Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-tj2md Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T13:49:26.674Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Upper Triassic Invertebrates from the Antimonio Formation, Sonora, Mexico

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 August 2017

George D. Stanley Jr. ,
Carlos González-León ,
Michael R. Sandy ,
Baba Senowbari-Daryan ,
Peter Doyle ,
Minoru Tamura  and
Douglas H. Erwin
George D. Stanley Jr.
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, University of Montana, Missoula, 59812
Carlos González-León
Affiliation:
Instituto de Geología, UNAM, Apartado, Postal 1039, Hermosillo, Mexico 83000
Michael R. Sandy
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio 45469-2364
Baba Senowbari-Daryan
Affiliation:
Institute of Paleontology, University of Erlangen D-8520, Germany
Peter Doyle
Affiliation:
School of Earth Sciences, University of Greenwich, Brewhouse Lane, London E1 9NU, U.K.
Minoru Tamura
Affiliation:
Faculty of Education, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860, Japan
Douglas H. Erwin
Affiliation:
Department of Paleobiology, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A diverse Upper Triassic tropical marine fauna from northwestern Sonora, Mexico, includes 31 taxa of tropical invertebrates including scleractinian corals, spongiomorphs, disjectoporoids, “hydrozoans,” thalamid and nonthalamid sponges, spiriferid and terebratulid brachiopods, gastropods, bivalves, coleoids, and anomuran microcoprolites. They occur within the late Karnian to Norian part of the Antimonio Formation (Antimonio terrane), which is juxtaposed against a fragmented portion of the North American craton. Most of the fauna is also known from the Tethys region. Sixteen Sonoran taxa co-occur in the western Tethys and five have never been known outside this region. Four additional taxa (one identified only at genus level) are geographically widespread. Some taxa occur in displaced terranes of North America, especially in west-central Nevada (Luning Formation). A weak link exists with the California Eastern Klamath terrane but stronger ties exist with Peru. Among Sonoran sponges, Nevadathalamia polystoma was previously recognized only from the Luning Formation, western Nevada. Sponges Cinnabaria expansa, Nevadathalamia cylindrica, and a coral, Astraeomorpha sonorensis n. sp., are also known from Nevada. The corals Distichomeandra austriaca, Chondrocoenia waltheri, Pamiroseris rectilamellosa, and Alpinophyllia flexuosa co-occur in central Europe. Two new taxa, a spongiomorph hydrozoan, Stromatoporidium lamellatum n. sp., and a disjectoporoid, Pamiropora sonorensis n. sp., have distinct affinities with the Tethys. The geographically widespread North American brachiopod, Spondylospira lewesensis, and Pseudorhaetina antimoniensis n. gen. and sp. are among the Sonoran fauna. The Sonoran coleoid (aulacocerid) Dictyoconites (Dictyoconites) cf. D. reticulatum occurs in the Tethys realm and Calliconites cf. C. drakei is comparable with a species from the Eastern Klamath terrane. Calliconites milleri n. sp. is the first occurrence of the genus outside Sicily. The bivalves Myophorigonia jaworskii, M. salasi, and Palaeocardita peruviana are known from Sonora and Peru. Eight gastropod taxa include Guidonia cf. G. intermedia and G. cf. G. parvula, both previously known from Peru, and Eucycloscala subbisertus from the western Tethys. The gastropods are unlike those already known from other North American terranes.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Paleontology , Volume 68 , Issue S36: Paleontological Society Memoir. Upper Triassic invertebrates from the Antimonic Formation, Sonora, Mexico , July 1994 , pp. 1 - 33
Copyright
