Council of the European Union (1995). Report of the Council on the Functioning of the Treaty on European Union. Luxembourg: Office of Official Publications of the European Community.

Court of Auditors of the European Communities (1996). Special Report No. 2/96 Concerning the Accounts of the Administrator and the European Union Administrator, Mostar. OJ C 287/1, September 30.

EC/EU Heads of State and Government (1986). “The Single European Act.” In European Political Cooperation (5th ed., 1988). Bonn: Press and Information Office of the Federal Republic of Germany.

EC/EU Heads of State and Government(1991). The Treaty on European Union. Luxembourg: Office of Official Publications of the European Community.

EC/EU Heads of State and Government (1993). Presidency Conclusions: Brussels European Council (October 29).

EC/EU Heads of State and Government (1996). Presidency Conclusions: Turin European Council (March 29).

EC/EU Heads of State and Government (1997a). An Effective and Coherent External Policy. Report of the Intergovernmental Conference of the Amsterdam European Council, June 16–17. Luxembourg: Office of Official Publications of the European Community.

EC/EU Heads of State and Government (1997b). Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union. Luxembourg: Office of Official Publications of the European Community.

EC/EU Heads of State and Government (1999a). Presidency Conclusions: Cologne European Council (June 3–4).

EC/EU Heads of State and Government (1999b). Presidency Conclusions: Helsinki European Council (December 10–11).

EC/EU Heads of State and Government (2000a). Presidency Conclusions: Santa Maria da Feira European Council (June 19/20).

EC/EU Heads of State and Government (2000b). Presidency Conclusions: Nice European Council (December 7–9).

EC/EU Heads of State and Government (2001a). The Treaty of Nice. Luxembourg: Office of Official Publications of the European Community.

EC/EU Heads of State and Government (2001b). Presidency Conclusions: Laeken European Council (December 14–15).

EC/EU Heads of State and Government (2002). Presidency Conclusions: Brussels European Council (October 24–25).

European Union Foreign Ministers (1970). “First Report of the Foreign Ministers to the Heads of State and Government of the Member States of the European Community of 27 October 1970” (Luxembourg or Davignon Report). In European Political Cooperation (5th ed., 1988). Bonn: Press and Information Office of the Federal Republic of Germany.

European Union Foreign Ministers (1973). “Second Report of the Foreign Ministers to the Heads of State and Government of the Member States of the European Community of 23 July 1973” (Copenhagen Report). In European Political Cooperation (5th ed., 1988). Bonn: Press and Information Office of the Federal Republic of Germany.

European Union Foreign Ministers (1992). Report to the European Council in Lisbon on the Likely Development of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (Common Foreign and Security Policy) with a View to Identifying Areas Open to Joint Action vis-à-vis Particular Countries or Groups of Countries. Annex I to the Presidency Conclusions, Lisbon European Council, June 26–27.

European Union Presidency (2000). Presidency Report on the European Security and Defense Policy. Attached to the Presidency Conclusions of the Nice European Council, December 7–9.

European Union Presidency (2001). Presidency Report to the Göteborg European Council on European Security and Defence Policy, June 11.

European Commission (1972). “Necessary Progress in Community Energy Policy (13 October).” Bulletin of the European Communities, supplement, November.

European Commission (1986). Proposal for a Council Directive Suspending New Direct Investment in the Republic of South Africa by Residents of the Community, 86/522. Brussels, European Community, September 24.

European Commission (1990). Commission Opinion on the Proposal for Amendment of the Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community with a View to Political Union. COM (90)600 final (October 23). Luxembourg: Office of Official Publications of the European Community.

European Commission (1992a). Export Controls on Dual-Use Goods and Technologies and the Completion of the Internal Market. SEC(92)85 final.

European Commission (1992b). Proposal for a Council Regulation (European Economic Community) on the Control of Exports of Certain Dual-Use Goods and Technologies and of Certain Nuclear Products and Technologies. COM (92)317 final (August 31).

European Commission (1995a). Commission Report on the Functioning of the Treaty on European Union. Luxembourg: Office of Official Publications of the European Community.

European Commission (1995b). Report on the Promotion of Intra-Regional Cooperation and Good Neighbourly Relations. Luxembourg: Office of Official Publications of the European Community.

European Commission (1996a). Commission Report on Reinforcing Political Union and Preparing for Enlargement. COM (96)90 final. Luxembourg: Office of Official Publications of the European Community.

European Commission (1996b). Commission Communication on the Challenges Facing the European Defence Industry (25 January). Brussels: Commission's Spokesman's Service.

European Commission (1996c). Top Decision Makers Survey: Summary Report. Brussels: DG-X Survey Research Unit, September.

European Commission (2000a). Adapting the Institutions to Make a Success of Enlargement: Commission Opinion. COM (2000)34 final (January 26). Brussels.

European Commission (2000b). Adapting the Institutions to Make a Success of Enlargement: Commission Report to the Presidency. COM (2000)592 final (December 3). Brussels.

European Commission (2001a). Communication from the Commission on Conflict Prevention. COM (2001)211 final (April 11). Brussels.

European Commission (2001b). Overview of European Union Action in Response to the Events of the 11 September and Assessment of Their Likely Economic Impact. COM (2001)611 final (October 17). Brussels.

European Commission (2001c). European Governance: A White Paper. COM (2001)428 final (July 27). Brussels.

European Commission (2002). For the European Union: Peace, Freedom, Solidarity. Communication of the Commission on the Institutional Architecture. COM (2002)728 final/2 (December 11). Brussels.

European Parliament (1977). “Political Committee of the European Parliament Draft Paper on European Political Cooperation” (Blumenfeld Report). PE 49335 (October 12).

European Parliament (1981). “Report on European Political Cooperation and the Role of the European Parliament” (Elles Report). European Parliament Working Document, 1–335/81. Luxembourg: European Parliament.

European Parliament (1982). “Scott-Hopkins Report of the Political Affairs Committee on Southern Africa.” European Parliament Working Document, 1–657/82. Luxembourg: European Parliament.

European Parliament (1991). “Report on the Outlook for a Common European Security Policy” (Poettering Report). European Parliament Documents 146/269 (April 29).

European Parliament (1992). “Resolution on the Community's Role in the Supervision of Arms Exports and the Armaments Industry.” European Parliament Documents 161/873 (September 17).

European Parliament (1994). “Report on the Financing of the Common Foreign and Security Policy” (Willockx Report). European Parliament Documents 209/630 (October 18).

European Parliament (1995). ‘Report on Progress Made in Implementing the Common Foreign and Security Policy (November 1993–December 1994) of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and Security” (Matutes Report). European Parliament Documents 211/241 (April 24).

European Parliament (2000). “Report on the European Parliament's Proposals for the Intergovernmental Conference” (April 13). Brussels.

High Level Group of Experts on the Common Foreign and Security Policy (1995–96). “European Security Policy Towards 2000: Ways and Means to Establish Genuine Credibility” (Durieux Report). Brussels: European Commission.

Reflection Group (1995). “Reflection Group's Report for the 1996 Intergovernmental Conference.” Luxembourg: Office of Official Publications of the European Community.

