Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-42gr6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T14:16:27.431Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Depression as a longitudinal outcome and antecedent of preadolescents' peer relationships and peer-relevant cognition

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 April 2009

Melanie J. Zimmer-Gembeck ,
Tracey A. Hunter ,
Allison M. Waters  and
Rhiarne Pronk
Melanie J. Zimmer-Gembeck*
Affiliation:
Griffith University, Australia
Tracey A. Hunter
Affiliation:
Griffith University, Australia
Allison M. Waters
Affiliation:
Griffith University, Australia
Rhiarne Pronk
Affiliation:
Griffith University, Australia
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Melanie J. Zimmer-Gembeck, School of Psychology, Griffith University–Gold Coast Campus, Private Mail Bag 50 GCMC, Southport, Queensland 9726, Australia; E-mail: m.zimmer-gembeck@griffith.edu.au.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Using longitudinal data and structural modeling, we investigated bidirectional associations among preadolescents' peer relationships, peer-relevant cognition, and depressive symptoms. Depression was expected to be an outcome and precursor of peer-relevant cognition, and cognition was expected to be an outcome and precursor of being more or less liked by classmates (peer likeability). We also examined whether cognition mediated the association between peer likeability and depression. Participants were 308 students (mean age = 11.0, SD = 0.9) who participated twice during a school year. A third assessment was completed with Grade 5 to 6 students 1 year after the second assessment. The model with bidirectional paths had a good fit to the data, but the most parsimonious model was an “effects” model showing that preadolescents with more depressive symptoms had less positive peer-relevant cognition at later assessments, and that those with more positive peer-relevant cognition were more liked by their peers over time. There were no age differences, some gender differences, and no support for cognition as a moderator of the association between depression and peer likeability.

Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 21 , Issue 2 , May 2009 , pp. 555 - 577
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abela, J. R. Z. (2001). The hopelessness theory of depression: A test of the diathesis-stress and causal mediation components in third to seventh grade children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29, 241–254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., & Francis, E. L. (1999). Do negative cognitive styles confer vulnerability to depression? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8, 128–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asher, S. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1986). Identifying children who are rejected by their peers. Developmental Psychology, 22, 444–449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bagwell, C. L., Schmidt, M. E., Newcomb, A. F., & Bukowski, W. M. (2001). Friendship and peer rejection as predictors of adult adjustment. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 91, 25–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baltes, P. B., Reese, H. W., & Nesselroade, J. R. (1988). Life-span developmental psychology: Introduction to research methods. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497–529.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness-of-fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berndt, T. J. (1996). Exploring the effects of friendship quality on social development. In Bukowski, W. M., Newcomb, A. F., & Hartup, W. W. (Eds.), The company they keep: Friendship in childhood and adolescence (pp. 346–365). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Berndt, T. J. (2004). Children's friendships: Shifts over a half-century in perspectives on their development and their effects. Merrill–Palmer Quarterly, 50, 206–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bierman, K. (2003). Peer rejection. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Birmaher, B., Ryan, N. D., Williamson, D. E., Brent, D. A., Kaufman, J., Dahl, R. E., et al. (1996). Childhood and adolescent depression: A review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1427–1439.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boivin, M., Poulin, F., & Vitaro, F. (1994). Depressed mood and peer rejection in childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 483–498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolger, N., Davis, A., & Raffaeli, E. (2003). Diary methods: Capturing life as it is lived. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 579–616.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In Bollen, K. A. & Long, J. S. (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Bukowski, W. M. (2001). Friendship and the worlds of childhood. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 91, 93–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bukowski, A. L., & Adams, R. (2005). Peer relationships and psychopathology: Markers, moderators, mediators, mechanisms, and meanings. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 3–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caldwell, M. S., Rudolph, K. D., Troop-Gordon, W., & Kim, D. Y. (2004). Reciprocal influences among relational self-views, social disengagement, and peer stress during early adolescence. Child Development, 75, 1140–1154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (1995). Developmental psychopathology and disorders of affect. In Cicchetti, D. & Cohen, D. J. (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (Vol. 2, pp. 369–420). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (1998). The development of depression in children and adolescents. American Psychologist, 53, 221–241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cillessen, A. H. N., & Bukowski, W. M. (Eds.). (2000). Recent advances in the measurement of acceptance and rejection in the peer system. San Francisco, CA: Jossey–Bass.Google Scholar