Copyright © 1994, The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, H., and Adams, A. 1854–1858. The Genera of Recent Mollusca, Volume 2. John Van Voorst, London, 484 p.Google Scholar
de C. Alencaster, G. 1961. Fauna fossil de la Formation Santa Clara (Carnico) del Estado de Sonora, Parte III, Paleontologia del Triasico Superior de Sonora. Paleontologia Mexicana, 11:1–44.Google Scholar
Alloiteau, J. 1952. Madréporaires post-Paléozoiques, p. 539–684. In Piveteau, J. (ed.), Traité de Paléontologie, 1. Paris.Google Scholar
Ammon, L. von. 1893. Die Gastropodenfauna des Hochfellen-Kalkes und über Gastropoden-Reste aus Ablagerungen von Adnet, vom Monte Nota und den Raibler Schichten. Geognostiche Jahreshefte 5:161–219 [dated 1892].Google Scholar
Anderson, T. H., and Silver, L. T. 1979. The role of the Mojave–Sonora megashear in the tectonic evolution of northern Sonora, p. 59–68. In Anderson, T. H. and Roldán-Quintana, J. (eds.), Geology of Northern Sonora, Guidebook–Field Trip 27. Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, San Diego.Google Scholar
Andreae, A. 1887. Die Glossophoren des Terrain a challes der Pfirt. Abhandlungen Geologische Specialkarte von Elass-Lothringen, 4(3):1–45.Google Scholar
Bandel, K. 1985. Composition and ontogeny of Dictyoconites (Aulacocerida, Cephalopoda). Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 59:223–244.Google Scholar
Batten, R. L., and Stokes, W. L. 1986. Early Triassic gastropods from the Sinbad Member of the Moenkopi Formation, San Rafael Swell, Utah. American Museum Novitates, 2864:1–56.Google Scholar
Bhargava, O. N., and Bassi, U. K. 1985. Upper Triassic coral knoll reefs: Middle Norian, Spiti-Kinnaur, Himachal, Himalaya, India. Facies, 12:219–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boiko, E. V. 1970. Three new genera of late Triassic stromatoporoids of the southeastern Pamirs. Paleontological Journal, 4:492–498.Google Scholar
Boit, B. 1966. Fauna de la Facies Occidental del Noriano al Oeste de Colquijirca (Cerro de Pasco). Publications del Museo de Historia Natural “Javier Prado” Universidad Nacional Mayor San Marcos, Series C. Geologia, 11:1–15.Google Scholar
Bourne, G. C. 1900. The Anthozoa, Chapter VI, 84 p. In Lankester, R. (ed.), Treatise on Zoology, II. A. and C. Black, London.Google Scholar
Brönnimann, P. 1972. Remarks on the classification of fossil anomurian coprolites. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 46 (1/2):99–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bülow, E. von. 1915. Orthoceren und Belemniten der Trias von Timor. Paläontologie von Timor, 4(7), 72 p.Google Scholar
Burckhardt, C. 1930. Etude synthétique sur le Mésozoïque mexicain. Mémoire de la Société Paléontologique Suisse, 49, Premiere partie, 123 p.Google Scholar
Callaway, J. M., and Massare, J. A. 1989. Shastasaurus altispinus (Ichthyosauria, Shastasauridae) from the Upper Triassic of the El Antimonio district, northwestern Sonora, Mexico. Journal of Paleontology, 63:930–939.Google Scholar
Campa, M. F., and Coney, P. J. 1983. Tectonostratigraphic terranes and mineral resource distributions in Mexico. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 20:1040–1051.Google Scholar
Chavan, A. 1969. Subfamily Palaeocarditinae, p. N554–556. In Moore, R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Pt. N, Mollusca 6, Bivalvia. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Chong, D. G., and Hillebrandt, A. V. 1985. El Triassico Preandian de Chile Entre Los 23°30′ y 26°00′ de Lat. Sur IV Congreso Geologico Chileno-Agosto Universidad Norte-Antofagasta, Volume 1:162–210.Google Scholar
Conrad, T. A. 1835. Description of five new species of fossil shells in the collection presented by Mr. Edward Miller to the Geological Society. Transactions of the Geological Society of Pennsylvania, 1:267–270.Google Scholar
Conrad, T. A. 1869. Notes on Recent and fossil shells, with descriptions of new genera. American Journal of Conchology, 3:8–16.Google Scholar