Allen, David (1978). “The Euro-Arab Dialogue.” Journal of Common Market Studies 16: 323–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allen, David (1982). “European Political Cooperation and the Euro-Arab Dialogue.” In Allen, Rummel, and Wessels (eds.).

Allen, David (1997). “EPC/CFSP, the Soviet Union, and the Former Soviet Republics: Do the Twelve Have a Coherent Policy?” In Regelsberger, de Schoutheete de Tervarent, and Wessels (eds.).

Allen, David (1998). “Who Speaks for Europe? The Search for an Effective and Coherent External Policy.” In Peterson and Sjursen (eds.).

Allen, David and Alfred Pijpers, eds. (1984). European Foreign Policy-Making and the Arab-Israeli Conflict. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

Allen, David, Reinhardt Rummel, and Wolfgang Wessels, eds. (1982). European Political Cooperation: Towards a Foreign Policy for Western Europe. London: Butterworths.

Allen, David and Smith, Michael (1994). “External Policy Developments.” Journal of Common Market Studies 32: 67–86.Google Scholar

Allen, David and William Wallace (1982). “European Political Cooperation: The Historical and Contemporary Background.” In Allen, Rummel, and Wessels (eds.).CrossRef

Al-Mani, Saleh A. (1983). The Euro-Arab Dialogue: A Study in Associative Diplomacy. London: Pinter Publishers.

Anderson, Jeffrey J. (1995). “The State of the (European) Union: From the Single Market to Maastricht, from Singular Events to General Theories.” World Politics 47: 441–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anderson, Scott (1992). “Western Europe and the Gulf War.” In Rummel (ed.).

Anderson, Stephanie B. (1998). “Problems and Possibilities: The Development of the Common Foreign and Security Policy from Maastricht to the 1996 Intergovernmental Conference.” In The State of the European Union, vol. IV: Deepening and Widening, Pierre-Henri Laurent and Marc Maresceau (eds.). Boulder: Lynne Rienner.

Andréani, Gilles (2000). “Why Institutions Matter.” Survival 42: 81–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Art, Robert J. (1996). “Why Western Europe Needs the United States and North Atlantic Treaty Organization.” Political Science Quarterly 111: 1–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Artner, Stephen (1980). “The Middle East: A Chance for Europe.” International Affairs 56: 430–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Axelrod, Robert (1984). The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books.

Axelrod, Robert (1986). “An Evolutionary Approach to Norms.” American Political Science Review 80: 1095–1111.CrossRef

Barbé, Esther and Ferran Izquierdo (1997). “Present and Future of Joint Actions for the Mediterranean Region.” In Holland (ed.).

Baun, Michael J. (1995–96). “The Maastricht Treaty as High Politics: Germany, France, and European Integration.” Political Science Quarterly 110: 605–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bodenheimer, Susanne J. (1967). “The Political Union Debate in Europe: A Case Study in Intergovernmental Diplomacy.” International Organization 21: 24–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bonvicini, Gianni (1982). “The Dual Structure of European Political Cooperation and Community Activities: Problems of Coordination.” In Allen, Rummel, and Wessels (eds.).

Bonvicini, Gianni (1983). “Italy: An Integrationist Perspective.” In Hill (ed.).

Botcheva, Liliana and Martin, Lisa (2001). “Institutional Effects on State Behavior: Convergence and Divergence.” International Studies Quarterly 45: 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bretherton, Charlotte and John Vogler (1999). The European Union as a Global Actor. London: Routledge.CrossRef

Buchan, David (1993). Europe: The Strange Superpower. Aldershot: Dartmouth Publishing.

Bull, Hedley (1977). The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRef

Bulmer, Simon (1983). “Domestic Politics and European Community Policy-Making.” Journal of Common Market Studies 21: 349–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bulmer, Simon (1985). “The European Council's First Decade: Between Interdependence and Domestic Politics.” Journal of Common Market Studies 24: 89–104.CrossRef

Bulmer, Simon (1991). “Analyzing European Political Cooperation: The Case for Two-Tier Analysis.” In Holland (ed.).

Bulmer, Simon and Wolfgang Wessels (1987). The European Council: Decision-Making in European Politics. London: Macmillan.CrossRef

Cameron, Fraser (1998). ‘Building a Common Foreign Policy: Do Institutions Matter?’ In Peterson and Sjursen (eds.).

Cameron, Fraser (1999). The Foreign and Security Policy of the European Union: Past, Present and Future. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.

Caporaso, James A. and John T. S. Keeler (1995). “The European Union and Regional Integration Theory.” In The State of the European Union, vol. III: Building a European Polity?, Carolyn Rhodes and Sonia Mazey (eds.). Boulder: Lynne Rienner.

Carlsnaes, Walter and Steve Smith, eds. (1994). European Foreign Policy: The European Community and Changing Perspectives in Europe. London: Sage.

Cederman, Lars-Erik, ed. (2000). Constructing Europe's Identity: The External Dimension. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.

Chayes, Abram and Handler Chayes, Antonia (1993). “On Compliance.” International Organization 47: 175–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Checkel, Jeff (1998). “The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory.” World Politics 50: 324–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Checkel, Jeff (2001). “Why Comply? Social Learning and European Identity Change.” International Organization 55: 553–88.CrossRef

Cheyne, Ilona (1994). “International Agreements and the European Community Legal System.” European Law Review 19: 581–98.Google Scholar

Christensen, Thomas J. and Snyder, Jack (1990). “Chain Gangs and Passed Bucks: Predicting Alliance Patterns in Multipolarity.” International Organization 44: 137–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coffey, Joseph I. (1998). “Western European Union After the Second Maastricht.” In The State of the European Union, vol. IV: Deepening and Widening, Pierre-Henri Laurent and Marc Maresceau (eds.). Boulder: Lynne Rienner.

Coignez, Veerle (1992). “A Test Case of Consistency: The San José Dialogue.” In Rummel (ed.).

Corbett, Richard (1989). “Testing the New Procedures: The European Parliament's First Experience with its New ‘Single Act’ Powers.” Journal of Common Market Studies 27: 359–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Corbett, Richard (1992). “The Intergovernmental Conference on Political Union.” Journal of Common Market Studies 30: 271–98.CrossRef

Corbett, Richard, Francis Jacobs, and Michael Shackleton (1995). The European Parliament. London: Cartermill.

Cornish, Paul (1997). “Joint Action, ‘The Economic Aspects of Security’ and the Regulation of Conventional Arms and Technology Exports from the European Union.” In Holland (ed.).

Cortell, Andrew P. and Davis, James W. Jr. (1996). “How Do International Institutions Matter? The Domestic Impact of Rules and Norms.” International Studies Quarterly 40: 451–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cram, Laura (1997). Policy-Making in the European Union: Conceptual Lenses and the Integration Process. London: Routledge.

