Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-995ml Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-28T20:48:59.696Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

5 - Constructivism and International Law

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 January 2013

Jeffrey L. Dunoff
Affiliation:
Temple University, Philadelphia
Mark A. Pollack
Affiliation:
Temple University, Philadelphia
Get access

Summary

Over the last decade or so, a new dialogue has emerged between international relations (IR) theorists interested in the social creation of identity and who focus attention on the role of norms in international politics, and international law (IL) scholars for whom normative evolution is a stock-in-trade. These norm-interested IR thinkers have been labeled “constructivists.” Constructivists are interested in many questions, of which the social creation of norms is only one. However, because international law is, of its very nature, norm focused, it is a fascination with norm creation, evolution, and destruction that has proven to be the strongest bridging point between some IL theorists and the constructivists. This bridge will form the core of our analysis in this chapter.

Because we focus considerable attention on how international lawyers and constructivists understand and deal with norms, it is useful to specify at the outset that, in the most general terms, “norms” are standards of behavior created through mutual expectation in a social setting. Many social norms are never transformed into legal norms. Moreover, the category of “legal norm” is not fixed. What norms will be included in the category depends on one's concept of law. For legal theorists called “pluralists,” there may be no significant distinction, for example, between “law” produced by state authorities and norms created by voluntary associations: each may or may not be effective in shaping behavior. For other international lawyers, often called “positivists,” legal norms can only exist when they are produced through fixed hierarchies, usually state hierarchies. It is their formal pedigree that creates legal norms, according to positivists; therefore law exists regardless of its link to “social norms.” As we will see, other theoretical perspectives fall between these two points, or draw upon elements of each, to produce competing explanations of how international law works.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbott, Kenneth, Keohane, Robert O, Moravcsik, Andrew, Slaughter, Anne-Marie, and Snidal, Duncan (2000). “The Concept of Legalization,” International Organization, Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 401–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abbott, Kenneth W., and Snidal, Duncan (2013). “Law, Legalization and Politics: An Agenda for the Next Generation of IL/IR Scholars,” in Dunoff, Jeffrey L. and Pollack, Mark A. (eds.), Interdisciplinary Perspectives on International Law and International Relations: The State of the Art (New York: Cambridge University Press), pp. 33–56.Google Scholar
Abdelal, Rawi (2007). Capital Rules: The Construction of Global Finance (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).Google Scholar
Abdelal, Rawi, Blyth, Mark, and Parsons, Craig (2010) (eds.). Constructing the International Economy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press).Google Scholar
Acharya, Amitav (2004). “How Ideas Spread: Whose Norms Matter? Norm Localization and Institutional Change in Asian Regionalism,” International Organization, Vol. 58, No. 2, pp. 239–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acharya, Amitav (2011). “Dialogue and Discovery: In Search of International Relations Theories Beyond the West,” Millennium – Journal of International Studies, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 619–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adler, Emanuel (2005). Communitarian International Relations: The Epistemic Foundations of International Relations (New York: Routledge).Google Scholar
Adler, Emanuel (2008). “The Spread of Security Communities: Communities of Practice, Self-Restraint, and NATO's Post–Cold War Transformation,” European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 195–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adler, Emanuel, and Pouliot, Vincent (2011) (eds.). International Practices (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akhtarkhavari, Afshin (2010). Global Governance of the Environment: Environmental Principles and Change in International Law and Politics (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arend, Anthony Clark (1999). Legal Rules and International Society (New York: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Autesserre, Séverine (2009). “Hobbes and the Congo: Frames, Local Violence, and International Intervention,” International Organization, Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 249–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avant, Deborah D., Finnemore, Martha, and Sell, Susan K. (2010) (eds.). Who Governs the Globe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnett, Michael (1997). “Bringing in the New World Order: Liberalism, Legitimacy, and the United Nations,” World Politics, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 526–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnett, Michael, and Finnemore, Martha (2004). Rules for the World: International Organizations in Global Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press).Google Scholar