Cooper, G. A. 1942. New genera of North American brachiopods. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 32:228–235.Google Scholar
Cooper, G. A. 1944. Phylum Brachiopoda, p. 227–365. In Shimer, H. W. and Schrock, R. R. (eds.), Index Fossils of North America. John Wiley and Sons, New York.Google Scholar
Cooper, G. A. 1983. The Terebratulacea (Brachiopoda), Triassic to Recent: a study of the brachidia (loops). Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 50:1–445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, G. A., and Arellano, A. R. V. 1946. Stratigraphy near Caborca, northwest Sonora, Mexico. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 30:606–619.Google Scholar
Cossmann, M. 1895. Essais de paléoconchologie comparée, Volume 1. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 159 p.Google Scholar
Cossmann, M. 1909. Essais de paléoconchologie comparée, Volume 9. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 215 p.Google Scholar
Cossmann, M. 1912. Essais de paléoconchologie comparée, Volume 10. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 292 p.Google Scholar
Cox, L. R. 1949. Moluscos del Triasico superior del Peru. Instituto Geologico del Peru, 12:1–50.Google Scholar
Cox, L. R. 1952. Notes on the Trigoniidae, with outlines of a classification of the family. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 29:45–70.Google Scholar
Cuif, J.-P., 1967. Structure de quelques polypiers phacéloides triasiques. Bulletin Société Géologique de France, série 7, 8:125–132.Google Scholar
Cuif, J.-P. 1971. Structure et position systematique du genre Heterastridium Reuss 1865 (Hydrozoaire). Geobios, no. 4, fasc. 1:69–79.Google Scholar
Cuif, J.-P. 1976. Recherches sur les Madréporaires du Trias IV. Formes cerioméandroides et thamnastérioides du Trias des Alpes et du Taurus sud-anatolien. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, série 3, no. 381, Sciences de la Terre, 53:65–194.Google Scholar
Cuif, J.-P. 1977. Arguments pour une relation phylétique entre Madréporaires paléozoique et ceux du Trias. Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France (new series), Mémoire 129:1–54.Google Scholar
Dagys, A. S. 1962. Novye pozdnetriasovye Spriferinacea Severo-Zapadnogo Kavkaza. [New Late Triassic Spiriferinacea from the Northwestern Caucasus]. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal, 1962, 3:47–56 [in Russian].Google Scholar
Dagys, A. S. 1963. Verkhnetriasovye brakhiopody yuga SSSR. Akademiya Nauk SSSR Sibirskoye Otdelenie, 248 p. [in Russian].Google Scholar
Dagys, A. S. 1974. Triasovye Brakhiopody (Morphologiya, Sistema, Filogeniya, Stratigraficheskoe Znachenie i Biogeografiya). Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Sibirskoye Otdelenie, Instituta Geologii i Geofiziki Trudy, 214, 386 p. [in Russian].Google Scholar
Dall, W. H. 1889. On the hinge of pelecypods and its development, with an attempt toward a better subdivision of the group. American Journal of Science, 38(3):445–462.Google Scholar
Davidson, T. 1884. A monograph of the British fossil Brachiopoda. Appendix to the supplements and general summary. Palaeontographical Society Monographs, London 5(3):243–399.Google Scholar
Dieci, G., Antonacci, A., and Zardini, R. 1968. Le spugne cassiane (Trias medio-superiore) della regione dolomitica attorno a Cortina d'Ampesso. Bolletino della Società Paleontologia Italiana, 7(2):94–155.Google Scholar
Doyle, P. 1990. The biogeography of the Aulacocerida (Coleoidea), p. 263–271. In Pallini, G., Cecca, F., Cresta, S., and Santantonio, M. (eds.), Atti del Secondo Convegno Internazionale, Fossili, Evoluzione, Ambiente. Editore Comitato Centenario Raffaele Piccinini, Pergola.Google Scholar