Crawford, Beverly (1996). “Explaining Defection From International Cooperation: Germany's Unilateral Recognition of Croatia.” World Politics 48: 482–521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crawford, Beverly and Peter W. Schulze, eds. (1990). The New Europe Asserts Itself: A Changing Role in International Relations. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Curtin, Deirdre (1993). “The Constitutional Structure of the Union: A Europe of Bits and Pieces.” Common Market Law Review 30: 17–69.Google Scholar

Curtin, Deirdre and R. van Ooik (1994). “Denmark and the Edinburgh Summit: Maastricht Without Tears.” In O'Keeffe and Twomey (eds.).

da Costa Pereira, Pedro Sanchez (1988). “The Use of a Secretariat.” In Pijpers, Regelsberger, and Wessels (eds.).

da Fonseca-Wollheim, Hermann (1981). Ten Years of European Political Cooperation. Brussels: Commission of the European Communities.

da Fonseca-Wollheim, Hermann (1996). “Towards a Coherent European Trade Policy.” Typescript.

de Bassompierre, Guy (1988). Changing the Guard in Brussels. New York: Praeger / Center for Strategic and International Studies.

Dehousse, Renaud and Joseph H. H. Weiler (1991). “European Political Cooperation and the Single Act: From Soft Law to Hard Law?” In Holland (ed.).

de la Serre, Françoise (1988). “The Scope of National Adaptation to European Political Cooperation.” In Pijpers, Regelsberger, and Wessels (eds.).

de la Serre, Françoise and Philippe Moreau Defarges (1983). “France: A Penchant for Leadership.” In Hill (ed.).

de Schoutheete de Tervarent, Philippe (1980). La Coopération Politique Européenne. Brussels: F. Nathan Editions Labor.

de Schoutheete de Tervarent, Philippe (1988). “The Presidency and the Management of Political Cooperation.” In Pijpers, Regelsberger, and Wessels (eds.).

de Schoutheete de Tervarent, Philippe (1997). “The Creation of the Common Foreign and Security Policy.” In Regelsberger, de Schoutheete de Tervarent, and Wessels (eds.).

Deutsch, Karl, et al. (1957). Political Community in the North Atlantic Area: International Organization in the Light of Historical Experience. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Dinan, Desmond (1991). “European Political Cooperation.” In The State of the European Community, vol. I: Policies, Institutions & Debates in the Transition Years, Leon Hurwitz and Christian Lequesne (eds.). Boulder: Lynne Rienner.

Duke, Simon (1996). “The Second Death (or Second Coming?) of the Western European Union.” Journal of Common Market Studies 34: 167–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Duran, Esperanca (1988). “Western Europe's Role in the Central American Crisis: Possibilities and Limitations.” In Central America: Crisis and Possibilities, Rigoberto Garcia (ed.). Stockholm: Latinamerika-Institut.

Eaton, M. R. (1994). “Common Foreign and Security Policy.” In O'Keeffe and Twomey (eds.).

Edwards, Geoffrey (1984). “Europe and the Falklands Islands Crisis, 1982.” Journal of Common Market Studies 22 (June): 295–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Edwards, Geoffrey (1992). “European Responses to the Yugoslav Crisis: An Interim Assessment.” In Rummel (ed.).

Edwards, Geoffrey (1997). “The Potential and Limits of the Common Foreign and Security Policy: The Yugoslav Example.” In Regelsberger, de Schoutheete de Tervarent, and Wessels (eds.).

Edwards, Geoffrey and Simon Nuttall (1994). “Common Foreign and Security Policy.” In Maastricht and Beyond: Building the European Union, Andrew Duff, John Pinder, and Roy Price (eds.). London: Routledge.

Edwards, Geoffrey and Elfriede Regelsberger, eds. (1990). Europe's Global Links: The European Community and Inter-Regional Cooperation. London: Pinter Publishers.

Eichenberg, Richard C. (1997). “Does Europe Want a Common Security Policy (Anymore than it Ever Did?).” Paper presented at the International Studies Association Conference, Toronto, March 19–23.

Elles, James (1990). “The Foreign Policy Role of the European Parliament.” The Washington Quarterly 13: 69–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Elster, Jon (1989). “Social Norms and Economic Theory.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 3: 99–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Evangelista, Matthew (1989). “Issue-Area and Foreign Policy Revisited.” International Organization 43: 147–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Finnemore, Martha (1996). “Norms, Culture, and World Politics: Insights from Sociology's Institutionalism.” International Organization 50: 325–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fligstein, Neil (1997). “Fields, Power, and Social Skill: A Critical Analysis of the New Institutionalisms.” Typescript: University of California, Berkeley.

Fligstein, Neil and Jason McNichol (1998). “The Institutional Terrain of the European Union.” In Stone Sweet and Sandholtz (eds.).CrossRef

Foot, Rosemary (1979). “The European Community's Voting Behavior at the United Nations' General Assembly.” Journal of Common Market Studies 17: 350–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Forster, Anthony and William Wallace (1997). “Common Foreign and Security Policy.” In Policy-Making in the European Union, Helen Wallace and William Wallace (eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Franck, Christian (1983). “Belgium: Committed Multilateralism.” In Hill (ed.).

Freestone, D. (1985). “The European Economic Community Treaty and Common Action on Terrorism.” Yearbook of European Law 1984 (Oxford): 207–30.

Fursdon, Edward (1980). The European Defense Community: A History. London: Macmillan.

Gaddis, John Lewis (1986). “The Long Peace: Elements of Stability in the Postwar International System.” International Security 10: 98–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Galloway, David (1995). “Common Foreign and Security Policy: Intergovernmentalism Donning the Mantle of the Community Method.” In The Council of the European Union, Martin Westlake (ed.). London: Cartermill Publishing.

Garrett, Geoffrey (1992). “International Cooperation and Institutional Choice: The European Community's Internal Market.” International Organization 46: 533–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Garrett, Geoffrey and Tsebelis, George (1996). “An Institutional Critique of Intergovernmentalism.” International Organization 50: 269–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ginsberg, Roy H. (1989). Foreign Policy Actions of the European Community: The Politics of Scale. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.

Ginsberg, Roy H. (1991). “European Community Foreign Policy Actions in the 1980s.” Paper presented at the Second Biennial International Conference of the European Community Studies Association, Washington, May 22–24.

Ginsberg, Roy H. (1994). “The European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy: An Outsider's Perspective on the First Year.” ECSA Newsletter 7: 13–16.

Ginsberg, Roy H. (1995). “Principles and Practices of the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy: Retrospective on the First Eighteen Months.” Paper presented at the Fourth International Biennial Conference of the European Community Studies Association, Charleston, May 11–14.

Ginsberg, Roy H. (1997a). “The European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy: The Politics of Procedure.” In Holland (ed.).

Ginsberg, Roy H. (1997b). “Transatlantic Dimensions of Common Foreign and Security Policy: The Culture of Foreign Policy Cooperation.” In Regelsberger, de Schoutheete de Tervarent, and Wessels (eds.).

Ginsberg, Roy H. (1998). “U.S.–EU Relations: The Commercial, Political, and Security Dimensions.” In The State of the European Union, vol. IV: Deepening and Widening, Pierre-Henri Laurent and Marc Maresceau (eds.). Boulder: Lynne Rienner.