Cole, D. A., Martin, J. M., Peeke, L. G., Serocsynski, A. D., & Hoffman, K. (1998). Are cognitive errors of underestimation predictive or reflective of depressive symptoms in children: A longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 481–496.Google Scholar
Cole, D. A., Martin, J. M., Powers, B., & Truglio, R. (1996). Modelling causal relations between academic and social competence and depression: A multitrait-multimethod longitudinal study of children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 258–270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cole, D. A., & Maxwell, S. E. (2003). Testing mediational models with longitudinal data: Questions and tips in the use of structural equation modeling. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 558–577.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cole, D. A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Girgus, J., & Paul, G. (2006). Stress exposure and stress generation in child and adolescent depression: A latent trait–state–error approach to longitudinal analyses. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 40–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cole, D. A., & Turner, J. E. Jr. (1993). Models of cognitive mediation and moderation in child development. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 271–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coyne, J. C. (1976). Toward an interactional description of depression. Psychiatry, 39, 28–40.Google Scholar
Coyne, J. C., & Whiffen, V. E. (1995). Issues in personality as diathesis for depression: The case of sociotrophy-dependency and autonomy-self criticism. Psychological Bulletin, 118, 358–378.Google Scholar
Crick, N. R. (1996). The role of overt aggression, relational aggression, and prosocial behavior in the prediction of children's future social adjustment. Child Development, 67, 2317–2327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children's social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 74–113.Google Scholar
Crick, N. R., & Ladd, G. W. (1993). Children's perceptions of their peer experiences: Attributions, loneliness, social anxiety, and social avoidance. Developmental Psychology, 29, 244–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crick, N., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2003). The development of psychopathology in females and males: Current progress and future challenges. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 719–742.Google Scholar
Cyranowski, J. M., Frank, E., Young, E., & Shear, K. (2000). Adolescent onset of the gender difference in lifetime rates of major depression: A theoretical model. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 21–27.Google Scholar
Davila, J., Ramsay, M., Stroud, C. B., & Steinberg, S. J. (2005). Attachment as vulnerability to the development of psychopathology. In Hankin, B. L. & Abela, J. R. Z. (Eds.), The development of psychopathology: A vulnerability-stress perspective (pp. 215–242). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
DeRosier, M. E., & Thomas, J. M. (2003). Strengthening sociometric prediction: Scientific advances in the assessment of children's peer relations. Child Development, 75, 1379–1392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dixon, J. F., & Ahrens, A. H. (1992). Stress and attributional style as predictors of self-reported depression in children. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 623–634.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman, S. S., & Elliott, G. R. (Eds.). (1990). At the threshold: The developing adolescent. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Furman, W., & Buhrmester, D. (1992). Age and sex differences in perceptions of networks of personal relationships. Child Development, 63, 103–115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garber, J., & Kaminski, K. M. (2000). Laboratory and performance-based measures of depression in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29, 509–525.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garber, J., Keiley, M. K, & Martin, N. C. (2002). Developmental trajectories of adolescents' depressive symptoms: Predictors of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 79–95.Google Scholar
Gibb, B. E., Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Beevers, C. G., & Miller, I. W. (2004). Cognitive vulnerability to depression: A taxometric analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 81–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gleicher, F., & Weary, G. (1991). Effect of depression on quantity and quality of social inferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 105–114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hammen, C. L. (2005). Stress and depression. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 293–319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hammen, C. L., Burge, D., Daley, S. E., & Davila, J. (1995). Interpersonal attachment cognitions and prediction of symptomatic responses to interpersonal stress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 436–443.Google Scholar
Harter, S. (1982). The Perceived Competence Scale for Children. Child Development, 53, 87–97.Google Scholar
Harter, S. (1990). Causes, correlates, and the functional role of global self-worth: A life span perspective. In Sternberg, R. J. & Kolligian, J. (Eds.), Competence considered (pp. 67–97). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Harter, S. (1999). The construction of the self: A developmental perspective. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Harter, S., & Whitesell, N. R. (1996). Multiple pathways to self-reported depression and psychological adjustment among adolescents. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 761–777.Google Scholar
Hartup, W. W. (1989). Social relationships and their developmental significance. American Psychologist, 44, 120–126.Google Scholar