Duncan, P. M. 1884. A revision of families and genera of the sclerodermic Zoantharia, Ed. & H, or Madreporaria (M. rugosa excepted). Linnean Society of London Journal, Zoology, 18:1–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer, A. G. 1951. A new belemnoid from the Triassic of Nevada. American Journal of Science, 249:385–393.Google Scholar
Fleming, J. 1820. The philosophy of zoology, 2:1–618.Google Scholar
Fleming, J. 1828. A History of British Animals, exhibiting the descriptive characters and systematical arrangement of the genera and species of quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, Mollusca and Radiata of the United Kingdom; including the indigenous, extirpated, and extinct kinds; together with periodical and occasional visitants. Bell and Bradfute, Edinburgh, 565 p.Google Scholar
Flower, R. H. 1944. Atractites and related coleoid cephalopods. American Midland Naturalist, 32:756–770.Google Scholar
Flügel, E. 1960. Heterastridium conglobatum conglobatum Reuss, an Upper Triassic hydrozoan from Petraton-Roumiou Limestone of Pendahomo, Cyprus. Journal of Paleontology, 31:127–132.Google Scholar
Flügel, E., and Sy, E. 1959. Die hydrozoen der Trias. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, 109:1–108.Google Scholar
Frech, F. 1890. Die Korallen der Trias. Die Korallen der juvavischen Triasprovinz. Palaeontographica, 37:1–116.Google Scholar
Gabb, W. M. 1864. Description of the Triassic fossils of California. California Geological Survey, Palaeontology, 1(2):17–35.Google Scholar
Gemmellaro, G. G. 1904. I cefalopodi del Trias superiore regione occidentale della Sicilia. Giornale di Scienze Naturali et Economische di Palermo, 24:1–322.Google Scholar
González-León, C. 1979. Geology of the Sierra del Alamo, p. 23–31. In Anderson, T. H. and Roldan-Quintana, J. (eds.), Geology of Northern Sonora, Guidebook–Field Trip 27. Geological Society of America, Annual Meeting, San Diego.Google Scholar
González-León, C. 1980. La formacion Antimonio (Triasico Superior–Jurasico Inferior) en la Sierra del Alamo, Estado de Sonora. Universidad National Autónomo de México, Instituto de Geología Revista, 4(1):13–18.Google Scholar
González-León, C. 1989. Evolución de terrenos mesozoicos en el noroeste de México. Bolletin de Departmento de Geologia, Universidad de Sonora, 6(1-2):39–54.Google Scholar
Gray, J. E. 1840. Synopsis of the Contents of the British Museum, 42nd edition. London, 370 p.Google Scholar
Gustomesov, V. A. 1978. The pre-Jurassic ancestry of the Belemnitida and the evolutionary changes in the Belemnoidea at the boundary between the Triassic and the Jurassic. Paleontological Journal, 12:283–292.Google Scholar
Haas, O. 1909. Bericht über neuen Aufsammlungen in den Zlambachmergeln der Fischerwiese bei Altaussee. Beiträge zur Paläontologie in Geologie, Österreich-Ungarns und des Orients, 22:145–167.Google Scholar
Haas, O. 1953. Mesozoic invertebrate faunas of Peru. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 101:1–329.Google Scholar
Hauer, F. von. 1847. Neue Cephalopoden aus dem rothen Marmor von Aussee. Haidinger's Naturwissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, 1:257–277.Google Scholar
Hayami, I., Maeda, S., and Fuller, C. R. 1977. Some Late Triassic Bivalvia and Gastropoda from the Domeyko Range of North Chile. Transactions and Proceedings, Paleontological Society of Japan, New Series, 108:202–221.Google Scholar
Hickson, S. J. 1901. Classification of Hydrozoa. In Delage, Y. and Hérouard, E. (eds.), Traité de Zoologie Concrète, Volume 2, Pt. 2, Les Coelentérés. C. Reinwald, Paris, 153 p.Google Scholar
Hoover, P. R. 1983. The Cooperculum: a new structure in the phylum Brachiopoda, and its functional significance. Journal of Paleontology, 57:1017–1029.Google Scholar
Hoover, P. R. 1990. Occurrence of Spondylospira in the marine Early Jurassic of Central Peru, and its biostratigraphic significance, p. 393–396. In MacKinnon, D. I., Lee, D. E., and Campbell, J. D. (eds.), Brachiopods Through Time. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.Google Scholar