Ginsberg, Roy H. (1999). “Conceptualizing the European Union as an International Actor: Narrowing the Theoretical Capability-Expectations Gap.” Journal of Common Market Studies 37: 429–54.CrossRef

Ginsberg, Roy H. (2001). The European Union in International Politics: Baptism by Fire. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Gordon, Philip H. (1997–98). “Europe's Uncommon Foreign Policy.” International Security 22: 74–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Govaere, Inge and Eeckhout, Piet (1992). “On Dual Use Goods and Dualist Case Law: The Aimé Richardt Judgment on Export Controls.” Common Market Law Review 29: 940–65.Google Scholar

Grieco, Joseph M. (1988). “Anarchy and the Limits of Cooperation: A Realist Critique of the Newest Liberal Institutionalism.” International Organization 42: 485–507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grosser, Alfred (1980). The Western Alliance. London: Macmillan.

Grunert, Thomas (1997). “The Association of the European Parliament: No Longer the Underdog in European Political Cooperation?” In Regelsberger, de Schoutheete de Tervarent, and Wessels (eds.).

Haagerup, Niels Jorgen and Christian Thune (1983). “Denmark: The European Pragmatist.” In Hill (ed.).

Haas, Ernst B. (1958). The Uniting of Europe: Political, Economic, and Social Forces, 1950–1957. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Haas, Ernst B. (1961). “International Integration: The European and the Universal Process.” International Organization 15: 366–92.CrossRef

Haas, Ernst B. (1964). Beyond the Nation-State: Functionalism and European Integration. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Haas, Ernst B. (1980). “Why Collaborate? Issue-Linkage and International Regimes.” World Politics 32: 357–405.CrossRef

Haas, Peter M. (1990). Saving the Mediterranean: The Politics of International Environmental Cooperation. New York: Columbia University Press.

Haggard, Stephan (1991). “Structuralism and Its Critics: Recent Progress in International Relations Theory.” In Progress in Postwar International Relations, Emmanuel Adler and Beverly Crawford (eds.). New York: Columbia University Press.

Hagleitner, Thomas (1995). “Financing the Common Foreign and Security Policy.” Common Foreign and Security Policy Forum 2: 6–7.Google Scholar

Hemmer, Christopher and Katzenstein, Peter J. (2002). “Why is There No North Atlantic Treaty Organization in Asia? Collective Identity, Regionalism, and the Origins of Multilateralism.” International Organization 56: 575–607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hertogs, Erik Jan (1985). “Western European Responses to Revolutionary Developments in the Caribbean Basin Region.” In Towards an Alternative for Central America and the Caribbean, George Irvin and Xabier Gorostiaga (eds.). London: George Allen and Unwin.

Hill, Christopher (1983a). “National Interests – The Insuperable Obstacles?” In Hill (ed.).

Hill, Christopher ed. (1983b). National Foreign Policies and European Political Cooperation. London: George Allen and Unwin.

Hill, Christopher (1988a). “Research into European Political Cooperation: Tasks for the Future.” In Pijpers, Regelsberger, and Wessels (eds.).

Hill, Christopher (1988b). “European Preoccupations With Terrorism.” In Pijpers, Regelsberger, and Wessels (eds.).

Hill, Christopher (1992). “European Political Cooperation's Performance in Crises.” In Rummel (ed.).

Hill, Christopher (1993). “The Capability-Expectations Gap, or Conceptualizing Europe's International Role.” Journal of Common Market Studies 31: 305–28.CrossRef

Hill, Christopher ed. (1996). The Actors in Europe's Foreign Policy. London: Routledge.

Hill, Christopher (1998). “Closing the Capability-Expectations Gap?' In Peterson and Sjursen (eds.).

Hill, Christopher and Wallace, William (1979). “Diplomatic Trends in the European Community.” International Affairs 55: 47–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hill, Christopher and William Wallace (1996). “Introduction: Actors and Actions.” In Hill (ed.).

Hix, Simon (1994). “The Study of the European Community: The Challenge to Comparative Politics.” West European Politics 17: 1–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hoffman, Stanley (1965). “The European Process at Atlantic Crosspurposes.” Journal of Common Market Studies 3: 85–101.Google Scholar

Hoffman, Stanley (1966). ‘Obstinate or Obsolete? The Fate of the Nation-State and the Case of Western Europe.” Daedalus 95: 862–74.

Hoffman, Stanley (2000). “Towards a Common European Foreign and Security Policy?” Journal of Common Market Studies 38: 189–98.CrossRef

Holbrooke, Richard (1998). To End a War. New York: Random House.

Holland, Martin (1987). “Three Approaches for Understanding European Political Cooperation: A Case-Study of European Community South African Policy.” Journal of Common Market Studies 25: 295–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holland, Martin (1988). The European Community and South Africa: European Political Cooperation Under Strain. London: Pinter Publishers.

Holland, Martin (1991a). “Sanctions as an European Political Cooperation Instrument.” In Holland (ed.).

Holland, Martin ed. (1991b). The Future of European Political Cooperation: Essays on Theory and Practice. London: Macmillan.

Holland, Martin (1995a). European Union Foreign Policy: From European Political Cooperation to Common Foreign and Security Policy xJoint Action and South Africa. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Holland, Martin (1995b). “Bridging the Capability-Expectations Gap: A Case Study of the Common Foreign and Security Policy Joint Action on South Africa.” Journal of Common Market Studies 33: 555–72.CrossRef

Holland, Martin (1997a). “Introduction: Common Foreign and Security Policy … Reinventing the European Political Cooperation Wheel?” In Holland (ed.).

Holland, Martin (1997b). “The Joint Action on South Africa: A Successful Experiment?” In Holland (ed.).

Holland, Martin ed. (1997c). Common Foreign and Security Policy: The Record and Reforms. London: Pinter Publishers.

Huntington, Samuel (1973). “Transnational Organizations in World Politics.” World Politics 25: 333–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hurd, Douglas (1981). “Political Cooperation.” International Affairs 57: 383–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hurd, Douglas (1994). “Developing the Common Foreign and Security Policy.” International Affairs 70: 421–28.CrossRef

Hurwitz, Leon (1975). “The European Economic Community in the United Nations: The Voting Behavior of Eight Countries, 1948–1973.” Journal of Common Market Studies 13: 224–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hurwitz, Leon (1976). “The European Economic Community and Decolonization: The Voting Behavior of the Nine in the United Nations General Assembly.” Political Studies 24: 435–47.CrossRef

Ifestos, Panayiotis (1987). European Political Cooperation: Towards a Framework of Supranational Diplomacy? Aldershot: Avebury.

Ikenberry, G. John and Kupchan, Charles A. (1990). “Socialization and Hegemonic Power.” International Organization 44 (Summer): 283–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jarausch, Konrad H. (1994). The Rush to German Unity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Jervis, Robert (1978). “Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma.” World Politics 30: 167–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Johnston, Mary Troy (1994). The European Council: Gatekeeper of the European Community. Boulder: Westview Press.