Hecht, D. B., Inderbitzen, H. M., & Bukowski, A. L. (1998). The relationship between peer status and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 153–160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hilsman, R., & Garber, J. (1995). A test of the cognitive diathesis-stress model of depression in children: Academic stressors, attributional style, perceived competence, and control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 370–380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoffman, K. B., Cole, D. A., Martin, J. M., Tram, J., & Seroczynski, A. D. (2000). Are the discrepancies between self- and others' appraisals of competence predictive or reflective of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents: A longitudinal study, part II. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 651–662.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.Google Scholar
Hymel, S., Rubin, K. H., Rowden, L., & LeMare, L. (1990). Children's peer relationships: Longitudinal prediction of internalizing and externalizing problems from middle to late childhood. Child Development, 61, 2004–2021.Google Scholar
Jaccard, J., Turrisi, R., & Wan, C. K. (1990). Interaction effects in multiple regression. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Jaccard, J., & Wan, C. K. (1995). LISREL approaches to interaction effects in multiple regression. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Joiner, T. E. Jr. (1995). The price of soliciting and receiving negative feedback: Self-verification theory as a vulnerability to depression theory. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 364–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joiner, T. E. Jr. (2000). Depression's vicious scree: Self-propagating and erosive processes in depression chronicity. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 7, 203–218.Google Scholar
Joiner, T. E. Jr., Wingah, L., Gencoz, T., & Gencoz, F. (2005). Stress generation in depression: Three studies on its resilience, possible mechanism, and symptom specificity. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24, 236–253.Google Scholar
Kaplan, D. (2000). Structural equation modeling: Foundations and extensions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Kistner, J. A., David-Ferdon, C. F., Repper, K. K., & Joiner, T. E. (2006). Bias and accuracy of children's perceptions of peer acceptance: Prospective associations with depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 349–361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kovacs, M. (1985). The Children's Depression Inventory. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21, 995–998.Google Scholar
Kuperminc, G. P., Blatt, S. J., Shahar, G., Henrich, C., & Leadbeater, B. J. (2004). Cultural equivalence and cultural variance in longitudinal associations of young adolescent self-definition and interpersonal relatedness to psychological and social adjustment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33, 13–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landis, R. S., Beal, D. J., & Tesluk, P. E. (2000). A comparison of approaches to forming composite measures in structural equation models. Organizational Research Methods, 3, 186–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leary, M. R., & Downs, D. L. (1995). Interpersonal functions of the self-esteem motive: The self-esteem system as a sociometer. In Kernis, M. (Ed.), Efficacy, agency, and self-esteem (pp. 123–144). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Leary, M. R., Schreindorfer, L. S., & Haupt, A. L. (1999). The role of low self-esteem in emotional and behavioral problems: Why is low self-esteem dysfunctional? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 14, 297–314.Google Scholar
Levendosky, A. A., Okun, A., & Parker, J. G. (1995). Depression and maltreatment as predictors of social competence and social problem solving skills in school-age children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19, 1183–1195.Google Scholar
Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 151–173.Google Scholar
Lopez, C., & DuBois, D. L. (2005). Peer victimization and rejection: Investigation of an integrative model of effects on emotional, behavioral, and academic adjustment in early adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 25–36.Google Scholar
Martin, J. M., Cole, D. A., Clausen, A., Logan, J., & Strosher, H. L. W. (2003). Moderators of the relation between popularity and depressive symptoms in children: Processing strength and friendship value. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 471–483.Google Scholar
McGuire, S., Manke, B., Saudino, K. J., Reiss, D., Hetherington, E. M., & Plomin, R. (1999). Perceived competence and self-worth during adolescence: A longitudinal behavioral genetic study. Child Development, 70, 1283–1296.Google Scholar
Moran, P. B., & Eckenrode, J. (1991). Gender differences in the costs and benefits of peer relationships during adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Research, 6, 396–409.Google Scholar
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2001). Gender differences in depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10, 173–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Girgus, J. S. (1994). The emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 424–443.Google Scholar
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Girgus, J. S., & Seligman, M. E. (1992). Predictors and consequences of childhood depressive symptoms: A 5-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 405–422.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oldehinkel, A. J., Rosmalen, J. G. M., Veenstra, R., Kornelis Dijkstra, J., & Ormel, J. (2007). Being admired or being liked: Classroom social status and depressive problems in early adolescent girls and boys. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 417–427.Google Scholar
Panak, W. F., & Garber, J. (1992). Role of aggression, rejection, and attributions in the prediction of depression in children. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 145–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, J. G., Rubin, K. H., Price, J. M., & DeRosier, M. E. (1995). Peer relationships, child development, and adjustment: A developmental psychopathology perspective. In Cicchetti, D. & Cohen, D. J. (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (Vol. 2, pp. 96–161). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Petersen, A. C., Sargiani, P. A., & Kennedy, R. E. (1991). Adolescent depression: Why more girls? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20, 247–271.Google Scholar