Hoover, P. R. 1991. Late Triassic cyrtinoid spiriferinacean brachiopods from western North America and their biostratigraphic and biogeographic implications. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 100(337):63–109.Google Scholar
Huxley, T. H. 1869. An introduction to the classification of animals. John Churchill and Sons, London, 147 p.Google Scholar
Hyatt, A., and Smith, J. P. 1905. The Triassic cephalopod genera of America. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 40:1–394.Google Scholar
Jaworski, E. 1922. Die Marine Trias in Südamerica. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Berlin, Beilage Band, 47:93–200.Google Scholar
Jeletzky, J. A. 1966. Comparative morphology, phylogeny and classification of fossil Coleoidea. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions Article, Mollusca, Article 7, 162 p.Google Scholar
Keller, W. T. 1928. Stratigraphische Beobachtungen in Sonora (nord-west Mexico). Ecologae Geologica Helvetiae, 21:327–335.Google Scholar
King, R. E. 1939. Geological reconnaissance in northern Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 50:1625–1722.Google Scholar
Kittl, E. 1891–1894. Die Gastropoden der Schichten von St. Cassian der südalpinen Trias, Pt. 1, 6(1891):166–262; Pt. 2, 7(1892):35–97; Pt. 3, 9(1894):143–277. Der K.-K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseum, Wien.Google Scholar
Kittl, E. 1892. Die Gastropoden der Schichten von St. Cassian der südalpinen Trias, Pt. 2. Der K.-K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseum, Wien, 7:35–97.Google Scholar
Knight, J. B., Cox, L. R., Keen, A. M., Smith, A. G., Batten, R. L., Yochelson, E. L., Ludbrook, N. H., Robertson, R., Yonge, C. M., and Moore, R. C. 1960. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Pt. I, Mollusca 1. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, 350 p.Google Scholar
Kobayashi, T., and Tamura, M. 1968. Myophoria (s.l.) in Malaysia with a note on the Triassic Trigoniacea. Geology and Paleontology of Southeast Asia, 5:88–137. University of Tokyo Press.Google Scholar
Koken, E. 1889. Über die Entwicklung der Gastropoden vom Cambrium bis zur Trias. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaeontologie, Beilageband 6:305–484.Google Scholar
de Koninck, L. G. 1883. Faune du calcaire carbonifère de la Belgique. Pt. 4, Gastéropodes (Suite et fin). Musée Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, annales, serie Paléontologie, 8:1–240.Google Scholar
Körner, K. 1937. Marine (Cassianer-Raibler) Trias am Nevado de Acrotambo (Nord-Peru). Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, 86 (5–6):145–240.Google Scholar
Kristan-Tollmann, E. 1986. Beobachtungen zur Trias am Südostende der Tethys—Papua/Neuguinea, Australien und Neuseeland. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, 4:201–222.Google Scholar
Kristan-Tollmann, E. 1987. Triassic of the Tethys and its relations with the Triassic of the Pacific Realm. Proceedings of International Symposium on Shallow Tethys, 2:169–186.Google Scholar
Kristan-Tollmann, E., and Tollmann, A. 1983. Tethys-Faunenelemente in der Trias der USA. Mitteilungen Österreichischen Geologischen Gesellschaft, 76:213–272.Google Scholar
de Lamarck, J. B. 1819. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres, volume 5, 612 p., Volume 6(1), 343 p. Verdiére, Paris.Google Scholar
Lees, E. J. 1934. Geology of the Laberge area, Yukon. Transactions of the Royal Canadian Institute, 20(43):1–48.Google Scholar
Le Maitre, D. 1935. Description des Spongiomorphides et algues. Notes Mémoires Maroc, 34:19–58.Google Scholar
Levi, C. L. 1973. Systematique de la classe des Demospongiaria (Demosponges), p. 577–631. In Grassé, P. P. (ed.), Traité de Zoologie, III (1). Masson et Cie, Paris.Google Scholar