Bhaskar, Roy (1979). The Possibility of Naturalism: A Philosophical Critique of the Contemporary Human Sciences (Brighton: Harvester Press).Google Scholar
Blyth, Mark (2002). Great Transformations: Economic Ideas and Institutional Change in the Twentieth Century (New York: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre (1977). Outline of a Theory of Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunnée, Jutta, and Toope, Stephen J (2000). “International Law and Constructivism: Elements of an Interactional Theory of International Law,” Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 39, pp. 19–74.Google Scholar
Brunnée, Jutta, and Toope, Stephen J (2010). Legitimacy and Legality in International Law: An Interactional Account (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunnée, Jutta, and Toope, Stephen J (2011a). “Interactional International Law: An Introduction,” International Theory, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 307–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunnée, Jutta, and Toope, Stephen J (2011b). “History, Mystery and Mastery,” International Theory, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 348–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunnée, Jutta, and Toope, Stephen J (2011c). “Interactional International Law and the Practice of Legality,” in Adler, Emanuel and Pouliot, Vincent (eds.), International Practices (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 108–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bull, Hedley (1977). The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (London: Macmillan).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chayes, Abram, and Chayes, Antonia Handler (1995). The New Sovereignty: Compliance with International Regulatory Agreements (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).Google Scholar
Checkel, Jeffrey T. (2001). “Why Comply? Social Learning and European Identity Change,” International Organization, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 553–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunnée, Jutta, and Toope, Stephen J (2005). “International Institutions and Socialization in Europe: Introduction and Framework,” International Organization, Vol. 59, No. 4, pp. 801–26.Google Scholar
Deitelhoff, Nicole (2009). “The Discursive Process of Legalization: Charting Islands of Persuasion in the ICC Case,” International Organization, Vol. 63, No. 1, pp. 33–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deitelhoff, Nicole, and Müller, Harald (2005). “Theoretical Paradise – Empirically Lost? Arguing with Habermas,” Review of International Studies, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 167–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deutsch, Karl W., Burrell, Sidney A., Kann, Robert A., Lee, Jr Maurice., Lichterman, Martin, Lindgren, Raymond E., Loewenheim, Francis L., and van Wagenen, Richard W. (1957). Political Community and the North Atlantic Area: International Organisation in the Light of Historical Experience (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
Dewey, John (1988). “The Nature of Aims,” in Dewey, John (ed.), The Middle Works of John Dewey, Volume 14, 1899–1924 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press), pp. 154–63.Google Scholar
Fearon, James, and Wendt, Alexander (2002). “Rationalism vs. Constructivism: A Skeptical View,” in Carlsnaes, Walter, Risse, Thomas, and Simmons, Beth (eds.), Handbook of International Relations (London: Sage Publications), pp. 52–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finnemore, Martha (2000). “Are Legal Norms Distinctive?,New York University Journal International Law & Politics, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 699–706.Google Scholar
Finnemore, Martha, and Sikkink, Kathryn (1998). “International Norm Dynamics and Political Change,” International Organization, Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 887–917.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finnemore, Martha, and Toope, Stephen J (2001). “Alternatives to ‘Legalization’: Richer Views of Law and Politics,” International Organization, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 743–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franck, Thomas M. (1990). The Power of Legitimacy among Nations (New York: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Franck, Thomas M (1995). Fairness in International Law and Institutions (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995).Google Scholar
Franck, Thomas M (2006). “The Power of Legitimacy and the Legitimacy of Power: International Law in an Age of Power Disequilibrium,” American Journal of International Law, Vol. 100, No. 1, pp. 88–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuller, Lon L. (1969). The Morality of Law, rev. ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press).Google Scholar