Jopp, Mathias (1997). “The Defense Dimension of the European Union: The Role and Performance of the Western European Union.” In Regelsberger, de Schoutheete de Tervarent, and Wessels (eds.).

Judge, David, Earnshaw, David, and Cowan, Ngaire (1994). “Ripples or Waves: The European Parliament in the European Community Policy Process.” Journal of European Public Policy 1: 27–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kanter, Arnold (1970). “The European Defense Community in the French National Assembly.” Comparative Politics 2: 203–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Keal, Paul (1983). Unspoken Rules and Superpower Dominance. London: Macmillan.CrossRef

Keatinge, Patrick (1997). “The Twelve, the United Nations, and Somalia: The Mirage of Global Intervention.” In Regelsberger, de Schoutheete de Tervarent, and Wessels (eds.).

Keohane, Robert O. (1984). After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Keohane, Robert O. (1988). “International Institutions: Two Approaches.” International Studies Quarterly 32: 379–96.CrossRef

Keohane, Robert O. and Martin, Lisa L. (1995). “The Promise of Institutionalist Theory.”International Security 20: 39–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Keohane, Robert O. and Nye, Joseph S. (1974). “Transgovernmental Relations and International Organization.” World Politics 27: 39–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Keohane, Robert O. and Joseph S. Nye (1977). Power and Interdependence. Boston: Little, Brown.

Keohane, Robert O., Joseph S. Nye, and Stanley Hoffman, eds. (1993). After the Cold War: International Institutions and State Strategies in Europe, 1989–1991. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Kindleberger, Charles P. (1986). “Hierarchy Versus Inertial Cooperation.” International Organization 40: 841–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kintis, Andreas G. (1997). “The European Union's Foreign Policy and the War in Former Yugoslavia.” In Holland (ed.).

Knopf, Jeffrey W. (1993). “Beyond Two-Level Games: Domestic–International Interaction in the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Negotiations.” International Organization 47: 599–628.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kohler, Beate (1982). “Euro-American Relations and European Political Cooperation.” In Allen, Rummel, and Wessels (eds.).CrossRef

Krasner, Stephen D., ed. (1983a). International Regimes. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Krasner, Stephen D. (1983b). “Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables.” In Krasner (ed.).

Krasner, Stephen D. (1984). “Approaches to the State: Alternative Conceptions and Historical Dynamics.” Comparative Politics 16: 223–46.CrossRef

Kratochwil, Friedrich V. (1989). Rules, Norms, and Decisions: On the Conditions of Practical and Legal Reasoning in International Relations and Domestic Affairs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Krenzler, Horst-Gunter and Henning C. Schneider (1997). “The Question of Consistency.” In Regelsberger, de Schoutheete de Tervarent, and Wessels (eds.).

Krenzler, Horst-Gunter and Schomaker, Astrid (1996). “A New Transatlantic Agenda.” European Foreign Affairs Review 1: 9–28.Google Scholar

Ladrech, Robert (1994). “Europeanization of Domestic Politics and Institutions: The Case of France.” Journal of Common Market Studies 32: 69–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lak, Maarten W. J. (1989). “Interaction Between European Political Cooperation and the European Community (External) – Existing Rules and Challenges.” Common Market Law Review 26: 281–99.Google Scholar

Lasswell, Harold (1960). “The Structure and Function of Communication in Society.” In Mass Communications, Wilbur Schramm (ed.). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Legro, Jeffrey W. (1995). Cooperation Under Fire: Anglo-German Restraint During World War II. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Legro, Jeffrey W. (1997). “Which Norms Matter? Revisiting the ‘Failure’ of Internationalism.” International Organization 51: 31–63.CrossRef

Lewis, Jeff (1998). “Is the ‘Hard Bargaining’ Image of the Council Misleading? The Committee of Permanent Representatives and the Local Elections Directive.” Journal of Common Market Studies 36: 479–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lieber, R. J. (1976). Oil and the Middle East War: Europe in the Energy Crisis. Cambridge: Harvard Center for International Affairs.

Lindemann, Beate (1976). “Europe and the Third World: The Nine at the United Nations.” The World Today 32: 260–69.Google Scholar

Lindemann, Beate (1982). ‘European Political Cooperation at the United Nations: A Challenge for the Nine.” In Allen, Rummel, and Wessels (eds.).

Lippert, Barbara (1997). “Relations with Central and Eastern European Countries: The Anchor Role of the European Union.” In Regelsberger, de Schoutheete de Tervarent, and Wessels (eds.).

Lipson, Charles (1984). “International Cooperation in Economic and Security Affairs.” World Politics 37: 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lipson, Charles (1991). “Why Are Some International Agreements Informal?” International Organization 45: 495–538.CrossRef

Lodge, Juliet (1988). “The European Parliament and Foreign Policy.” In Foreign Policy and Legislatures, M. L. Sondhi (ed.). New Delhi: Abhinav.

Lodge, Juliet (1989). “European Political Cooperation: Towards the 1990s.” In The European Community and the Challenge of the Future, Juliet Lodge (ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press.

Long, David (1997). “Multilateralism in the Common Foreign and Security Policy.” In Holland (ed.).

Lopandic, Dusko (1995). “Les Mémorandums d'Entente: Des Instruments Juridiques Spécifiques de la Politique Étrangère et de Sécurité de l'Union Européenne: Le Cas de l'Ex-Yougoslavie.” Revue du Marché Commun et de l'Union Européenne 392: 557–62.Google Scholar

McGoldrick, Dominic (1997). International Relations Law of the European Union. London: Longman.

Macleod, I., I. D. Henry, and Stephen Hyett (1996). The External Relations of the European Communities: A Manual of Law and Practice. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

McManus, Claire (1998). “Poland and the Europe Agreements: The European Union as a Regional Actor.” In Peterson and Sjursen (eds.).

Manners, Ian and Richard G. Whitman, eds. (2000). The Foreign Policies of European Union Member States. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

March, James G. and Olsen, Johan P. (1984). “The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life.” American Political Science Review 78: 734–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

March, James G. and Johan P. Olsen (1989). Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics. New York: Free Press.

March, James G. and Herbert A. Simon (1958). Organizations. New York: Wiley.

MarksHooghe, Gary Liesbet, and Blank, Kermit (1996). “European Integration from the 1980s: State-Centric Versus Multi-Level Governance.” Journal of Common Market Studies 34: 342–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Martin, Lawrence and John Roper, eds. (1995). Towards a Common Defence Policy. Paris: Institute for Security Studies of the Western European Union.

Martin, Lisa L. (1992). “Institutions and Cooperation: Sanctions During the Falklands Islands Conflict.” International Security 16: 143–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mastanduno, Michael (1988). “Trade as a Strategic Weapon: American and Alliance Export Control Policy in the Early Postwar Period.” International Organization 42: 121–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

May, Ernest (1984). Knowing One's Enemies. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Mayhew, Alan (2001). Recreating Europe: The European Union's Policy Towards Central and Eastern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Mearsheimer, John J. (1994–95). “The False Promise of International Institutions.” International Security 19: 5–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

MenonForster, Anand Anthony, and Wallace, William (1992). “A Common European Defense.” Survival 34: 98–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mercer, Jonathan (1995). “Anarchy and Identity.” International Organization 49: 229–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Merton, Robert K. (1957). Social Theory and Social Structure. Glencoe: The Free Press.