Lucas, S. G. 1993. The Triassic–Jurassic boundary in the Sierra del Alamo, northwestern Sonora. Third Simposio de Geología Sonora y âreas adyacentes, Libro de Resumenes, p. 66–68. Instituto de Geología, Hermosillo.Google Scholar
Matthews, S. C. 1973. Notes on open nomenclature and on synonymy lists. Palaeontology, 16:713–719.Google Scholar
Matzner, C. 1986. The Zlambach Beds [Rhaetian] of the Northern Limestone Alps: platform–slope–basin environments with allochthonous carbonate sedimentation. Facies, 14:1–104.Google Scholar
Meek, F. B. 1877. Paleontology. U.S. Geological Exploration of the 49th Parallel, 4:1–197.Google Scholar
Melnikova, G. K. 1975. Pozdnetriasovye skleraktinii Yugo-vostochnogo Pamira. Donish, Dushanbe, USSR, 234 p. [in Russian].Google Scholar
Melnikova, G. K. 1984. Novye pozdnetriasovye Korally otriada Archaeocoeniida Alloiteau, 1952 yugo-vostotshnogo Pamira, p. 42–55. In Nobvye vidy iskopayemoy flory i fauny Tadzhikistana. Donish, Dushanbe [in Russian].Google Scholar
Merriam, R., and Eells, J. L. 1979. Reconnaissance geologic map of the Caborca quadrangle. Bollitin de Departmento de Geologia, Universidad de Sonora, 2:89–94.Google Scholar
Miller, H. W. 1961. Belemnoides del Triassico superior del Estado de Sonora. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Instituto de Geología. Paleontologia Mexicana, 11:1–12.Google Scholar
Mojsisovics, E. von. 1882. Cephalopoden der Mediterranean Triasprovinz. Abhandlungen der Kaiser-Königlichen geologischen Reichsanstalt, 10:1–317.Google Scholar
Mojsisovics, E. von. 1902. Das Gebirge um Hallstatt. Die Cephalopoden der Hallstätter Kalke. Abhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt, 6, Supplement:175–356.Google Scholar
Muller, S. W. 1936. Triassic coral reefs in Nevada. American Journal of Science, 231:202–208.Google Scholar
Münster, G. G. 1841. Beschreibung und Abbildung in den Kalkmergelschichten von St. Cassian gefundenen Versteinerungen, p. 25–152. In Münster, G. G. (ed.), Beitrage zur Petrefacten Kunde. Heft 4, Buchner, Bayreuth.Google Scholar
Naef, A. 1922. Die fossilien Tintenfische. Fischer, Jena, 322 p.Google Scholar
Nicholson, H. A. 1886. A monograph of the British stromatoporoids. Palaeontographical Society Monograph, London, 234 p.Google Scholar
Nicholson, H. A., and Murie, J. 1878. On the minute structure of Stromatopora and its allies. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, 14:187–246.Google Scholar
Pearson, D. A. B. 1977. Rhaetian brachiopods of Europe. Neue Denkschriften des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 1:1–70.Google Scholar
Prinz, P. 1991. Mesozoische Korallen aus Nordchile. Palaeontographica (A), 216:147–209.Google Scholar
Rafinesque, C. S. 1815. Analyse de la nature, ou tableau de l'univers et des corps organises. Aux dépens de l'auteur, Palermo, 224 p.Google Scholar
Reid, R. P. 1985. The facies and evolution of an Upper Triassic reef complex in northern Canada. Unpubl. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, 343 p.Google Scholar
Reuss, A. E. 1854. Beiträge zur Charakteristik der Kreideschichten in den Ostalpen, besonders in Gosau-thale und am Wolfgangsee. Denkschriften. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, 7:1–157.Google Scholar
Reuss, A. E. 1865. Zwei neue Anthozoen aus den Hallstätter Schichten. Sitzungsberichte Akademie Wissenschaften Wien, 61:1–15 [not seen by author].Google Scholar
Roniewicz, E. 1989. Triassic scleractinian corals of the Zlambach Beds, Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse Denkschrift, 126:1–153.Google Scholar
Salvini-Plawen, L. von. 1980. A reconsideration of systematics in the Mollusca (phylogeny and higher classification). Malacologia, 19:249–278.Google Scholar
Sandy, M. R. 1989. Preparation of serial sections, p. 146–156. In Feldmann, R. M., Chapman, R. E., and Hannibal, J. T. (eds.), Paleotechniques. Paleontological Society Special Publication Number 4.Google Scholar