Gheciu, Alexandra (2005). “Security Institutions as Agents of Socialisation? NATO and the ‘New Europe,’International Organization, Vol. 59, No. 4, pp. 973–1012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giddens, Anthony (1984). The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration (Cambridge: Polity Press).Google Scholar
Goodman, Ryan, and Jinks, Derek (2003). “Toward an Institutional Theory of Sovereignty,” Stanford Law Review, Vol. 55, No. 5, pp. 1749–88.Google Scholar
Goodman, Ryan, and Jinks, Derek (2004). “How to Influence States: Socialization and International Human Rights Law,” Duke Law Journal, Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 621–703.Google Scholar
Goodman, Ryan, and Jinks, Derek (2005). “International Law and State Socialization: Conceptual, Empirical, and Normative Challenges,” Duke Law Journal, Vol. 54, No. 4, pp. 983–98.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jürgen (1990). Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action, Christian Lenhardt and Shierry Weber Nicholsen, trans. (Cambridge: MIT Press).Google Scholar
Hall, Rodney Bruce (2008). Central Banking as Global Governance: Constructing Financial Credibility (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, Henry M., Jr., and Sacks, Albert M. (1994). The Legal Process: Basic Problems in the Making and Application of Law (Westbury, NY: Foundation Press).Google Scholar
Hathaway, Oona A. (2002). “Do Human Rights Treaties Make a Difference?,” Yale Law Journal, Vol. 111, No. 8, pp. 1935–2042.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heinze, Eric A. (2011). “The Evolution of International Law in Light of the ‘Global War on Terror,’Review of International Studies, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 1045–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirsch, Moshe (2005). “The Sociology of International Law: Invitation to Study International Rules in Their Social Context,” University of Toronto Law Journal, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 891–939.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopf, Ted (2010). “The Logic of Habit in International Relations,” European Journal of International Law, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 539–62.Google Scholar
Hurd, Ian (2007). “Breaking and Making Norms: American Revisionism and Crises of Legitimacy,” International Politics, Vol. 44, pp. 194–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurd, Ian (2008). “Constructivism,” in Reus-Smit, Christian (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of International Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 298–316.Google Scholar
Hurd, Ian (2011). “Is Humanitarian Intervention Legal? The Rule of Law in an Incoherent World,” Ethics & International Affairs, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 293–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnston, Alastair Iain (2001). “Treating International Institutions as Social Environments,” International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 487–515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnstone, Ian (2011). The Power of Deliberation: International Law, Politics and Organizations (Oxford: Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jordan, Richard, Maliniak, Daniel, Oakes, Amy, Peterson, Susan, and Tierney, Michael J (2009). “One Discipline or Many? TRIP Survey of International Relations Faculty in Ten Countries.” Institute for the Theory and Practice of International Relations, College of William and Mary, available at .
Karber, Phillip A. (1990). “‘Constructivism’ as a Method in International LawProceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law), Vol. 94, pp. 189–92.Google Scholar
Keck, Margaret, and Sikkink, Kathryn (1998) Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press).Google Scholar
Keohane, Robert O. (1988). “International Institutions: Two Approaches,” International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 379–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knop, Karen (2010). “The Hart-Fuller Debate's Silence on Human Rights,” in Cane, Peter (ed.), The Hart-Fuller Debate in the Twenty-First Century (Oxford: Hart Publishing), pp. 61–78.Google Scholar
Koh, Harold Hongju (1996). “‘Transnational Legal Process’: The 1994 Roscoe Pound Lecture,” Nebraska Law Review, Vol. 75, No. 1, pp. 181–207.Google Scholar
Koh, Harold Hongju (1997). “Why Do Nations Obey International Law?Yale Law Journal, Vol. 106, No. 8, pp. 2599–659.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koh, Harold Hongju (1998a). “The 1998 Frankel Lecture: Bringing International Law Home,” Houston Law Review, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 623–81.Google Scholar
Koh, Harold Hongju (1998b). “How Is International Human Rights Law Enforced?Indiana Law Journal, Vol. 74, No. 4, pp. 1397–417.Google Scholar
Koh, Harold Hongju (2005). “Internalization through Socialization,” Duke Law Journal, Vol. 54, No. 4, pp. 975–82.Google Scholar