Pomerantz, E. M., & Rudolph, K. D. (2003). What ensues from emotional distress? Implications for competence estimation. Child Development, 74, 329–345.Google Scholar
Prinstein, M. J., Borelli, J. L., Cheah, C. S. L., Simon, V. A., & Wargo Aikins, J. (2005). Adolescent girls' interpersonal vulnerability to depressive symptoms: A longitudinal examination of reassurance-seeking and peer relationships. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 676–688.Google Scholar
Rose, A. J., & Rudolph, K. D. (2006). A review of sex differences in peer relationship processes: Potential trade-offs for the emotional and behavioral development of girls and boys. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 98–131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rudolph, K. D. (2002). Gender differences in emotional responses to interpersonal stress during adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 30, 3–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rudolph, K. D., & Asher, S. R. (2000). Adaptation and maladaptation in the peer system: Developmental processes and outcomes. In Sameroff, A. J. & Lewis, M. (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychopathology (2nd ed., pp. 157–175). Dordrecht: Kluwer.Google Scholar
Rudolph, K. D., & Clark, A. G. (2001). Conceptions of relationships in children with depressive and aggressive symptoms: Social-cognitive distortion or reality? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29, 41–56.Google Scholar
Rudolph, K. D., Hammen, C., & Burge, D. (1994). Interpersonal functioning and depressive symptoms in childhood: Addressing the issues of specificity and comorbidity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 22, 355–371.Google Scholar
Rudolph, K. D., Hammen, C., & Burge, D. (1995). Cognitive representations of self, family, and peers in school-age children: Links with social competence and sociometric status. Child Development, 66, 1385–1402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rudolph, K. D., Hammen, C., & Burge, D. (1997). A cognitive-interpersonal approach to depressive symptoms in preadolescent children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 33–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rudolph, K. D., Hammen, C., Burge, D., Lindberg, N., Herzberg, D., & Daley, S. E. (2000). Toward an interpersonal life-stress model of depression: The developmental context of stress generation. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 215–234.Google Scholar
Rutter, M., Dunn, J., Plomin, R., Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Maughan, B., et al. (1997). Integrating nature and nurture: Implications of person–environment correlations and interactions for developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 335–364.Google Scholar
Sacco, W. P., & Dunn, V. K. (1990). Effect of actor depression on observer attributions: Existence and impact of negative attributions toward the depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 517–524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneiders, J., Nicolson, N. A., Berkhof, J., Feron, F. J., Os, J. V., & deVries, M. W. (2006). Mood reactivity to daily negative events in early adolescence: Relationship to risk for psychopathology. Developmental Psychology, 42, 543–554.Google Scholar
Segrin, C. (2001). Interpersonal processes in psychological problems. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7, 422–445.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SmallWaters Corporation. (1999). AMOS 4.0 user's guide. Chicago: Author.Google Scholar
Steinberg, L., Lamborn, S. D., Darling, N., Mounts, N. S., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1994). Over-time changes in adjustment and competence among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families. Child Development, 65, 754–770.Google Scholar
Swenson, L. P., & Rose, A. J. (2003). Friends as reporters of children's and adolescents' depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 619–631.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.Google Scholar
Turner, J. E., & Cole, D. A. (1994). Developmental differences in cognitive diathesis for child depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 22, 15–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vernberg, E. M. (1990). Psychological adjustment and experiences with peers during early adolescence: Reciprocal, incidental, or unidirectional relationships? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18, 187–198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weinstock, L. M., & Whisman, M. A. (2004). The self-verification model of depression and interpersonal rejection in heterosexual dating relationships. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 240–259.Google Scholar
Weisz, J. R., Rudolph, K. D., Granger, D. A., & Sweeney, L. (1992). Cognition, competence, and coping in child and adolescent depression: Research findings, developmental concerns, therapeutic implications. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 627–653.Google Scholar
Wichstrom, L. (1999). The emergence of gender difference in depressed mood during adolescence: The role of intensified gender socialization. Developmental Psychology, 35, 232–245.Google Scholar
Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Chipuer, H. M., Hanisch, M., Creed, P. A., & McGregor, L. (2006). Relationships at school and environmental fit as resources for adolescent engagement and achievement. Journal of Adolescence, 29, 911–933.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Hunter, T. A., & Pronk, R. (2007). A model of behaviors, peer relations and depression: Perceived social acceptance as a mediator and the divergence of perceptions. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26, 273–283.Google Scholar