Sandy, M. R., and Stanley, G. D. Jr. 1993. Late Triassic brachiopods from the Luning Formation, Nevada, U.S.A. and their palaeobiogeographic significance. Palaeontology, 36:439–480.Google Scholar
Schäfer, P. 1979. Facies and paleoecology of two Upper Triassic reef-complexes of the northern Calcareous Alps (Upper Rhaetian reef limestone, Salzburg, Austria). Facies, 1:3–245.Google Scholar
Seilacher, A. 1962. Die Sphinctozoa, eine Gruppe fossiler Kalkschwämme. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Denkschrift, 10:720–790.Google Scholar
Senowbari-Daryan, B. 1990. Die systematische Stellung der thalamiden Schwamme und ihre Bedeutung in der Erdgeschichte. Münchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, A, Geologie und Paläontologie, 21:1–326.Google Scholar
Senowbari-Daryan, B., and Reid, P. 1987. Upper Triassic sponges (Sphinctozoa) from southern Yukon, Stikinia terrane. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 24:882–902.Google Scholar
Senowbari-Daryan, B., and Stanley, G. D. Jr. 1992. Late Triassic thalamid sponges from Nevada. Journal of Paleontology, 66:183–193.Google Scholar
Silberling, N. J., and Nichols, K. M. 1982. Middle Triassic molluscan fossils of biostratigraphic significance from the Humbolt Range, northwestern Nevada. U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 1207, 71 p.Google Scholar
Silberling, N. J., and Tozer, E. T. 1968. Biostratigraphic classification of the marine Triassic in North America. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 110, 63 p.Google Scholar
Smith, J. P. 1914. The Middle Triassic invertebrate faunas of North America. U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 83, 148 p.Google Scholar
Smith, J. P. 1927. The Upper Triassic marine invertebrate faunas of North America. U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 141, 135 p.Google Scholar
Stanley, G. D. Jr. 1979. Paleoecology, structure, and distribution of Triassic coral buildups in western North America. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Article 65, 68 p.Google Scholar
Stanley, G. D. Jr. 1982. Triassic carbonate development and reefbuilding in western North America. Geologische Rundschau, 71:1057–1075.Google Scholar
Stanley, G. D. Jr. 1986. Late Triassic coelenterate faunas of western Idaho and northeastern Oregon: implications for biostratigraphy and paleogeography. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1435:23–36.Google Scholar
Stanley, G. D. Jr., Sandy, M. R., and González-León, C. 1991. Upper Triassic fossils from the Antimonio Formation, northern Sonora, support for the Mojave–Sonora Megashear. Geological Society of America, Annual Meeting Abstracts with Programs, 23(5):127–128.Google Scholar
Stanley, G. D. Jr., and Whalen, M. T. 1989. Triassic corals and spongiomorphs from Hells Canyon, Wallowa terrane, Oregon. Journal of Paleontology, 63:800–819.Google Scholar
Steinmann, G. 1929. Geologie von Peru. Heidelburg, 448 p.Google Scholar
Stewart, J. H., Poole, F. G., Ketner, K. B., Madrid, R. J., Roldán-Quintana, J., and Amaya-Martinez, R. 1990. Tectonics and stratigraphy of the Paleozoic and Triassic southern margin of North America, Sonora, Mexico, p. 183–202. In Gehrels, G. E. and Spencer, J. E. (eds.), Geologic Excursions through the Sonoran Desert region, Arizona and Sonora. Arizona Geological Survey, Special Paper 7.Google Scholar
Stoliczka, F. 1861. Über die Gastropoden und Acephalen der Hierlatz-Schichte. Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 43(1):157–204.Google Scholar
Stoppani, A. 1858–1860. Les Pétrification d'Esino ou description des Fossiles appartenant au depôt triasique supérieur des environs d'Esino en Lombardie, 113 p.Google Scholar