Mitchell, Ronald B. (1998). “Sources of Transparency: Information Systems in International Regimes.” International Studies Quarterly 42: 109–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mitrany, David (1966). A Working Peace System. Chicago: Quadrangle Press.

Monar, Jörg (1997a). “The Financial Dimension of the Common Foreign and Security Policy.” In Holland (ed.).

Monar, Jörg (1997b). “The Finances of the Union's Intergovernmental Pillars: Tortuous Experiments with the Community Budget.” Journal of Common Market Studies 35: 57–78.CrossRef

Moravcsik, Andrew (1991). “Negotiating the Single European Act: National Interests and Conventional Statecraft in the European Community.” International Organization 45: 19–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Moravcsik, Andrew (1993). “Preferences and Power in the European Community: A Liberal Intergovernmentalist Approach.” Journal of Common Market Studies 31: 473–524.CrossRef

Moravcsik, Andrew (1994). “Why the European Community Strengthens the State: Domestic Politics and International Cooperation.” Typescript: University of Chicago.

Moravcsik, Andrew (1998). The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Morrow, James D. (1994). “Modeling the Forms of International Cooperation: Distribution Versus Information.” International Organization 48: 387–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Müller, Harold (1992). “West European Cooperation on Nuclear Disarmament.” In Rummel (ed.).

Müller, Harold (1995). “The Internalization of Principles, Norms, and Rules by Governments: The Case of Security Regimes.” In Regime Theory and International Relations, Volker Rittberger (ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Müller, Harold and Lars van Dassen (1997). “From Cacophony to Joint Action: Successes and Shortcomings of the European Nuclear Non-Proliferation Policy.” In Holland (ed.).

Nadelmann, Ethan A. (1990). “Global Prohibition Regimes: The Evolution of Norms in International Society.” International Organization 44: 479–526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ness, Gayl D. and Brechin, Steven R. (1988). “Bridging the Gap: International Organizations as Organizations.” International Organization 42: 245–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Neunreither, Karl-Heinz (1990). “The European Parliament: An Emerging Political Role?” In Edwards and Regelsberger (eds.).

Neuwahl, Nanette (1994). “Foreign and Security Policy and the Implementation of the Requirement for ‘Consistency’ Under the Treaty on European Union.” In O'Keeffe and Twomey (eds.).

North, Douglass C. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Nugent, Neill (1995). “The Leadership Capacity of the European Commission.” Journal of European Public Policy 2: 603–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nuttall, Simon (1986). Yearbook of European Law 1985. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Nuttall, Simon (1988). “Where the European Commission Comes In.” In Pijpers, Regelsberger, and Wessels (eds.).

Nuttall, Simon (1990). “The Commission: Protagonists of Inter-Regional Cooperation.” In Edwards and Regelsberger (eds.).

Nuttall, Simon (1992a). European Political Cooperation. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Nuttall, Simon (1992b). “The Institutional Network and the Instruments of Action.” In Rummel (ed.).

Nuttall, Simon (1993). “The Foreign and Security Policy Provisions of the Maastricht Treaty: Their Potential for the Future.” In The Maastricht Treaty on European Union, Jörg Monar, Werner Ungerer, and Wolfgang Wessels (eds.). Brussels: European Interuniversity Press.

Nuttall, Simon (1994). “The European Community and Yugoslavia: Deus ex Machina or Machina sine Deo?” Journal of Common Market Studies 32: 11–25.

Nuttall, Simon (1995). “The European Commission's Internal Arrangements for Foreign Affairs and External Relations.” Common Foreign and Security Policy Forum 2: 3–4.

Nuttall, Simon (1996). “The Commission: The Struggle for Legitimacy.” In Hill (ed.).

Nuttall, Simon (1997a). “The Common Foreign and Security Policy at Maastricht: Old Friend or New Enemy?” Paper presented at the Fifth Biennial International Conference of the European Community Studies Association, Seattle, WA, May 29–June 1.

Nuttall, Simon (1997b). “Two Decades of European Political Cooperation Performance.” In Regelsberger, de Schoutheete de Tervarent, and Wessels (eds.).

Nuttall, Simon (2001). European Foreign Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Øhrgaard, Jakob C. (1997). “‘Less than Supranational, More than Intergovernmental’: European Political Cooperation and the Dynamics of Intergovernmental Integration.” Millenium: Journal of International Studies 26: 1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

O'Keeffe, David and Patrick M. Twomey, eds. (1994). Legal Issues of the Maastricht Treaty. London: Wiley Chancery Law.

Owen, David (1995). Balkan Odyssey. New York: Harcourt Brace.

Oye, Kenneth A. (1986a). “Explaining Cooperation Under Anarchy: Hypotheses and Strategies.” In Oye (ed.).

Oye, Kenneth A. ed. (1986b). Cooperation Under Anarchy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Pescatore, Pierre (1979). “External Relations in the Case-Law of the Court of Justice of the European Communities.” Common Market Law Review 16: 615–45.Google Scholar

Peterson, John (1995). “Decision-Making in the European Union: Towards a Framework for Analysis.” Journal of European Public Policy 2: 69–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Peterson, John (1998). “Introduction: The European Union as a Global Actor.” In Peterson and Sjursen (eds.).

Peterson, John and Helene Sjursen, eds. (1998). A Common Foreign Policy for Europe? Competing Visions of the Common Foreign and Security Policy. London: Routledge.

Pfetsch, Frank (1994). “Tensions in Sovereignty: Foreign Policies of European Community Members Compared.” In Carlsnaes and Smith (eds.).

Philippart, Éric and Pascaline Winand, eds. (2001). Ever Closer Partnership: Policy-Making in U.S.–EU Relations. Brussels: P.I.E.-Peter Lang.

Piening, Christopher (1997). Global Europe: The European Union in World Affairs. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.

Pierson, Paul (1993). “When Effect Becomes Cause: Policy Feedback and Political Change.” World Politics 45: 595–628.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pijpers, Alfred (1983). “The Netherlands: How to Keep the Spirit of Fouchet in the Bottle.” In Hill (ed.).

Pijpers, Alfred (1991). “European Political Cooperation and the Realist Paradigm.” In Holland (ed.).CrossRef

Pijpers, Alfred, Elfriede Regelsberger, and Wolfgang Wessels, eds. (1988). European Political Cooperation in the 1980s: A Common Foreign Policy for Western Europe? Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

Pollack, Mark A. (1997). “Delegation, Agency, and Agenda Setting in the European Community.” International Organization 51: 99–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pollack, Mark A. (1998). “The Engines of Integration? Supranational Autonomy and Influence in the European Community.” In Stone Sweet and Sandholtz (eds.).