Koskenniemi, Martti (2005). From Apology to Utopia: The Structure of International Legal Argument (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Kratochwil, Friedrich (1989). Rules, Norms, and Decisions: On the Conditions of Practical and Legal Reasoning in International Relations and Domestic Affairs (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kratochwil, Friedrich, and Ruggie, John G (1986). “International Organization: A State of the Art on an Art of the State,” International Organization, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 753–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krebs, Ronald R., and Jackson, Patrick Thaddeus (2007). “Twisting Tongues and Twisting Arms: The Power of Political Rhetoric,” European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 35–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurki, Milja, and Sinclair, Adriana (2010). “Hidden in Plain Sight: Constructivist Treatment of Social Context and Its Limitations,” International Politics, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lutz, Ellen, and Sikkink, Kathryn (2001a). “The Justice Cascade: The Evolution and Impact of Foreign Human Rights Trials in Latin America,” Chicago Journal of International Law, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 1–34.Google Scholar
Lutz, Ellen, and Sikkink, Kathryn (2001b). “International Human Rights Law and Practice in Latin America,” in Goldstein, Judith L, Kahler, Miles, Keohane, Robert O. and Slaughter, Anne-Marie (eds.), Legalization and World Politics (Cambridge: MIT Press), pp. 249–75.Google Scholar
McDougal, Myres, and Lasswell, Harold (1966). “The Identification and Appraisal of Diverse Systems of Public Order,” in Falk, Richard and Mendlovitz, Saul (eds.), The Strategy of World Order: International Law (New York: World Law Fund), pp. 55–113.Google Scholar
McDougal, Myres, and Reisman, W. Michael (1980). “The Prescribing Function in World Constitutive Process: How International Law Is Made,” Yale Studies in World Public Order, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 249–84.Google Scholar
March, James G., and Olsen, Johan P. (1998). “The Institutional Dynamics of International Political Orders,” International Organization, Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 943–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mercer, Jonathan (2010). “Emotional Beliefs,” International Organization, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 1–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Methmann, Chris Paul (2010). “‘Climate Protection’ as Empty Signifier: A Discourse Theoretical Perspective on Climate Mainstreaming in World Politics,” Millennium – Journal of International Studies, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 345–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagtzaam, Gerry (2009). The Making of International Environmental Treaties: Neoliberal and Constructivist Analyses of Normative Evolution (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Connell, Mary-Ellen (1999). “Symposium on Method in International Law: New International Legal Process,” American Journal of International Law, Vol. 93, No. 2, pp. 334–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Onuf, Nicholas G. (1982). “Global Law-Making and Legal Thought,” in Onuf, Nicholas G. (ed.),Law-Making in the Global Community (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press), pp. 1–81.Google Scholar
Onuf, Nicholas G (1985). “Do Rules Say What They Do? From Ordinary Language to International Law,” Harvard International Law Journal, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 385–402.Google Scholar
Onuf, Nicholas G (1989). World of Our Making: Rules and Rule in Social Theory and International Relations (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press).Google Scholar
Orchard, Phil (2010). “Protection of Internally Displaced Persons: Soft Law as a Norm-Generating Mechanism,” Review of International Studies, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 281–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pouliot, Vincent (2008). “The Logic of Practicality: A Theory of Practice of Security Communities,” International Organization, Vol. 62, No. 2, pp. 257–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, Richard (1997). The Chemical Weapons Taboo (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press).Google Scholar
Price, Richard (2004). “Emerging Customary Norms and Anti-personnel Landmines,” in Christian Reus-Smit (ed.), The Politics of International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 106–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, Richard (2008). “Moral Limit and Possibility in World Politics,” International Organization, Vol. 62, No. 2, pp. 191–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, Richard, and Reus-Smit, Christian (1998). “Dangerous Liaisons? Critical International Theory and Constructivism,” European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 259–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ratner, Steven R. (2011). “Law Promotion beyond Law Talk: The Red Cross, Persuasion, and the Laws of War,” European Journal of International Law, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 459–506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ratner, Steven R (2013). “Persuading to Comply: On the Deployment and Avoidance of Legal Argumentation,” in Dunoff, Jeffrey L. and Pollack, Mark A. (eds.), Interdisciplinary Perspectives on International Law and International Relations: The State of the Art (New York: Cambridge University Press), pp. 568–90.Google Scholar