Stolley, E. 1919. Die Systematik der Belemniten. Jahresbericht des Niedersächsischen geologischen Vereins, 11:1–59.Google Scholar
Sun, D. L. 1981. The Mesozoic brachiopods of Xizang. Series of the Scientific Expedition to the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, 3:177–260.Google Scholar
Swainson, W. 1840. A Treatise on Malacology; or the Natural Classification of Shells and Shellfish. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London, 419 p.Google Scholar
Termier, H., and Termier, G. 1974. Spongiaires permiens du Djebel Tebaga (sud Tunisie). Compte Rendu Academie des Sciences, 274:247–249.Google Scholar
Thiele, J. 1925–1956. Mollusca = Weichtiere. Handbuch der Zoologie, gegrüdet W. Kükenthal, 5:15–258. W. de Gruyter, Berlin, Leipzig.Google Scholar
Thomas, E. G. 1940. Revision of the Scottish Carboniferous Pleurotomariidae. Geological Society of Glasgow, 20:30–72.Google Scholar
Tornquist, A. 1901. Über Mesozoische stromatoporoiden. Sitzungsbereit Klasse Preussichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 47:1115–1123.Google Scholar
Tozer, E. T. 1962. Illustrations of Canadian fossils: Triassic of western and Arctic Canada. Geological Survey of Canada Paper, 62(19):1–27.Google Scholar
Tozer, E. T. 1971. Triassic time and ammonoids: problems and proposals. Canadian Journal of Earth Science, 8:989–1031.Google Scholar
Tozer, E. T. 1972. Marine Triassic faunas, p. 633–640. In Douglas, R. J. W. (ed.), Geology and Economic Minerals of Canada. Economic Geology Report, 1(B).Google Scholar
Tozer, E. T. 1980. Latest Triassic (Upper Norian) ammonoid and Monotis faunas and correlations. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e stratigrafia, 85:843–875.Google Scholar
Tozer, E. T. 1982. Marine Triassic faunas of North America: their significance for assessing plate and terrane movements. Geologische Rundschau, 71:1077–1104.Google Scholar
Vaughan, T. W., and Wells, J. W. 1943. Revision of the suborders, families, and genera of the Scleractinia. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 44, 344 p.Google Scholar
Vinassa de Regny, P. 1915. Triadische Algen, Spongien, Anthozoen und Bryozoen aus Timor. Paläontologie von Timor, 4:73–118.Google Scholar
Waagen, W. H. 1882. Salt Range fossils. 4(2), Brachiopoda. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologia Indica, Series 13, 1(1):329–390.Google Scholar
Waagen, W. H. 1883. Salt Range fossils. 4(2), Brachiopoda. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologia Indica, Series 13, 1(2):391–546.Google Scholar
Wenz, W. 1938. Gastropoda. Allgemeiner Teil und Prosobranchia. In Schindewolf, O. H., Handbuch der Paläzoologie, Band 6, Teil 1 und 2. Gebrueder Borntraeger, Berlin, 1639 p.Google Scholar
White, D. E., and Guiza, R. 1950. Antimony deposits of El Antimonio district Sonora, Mexico. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 962-B:81–119.Google Scholar
Whiteaves, J. F. 1889. The fossils of the Triassic rocks of British Columbia. Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology, 1(2):127–149.Google Scholar
Winkler, G. G. 1861. Der Oberkeuper, nach Studien in den bayrischen Alpen. Zeitschrift Deutsche Geologische Gesellschaft, 13:458–521.Google Scholar
Yancey, T. E., and Stanley, G. D. Jr. 1987. Alatoform megalodontid bivalves from the Late Triassic of eastern Oregon. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, 19:901.Google Scholar
Yin, Hong-Fu, and Yochelson, E. L. 1983. Middle Triassic Gastropoda from Qingyan, Guizhou Province, China: 1—Pleurotomariacea and Murchisoniacea. Journal of Paleontology, 57:162–187.Google Scholar
Zankl, H. 1971. A model of sedimentation and diagenesis in a Triassic reef, p. 189–192. In Bricker, O. P. (ed.), Carbonate Cements. Johns Hopkins University Studies in Geology 19.Google Scholar
Zittel, K. A. von. 1895. Grundzüge der Paläontologie. R. Oldenbourg, Munich, 971 p.Google Scholar