Polsby, Nelson (1968). “The Institutionalization of the U.S. House of Representatives.” American Political Science Review 62: 144–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Powell, Walter W. and Paul J. DiMaggio, eds. (1991). The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Putnam, Robert D. (1988). “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games.” International Organization 42: 429–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Putnam, Robert D. and Nicholas Bayne (1987). Hanging Together: Cooperation and Conflict in the Seven-Power Summits. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Regelsberger, Elfriede (1988). “European Political Cooperation in the 1980s: Reaching Another Plateau?” In Pijpers, Regelsberger, and Wessels (eds.).

Regelsberger, Elfriede (1991). “The Twelve's Dialogue with Third Countries: Progress Towards a Communauté d'Action?” In Holland (ed.).CrossRef

Regelsberger, Elfriede (1993). “European Political Cooperation.” In The New Europe: Politics, Government and Economy Since 1945, Jonathan Story (ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.

Regelsberger, Elfriede (1997). “The Institutional Setup and Functioning of EPC/CFSP.” In Regelsberger, de Schoutheete de Tervarent, and Wessels (eds.).

Regelsberger, Elfriede, Philippe de Schoutheete de Tervarent, and Wolfgang Wessels (1997a). “From European Political Cooperation to Common Foreign and Security Policy: Does Maastricht Push the European Union Toward a Role as a Global Power?” In Regelsberger, de Schoutheete de Tervarent, and Wessels (eds.).

Regelsberger, Elfriede, Philippe de Schoutheete de Tervarent, and Wolfgang Wessels eds. (1997b). Foreign Policy of the European Union: From European Political Cooperation to Common Foreign and Security Policy and Beyond. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.

Regelsberger, Elfriede and Wessels, Wolfgang (1996). “The Common Foreign and Security Policy Institutions and Procedures: A Third Way for the Second Pillar.” European Foreign Affairs Review 1: 29–54.Google Scholar

Richardson, Jeremy J. (1996). “Policy-Making in the European Union: Interests, Ideas, and Garbage Cans of Primevel Soup.” In European Union: Power and Policy-Making, Jeremy J. Richardson (ed.). London: Routledge.

Risse, Thomas (2000). “‘Let's Argue!’ Communicative Action in World Politics.” International Organization 54: 1–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Risse-Kappen, Thomas, ed. (1995a). Bringing Transnational Relations Back In: Non-State Actors, Domestic Structures, and International Institutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Risse-Kappen, Thomas (1995b). Cooperation Among Democracies: The European Influence on U.S. Foreign Policy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Risse-Kappen, Thomas (1996). “Exploring the Nature of the Beast: International Relations Theory and Comparative Policy Analysis Meet the European Union.” Journal of Common Market Studies 34: 53–80.CrossRef

Ross, George Ross (1995). Jacques Delors and European Integration. Cambridge: Polity Press.

RuggieGerard, John (1993). “Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations.” International Organization 47: 139–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rummel, Reinhardt (1982). “The Future of European Political Cooperation.” In Allen, Rummel, and Wessels (eds.).CrossRef

Rummel, Reinhardt ed. (1990). The Evolution of an International Actor: Western Europe's New Assertiveness. Boulder: Westview Press.

Rummel, Reinhardt ed. (1992). Toward Political Union: Planning a Common Foreign and Security Policy in the European Community. Boulder: Westview Press.

Rummel, Reinhardt (1996). “Germany's Role in the Common Foreign and Security Policy: ‘Normalitat’ or ‘Sonderweg’?” In Hill (ed.).

Rummel, Reinhardt (1997). “The Common Foreign and Security Policy's Conflict Prevention Policy.” In Holland (ed.).

Sack, Jörn (1995). “The European Community's Membership of International Organizations.” Common Market Law Review 32: 1227–56.Google Scholar

Sandholtz, Wayne (1996). “Membership Matters: Limits to the Functional Approach to European Institutions.” Journal of Common Market Studies 34: 403–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Scharpf, Fritz W. (1988). “The Joint Decision Trap: Lessons from German Federalism and European Integration.” Public Administration 66: 239–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schimmelfennig, Frank (2001). “The Community Trap: Liberal Norms, Rhetorical Action, and the Eastern Enlargement of the European Union.” International Organization 55: 47–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schmuck, Otto (1991). “The European Parliament as an Institutional Actor.” In The State of the European Community, vol. I: Policies, Institutions & Debates in the Transition Years, Leon Hurwitz and Christian Lequesne (eds.). Boulder: Lynne Rienner.

Schneider, Gerald and Seybold, Claudia (1997). “Twelve Tongues, One Voice: An Evaluation of European Political Cooperation.” European Journal of Political Research 31: 367–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schneider, Heinrich (1997). “The Twelve/Fifteen's Conference Diplomacy: Has the CSCE/OSCE Remained a Successful Platform?” In Regelsberger, de Schoutheete de Tervarent, and Wessels (eds.).

Siedentop, Larry (2001). Democracy in Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Smith, Anthony D. (1992). “National Identity and the Idea of European Unity.” International Affairs 68: 55–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smith, Hazel (1995). European Foreign Policy and Central America. New York: St. Martin's Press.CrossRef

Smith, Michael (1998). “Does the Flag Follow Trade? ‘Politicisation’ and the Emergence of a European Foreign Policy.” In Peterson and Sjursen (eds.).

Smith, Michael E. (1998a). “European Security Cooperation: The European Union's Evaluations and Responses.” In North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the European Union: Confronting the Challenges of European Security Cooperation, S. Victor Papacosma and Pierre-Henri Laurent (eds.). Kent: Lyman L. Lemnitzer Center for North Atlantic Treaty Organization and European Union Studies.

Smith, Michael E. (1998b). “What's Wrong with the Common Foreign and Security Policy? The Politics of Institutional Reform.” In The State of the European Union, vol. IV: Deepening and Widening, Pierre-Henri Laurent and Marc Maresceau (eds.). Boulder: Lynne Rienner.

Smith, Michael E. (2000). “Conforming to Europe: The Domestic Impact of European Foreign Policy Cooperation.” Journal of European Public Policy 7: 613–31.CrossRef

Smith, Michael E. (2001a). “Diplomacy by Decree: The Legalization of European Union Foreign Policy.” Journal of Common Market Studies 39: 79–104.CrossRef

Smith, Michael E. (2001b). “The Quest for Coherence: Institutional Dilemmas of External Action from Maastricht to Amsterdam.” In Stone Sweet, Sandholtz, and Fligstein (eds.).

Snyder, F. (1993). Soft Law and Institutional Practice in the European Community. Brussels: European University Institute Working Paper, LAW 93/5.

Snyder, Jack (1984). The Ideology of the Offensive: Military Decision Making and the Disasters of 1914. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Soetendorp, Ben (1994). “The Evolution of the EC/EU as a Single Foreign Policy Actor.” In Carlsnaes and Smith (eds.).

Soetendorp, Ben (1999). Foreign Policy in the European Union. London: Longman.

Stavridis, Stelios (1997). “The Democratic Control of Common Foreign and Security Policy.” In Holland (ed.).

Stavridis, Stelios and Christopher Hill, eds. (1996). Domestic Sources of Foreign Policy: Western European Reactions to the Falklands Conflict. Oxford: Berg Publishers.