Raustiala, Kal, and Slaughter, Anne-Marie (2002). “International Law, International Relations and Compliance,” in Carlsnaes, Walter, Risse, Thomas and Simmons, Beth (eds.), Handbook of International Relations (London: Sage Publications Ltd.), pp. 538–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reisman, W. Michael (1981). “International Law-Making: A Process of Communication: The Harold D. Lasswell Memorial Lecture,” Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law), Vol. 75, pp. 101–10.Google Scholar
Reus-Smit, Christian (2004). “The Politics of International Law,” in Reus-Smit, Christian (ed.), The Politics of International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 14–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Risse, Thomas (2000). “Let's Argue!: Communicative Action in World Politics,” International Organization, Vol. 54, No. 1, pp. 1–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Risse, Thomas, and Sikkink, Kathryn (1999). “The Socialization of International Human Rights Norms into Domestic Practices: Introduction,” in Risse, Thomas, Ropp, Steve C., and Sikkink, Kathryn (eds.), The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 1–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rorty, Richard (1989). Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruggie, John G. (1986). “Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis,” in Keohane, Robert O. (ed.), Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press), pp. 131–57.Google Scholar
Ruggie, John G (1992). “Multilateralism: The Anatomy of an Institution.” International Organization, Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 561–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruggie, John G (1998). “What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge,” International Organization, Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 855–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sagan, Ann (2010). “African Criminals/African Victims: The Institutionalised Production of Cultural Narratives in International Criminal Law,” Millennium-Journal of International Studies, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 3–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, John R. (1995). The Construction of Social Reality (New York: The Free Press).Google Scholar
Sinclair, Adriana (2010). International Relations Theory and International Law: A Critical Approach (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinclair, Adriana (2011). “Law, Caution: Towards a Better Understanding of Law for IR Theorists,” Review of International Studies, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 1095–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevenson, Hayley (2011). “India and International Norms of Climate Governance: A Constructivist Analysis of Normative Congruence Building,” Review of International Studies, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 997–1019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tipson, Frederick Samson (1973–1974). “The Lasswell-McDougal Enterprise: Toward a World Public Order of Human Dignity,” Virginia Journal of International Law, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 535–85.Google Scholar
Toope, Stephen J. (1990). “Confronting Indeterminacy: Challenges to International Legal Theory,” Proceedings of the Canadian Council on International Law, pp. 209–12.
van der Burgh, Wibren (1999). “Two Models of Law and Morality,” Associations, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 61–82.Google Scholar
van der Burgh, Wibren (2009). “Essentially Ambiguous Concepts and the Fuller-Hart-Dworkin Debate,” Archives for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy, Vol. 95, No. 3, pp. 305–26.Google Scholar
Walldorf, C. William (2010). “Argument, Institutional Process, and Human Rights Sanctions in Democratic Foreign Policy,” European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 639–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weaver, Catherine (2008). Hypocrisy Trap: The World Bank and the Poverty of Reform (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wendt, Alexander (1987). “The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory,” International Organization, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 335–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wendt, Alexander (1994). “Collective Identity Formation and the International State,” American Political Science Review, Vol. 88, No. 2, pp. 384–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wendt, Alexander (1999). Social Theory of International Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wenger, Etienne (1998). Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiener, Antje (2008). The Invisible Constitution of Politics: Contested Norms and International Encounters (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Associations, Vol. 3 (1999), p. 61; and “Essentially Ambiguous Concepts and the Fuller-Hart-Dworkin Debate,” Archives for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy, Vol. 95 (2009), p. 305

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×