986). The malaise of the eighties. Newsweek 27 10, 105–106.Google Scholar
Shepherd, C. (1986). Forced to make my own diagnosis. GP 18 04, 39.Google Scholar
Shephered, C. (1989 a). Myalgic encephalomyelitis – is it a real disease? Practioner 233, 41–46.Google Scholar
Shepherd, C. (1989 b). Living with ME. A Self-Help Guide. Heinemann: London.Google Scholar
Showalter, E. (1987). The Female Malady: women, Madness and English Culture, pp. 167–194. Virago: London.Google Scholar
Shweder, R. (1988). Suffering in style: a review of Arthur Kleiman. Social origins of distress and disease. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 12, 479–497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sicherman, B. (1977). The uses of a diagnosis: doctors, patients and neurasthenia. Journal of the History if Medicine 32, 33–54.Google ScholarPubMed
Sinclair, A. (1988). ME misery and the new stress syndrome. South China Morning Post 1 12, 1988.Google Scholar
Smith, D. (1989). Understanding ME. Robinson: London.Google Scholar
Smith, D., Yousef, G., Dowsett, E., Mowbray, J. & Ramsay, A. (1988). Diagnostic and Clinical Guidelines for Doctors. ME Association: Stanford-le-Hope.Google Scholar
Steincamp, J. (1989). Overload; Beating ME. Fontana: London.Google Scholar
Stewart, D. (1987). Environmental hypersensitivity disorder, total allergy and 20th century disease: a critical review. Canadian Family Physician 33, 405–410.Google Scholar
Stewart, D. (1989). The changing face of somatisation. Psychosomatics (in the press).Google Scholar
Stokes, M., Cooper, R. & Edwards, R. (1988). Normal strength and fatigability in patients with effort syndrome. British Medical Journal 297, 1014–1018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone, M. (1985). Shellshock and the psychologists. In The Anatomy of Madness (ed. Bynum, W., Porter, R. and Shepherd, M.), pp. 242–271. Tavistock: LondonGoogle Scholar
Straus, S. (1988). The chronic moninucleosis sybdrome — One enity or many? New England Journal of Medicine 319, 1726–1728.Google Scholar
Taerk, K., Toner, B., Salit, I., Garfinkel, P. & Ozersky, S. (1987). Depression in patients with neuromyasthenia (benign myalgic encephalomyelitis). International Journal of Psychiatry and Medicine 17, 49–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, J. (1907). Managemement of exhanstion states in men. International Clinics 17, 36–50.Google Scholar
Waterman, G. (1909). The treatment of fatigue states. Jourual of Abnormal Psychology 4, 128–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wechsler, I. (1930). Is neurasthenia an organcin disease? Medical Review of Reviews 36, 115–121.Google Scholar
Wells, F. (1908). A neglected measure of fatigue, American Journal of Psychology 19, 345–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wessely, S. (1989). Natural history of chronic fatigue and myalgia syndromes. In Psychological Disorders in General Medical Settings (ed. Sartorius, N., Goldberg, D., de Girolamo, G., Costa e Silva, J., Lecrubier, Y. and Wittchen, H.), pp. 82–97. Hans Huber: Bern.Google Scholar
Wessely, S. & Powell, R. (1989). Fatiue syndromes: a comparison of chronic ‘postviral’ fatigue with neuromuscular and aggective disorders. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery Psychiatry 52, 940–948.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wessely, S. & Thomas, P. K. (1989). The chronic fatigue syndrome (‘myalgic encephalomyelities’ or ‘postviral fatigue’). In Recent Advances in Neurology, vol. 6 (ed. Kennard, C.) Churchill Living-stone: London (in the Press).Google Scholar
Wessely, S., David, A., Butler, S. & Chalder, T. (1989). The management of the chronic ‘post-viral’ Fatigue syndrome. Journal of the Roy al College General Practitioners 39, 26–29.Google ScholarPubMed
Wheeler, E., White, P., Reed, E. & Cohen, M. (1950). Neurocirculatory asthenia (anxiety neurosis, effort syndrome, neurasthenia). Journal of the American Medical Association 142, 878–889.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, P. (1989 a). Fatigue syndrome: neurasthenia revived. British Medical Journal 298, 119–1200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, P. (1989 b). Fatigue and fatigue sundromes. In Somatisation: Physical Symptoms and Psychological Illness (ed. Bass, C.) Blackwell, Oxford (in the Press).Google Scholar
White, P. (1989 c). Psychiatric illness following glandular fever.Abstract presented at the Quarterly Meeting of the Royal College of Psychiatry,Leeds,4 April 1989.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, S. (1988). ME and You: A Survivor's Guide to Post-Viral Fatigue Syndrome. Thorsons: Wellinborough.Google Scholar
Wookey, C. (1987). The ME mystery. Guardian. 1 10.Google Scholar
Yousef, G., Bell, E., Mowbray, J. (1988). Chronic enterovirus infection in patients with postviral fatigue syndrome. Lancet i, 146–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yousef, G. (1989). Postviral fatigue syndrome. Updata 1 01, 33–37.Google Scholar