Stein, Arthur A. (1983). “Coordination and Collaboration: Regimes in an Anarchic World.” In Krasner (ed.).

Stein, Arthur A. (1990). Why Nations Cooperate: Circumstance and Choice in International Relations. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Steinmo, Sven, Kathleen Thelen, and Frank Longstreth, eds. (1992). Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Stone, Alec (1994). “What Is a Supranational Constitution? An Essay in International Relations Theory.” The Review of Politics 56: 441–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sweet, Stone Alec and Brunell, Thomas L. (1998). “Constructing a Supranational Constitution: Dispute Resolution and Governance in the European Community.” American Political Science Review 92: 63–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stone Sweet, Alec and Wayne Sandholtz (1998a). “Integration, Supranational Governance, and the Institutionalization of the European Polity.” In Stone Sweet and Sandholtz (eds.).

Stone Sweet, Alec and Wayne Sandholtz eds. (1998b). Supranational Governance: The Institutionalization of the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Stone Sweet, Alec, Wayne Sandholtz, and Neil Fligstein, eds. (2001). The Institutionalization of Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRef

Stubb, Alexander C.-G. (1996). “A Categorization of Differentiated Integration.” Journal of Common Market Studies 34: 283–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Taylor, Phillip (1979). When Europe Speaks With One Voice: The External Relations of the European Community. Westport: Greenwood Press.

Taylor, Trevor (1994). “West European Security and Defense Cooperation: Maastricht and Beyond.” International Affairs 70: 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Thelen, Kathleen and Sven Steinmo (1992). “Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics.” In Steinmo, Thelen, and Longstreth (eds.).CrossRef

Tietje, Christian (1997). “The Concept of Coherence in the Treaty on European Union and the Common Foreign and Security Policy.” European Foreign Affairs Review 2: 211–33.Google Scholar

Tindemans, Leo (1976). “European Union.” Bulletin of the European Communities (Supplement), No. 1.

Turnbull, Penelope and Wayne Sandholtz (2001). “Migration and Policing: The Evolution of European Policy Spaces.” In Stone Sweet, Sandholtz, and Fligstein (eds.).

Ueta, Takako (1997). “The Stability Pact: From the Balladur Initiative to the European Union Joint Action.” In Holland (ed.).

Evera, Stephen (1984). “The Cult of the Offensive and the Origins of the First World War.” International Security 9: 58–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

van Praag, Nicholas (1982a). “Political Cooperation and Southern Europe: Case Studies in Crisis Management.” In Allen, Rummel, and Wessels (eds.).

van Praag, Nicholas (1982b). “European Political Cooperation and Southern Africa.” In Allen, Rummel, and Wessels (eds.).

der Gablentz, Otto (1979). “Luxembourg Revisited, or the Importance of European Political Cooperation.” Common Market Law Review 16: 685–99.Google Scholar

von Groll, Götz (1982). “The Nine at the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe.” In Allen, Rummel, and Wessels (eds.).

von Jagow, Peter (1990). “European Political Cooperation: Concerted Diplomacy in an Inter-Regional Context.” In Edwards and Regelsberger (eds.).

von Staden, Alfred (1994). “After Maastricht: Explaining the Movement Towards a Common European Defence Policy.” In Carlsnaes and Smith (eds.).

Wæver, Ole (1996). “European Security Identities.” Journal of Common Market Studies 34: 103–32.Google Scholar

Wallace, Helen (1986). “The Conduct of Bilateral Relationships by Governments.” In Partners and Rivals in Western Europe: Britain, France, and Germany, Roger Morgan and Caroline Bray (eds.). Brookfield: Gower.

Wallace, Helen and Edwards, Geoffrey (1976). “European Community: The Evolving Role of the Presidency of the Council.” International Affairs 53: 535–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wallace, William (1982). “National Inputs into European Political Cooperation.” In Allen, Rummel, and Wessels (eds.).CrossRef

Wallace, William (1983a). “Political Cooperation: Integration through Intergovernmentalism.” In Policy-Making in the European Community, Helen Wallace, William Wallace, and Carole Webb (eds.). London: John Wiley & Sons.

Wallace, William (1983b). “Introduction: Cooperation and Convergence in European Foreign Policy.” In Hill (ed.).

Wallace, William and David Allen (1977). “Political Cooperation: Procedure as Substitute for Policy.” In Policy-Making in the European Communities, Helen Wallace, William Wallace, and Carole Webb (eds.). London: John Wiley & Sons.

Walt, Stephen M. (1988). The Origins of Alliances. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Waltz, Kenneth N. (1979). Theory of International Politics. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Weiler, Joseph H. H. (1985). The Evolution of the Mechanisms and Institutions for a European Foreign Policy. Florence: European University Institute Working Paper, No. 202.

Weiler, Joseph (1993). “Neither Unity Nor Three Pillars – The Trinity Structure of the Treaty on European Union.” In The Maastricht Treaty on European Union: Legal Complexity and Political Dynamic, Jörg Monar, Werner Ungerer, and Wolfgang Wessels (eds.). Brussels: European Interuniversity Press.

Weiler, Joseph H. H. and Wolfgang Wessels (1988). “European Political Cooperation and the Challenge of Theory.” In Pijpers, Regelsberger, and Wessels (eds.)

Wendt, Alexander (1994). “Collective Identity Formation and the International State.” American Political Science Review 88: 384–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wendt, Alexander (1999). Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Wessel, Ramses A. (1997). “The International Legal Status of the European Union.” European Foreign Affairs Review 2: 109–29.Google Scholar

Wessels, Wolfgang (1982). “European Political Cooperation: A New Approach to European Foreign Policy.” In Allen, Rummel, and Wessels (eds.).CrossRef

White, Brian (2001). Understanding European Foreign Policy. Basingstoke: Palgrave.CrossRef

Whitman, Richard (1998). From Civilian Power to Superpower? The International Identity of the European Union. London: Macmillan.CrossRef

Williamson, Oliver E. (1983). “Credible Commitments: Using Hostages to Support Exchange.” American Economic Review 73: 519–40.Google Scholar

Winn, Neil (1996). European Crisis Management in the 1980s. Aldershot, UK: Dartmouth.

Wood, Pia Christina (1993). “European Political Cooperation: Lessons from the Gulf War and Yugoslavia.” In The State of the European Community, vol. II: The Maastricht Debates and Beyond, Alan W. Cafruny and Glenda G. Rosenthal (eds.). Boulder: Lynne Rienner.

Woodward, S. L. (1995). Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution after the Cold War. Washington: Brookings Institution.

Yee, Albert S. (1996). “The Causal Effects of Ideas on Policies.” International Organization 50: 69–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Young, Oran R. (1989). International Cooperation: Building Regimes for Natural Resources and the Environment. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Young, Oran R. (1992). “The Effectiveness of International Institutions: Hard Cases and Critical Variables.” In Governance Without Government: Change and Order in World Politics, James M. Rosenau and Ernst-Otto Czempiel (eds.). New York: Cambridge University Press.