Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-4hhp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-24T19:00:20.558Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A Deliberative Approach to Northeast Asia's Contested History*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 January 2012

BAOGANG HE
Affiliation:
Chair in International Studies, School of International and Political Studies, Deakin University, Australiabaogang.he@deakin.edu.au
DAVID HUNDT
Affiliation:
Senior Lecturer in International Relations, School of International and Political Studies, Deakin University, Australiadhundt@deakin.edu.au

Abstract

The failure to reconcile views of the past and to address historical injustice has damaged inter-state relations in Northeast Asia. Joint committees, dialogues, and the participation of civil society have been used to address historical issues, but scholars in the disciplines of international relations and area studies have largely ignored these dialogues and deliberative forums. At the same time, there is an emergent theoretical literature on how deliberative democracy can address ethnic conflicts and historical injustice. There is a serious disconnect or distance between the theoretical literature on the resolution of conflicts via deliberation on the one hand, and empirical studies of deliberative approach in East Asia on the other. This article aims to address this shortcoming in the study of the politics of historical dispute in Northeast Asia by proposing a deliberative approach to history disputes and highlighting the achievements, limits, and dynamics of deliberation. Through mapping and comparative testing, we confirm that deliberation offers some potential for a departure from nationalist mentalities and a shift towards a consciousness of regional history in Northeast Asia. Our empirical test of the utility of the deliberative approach suggests that a new model for addressing regional disputes may be emerging.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahn, S. (2005), ‘“Mirae-reul Yeoneun Yeoksa” Jippilwiwon Interview Jeonmun (A Full-Length Interview with the Editorial Committee of “A History that Opens the Future”)’, Hankyoreh Sinmun, 15 May, www.hani.co.kr/section-003000000/2005/05/003000000200505151341001.html (accessed 13 August 2006).Google Scholar
Ahn, S., Park, J., and Lee, S. (2005), ‘Han–Jung–Il Junghaksaeng Iut Yeoksa “Gamgam” (Korean, Chinese and Japanese Middle Schoolers “Ignorant” about Regional History)’, Hankyoreh Sinmun, 13 May, www.hani.co.kr/section-003000000/2005/05/003000000200505131943039.html (accessed 24 April 2008).Google Scholar
Alterman, E. (1999), ‘Untangling Balkan Knots of Myth and Countermyth’, New York Times, 31 July.Google Scholar
Bao, Y. (2006), ‘Modern History of East Asia causes a Big Response’, china.com, 16 May, www.china.com.cn/txt/2006-05/16/content_6210462.htm (accessed 12 August 2008).Google Scholar
Bleiker, R. (2005), Divided Korea: Toward a Culture of Reconciliation, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Bleiker, R. and Hoang, Y. (2007), ‘On the Use and Abuse of Korea's Past: An Inquiry into History Teaching and Reconciliation’, in Cole, E.A. (ed.), Teaching the Violent Past: History Education and Reconciliation, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, pp. 249–74.Google Scholar
Bu, P. (2005), ‘Interview with One Editor of Modern History of East Asia’, Sina, 30 June, www.sina.com.cn (accessed 24 August 2008].Google Scholar
Chosun Ilbo (2005a), ‘Han-Jung-Il hamgye mandeun Yeoksa Gyojae (History Teaching Materials jointly made by Korea, China and Japan)’, Chosun Ilbo, 27 May, http://books.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2005/05/27/2005052755209.html?srchCol=news&srchUrl=news3 (accessed 30 May 2009).Google Scholar
Chosun Ilbo (2005b), ‘“Mirae-reul Yeoneun Yeoksa” vs. Il “Sae-Yeok-Mo Gyogwaseo” (“Modern History of East Asia” vs. Japan's “New History Textbook”)’, Chosun Ilbo, 26 May, http://news.chosun.com/svc/content_view/content_view.html?contid=2005052670156&srchCol=news&srchUrl=news1 (accessed 30 May 2009).Google Scholar
Cohen, J. (1989), ‘Deliberation and Democratic Legitimacy’, in Hamlin, A. and Pettit, P. (eds.), The Good Polity, New York: Blackwell, pp. 1734.Google Scholar
Cohen, J. and Sabel, C. (1997), ‘Directly Deliberative Polyarchy’, European Law Journal, 3 (4): 313–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, E. A. (ed.) (2007), Teaching the Violent Past: History Education and Reconciliation, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Collingwood, R. G. (1946), The Idea of History, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Croce, B. (1941), History as the Story of Liberty, London: George Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Cumings, B. (2007), ‘Why Memory Lingers in East Asia’, Current History, (September): 257–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dryzek, J. S. (1990), Discursive Democracy: Politics, Policy and Political Science, New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dryzek, J. S. (1996), Democracy in Capitalist Times: Ideas, Limits and Struggles, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dryzek, J. S. (2000), Deliberative Democracy and Beyond: Liberals, Critics, Contestations, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dryzek, J. S. (2005), ‘Deliberative Democracy in Divided Societies: Alternatives to Agonism and Analgesia’, Political Theory, 33 (2): 218–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dryzek, J. S. (2006), Deliberative Global Politics, Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Dwyer, S. (1999), ‘Reconciliation for realists’, Ethics and International Affairs, 13 (1): 8198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elster, J. (ed.) (1998), Deliberative Democracy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fishkin, J. S., Gallagher, T., Luskin, R., McGrady, J., O’Flynn, I., and Russell, D. (2007), ‘A Deliberative Poll on Education: What Provisions do Informed Parents in Northern Ireland Want?’, http://cdd.stanford.edu/polls/nireland/2007/omagh-report.pdf (accessed 15 May 2008).Google Scholar
Fung, A. (2003), ‘Recipes for Public Spheres: Eight Institutional Design Choices and Their Consequences’, Journal of Political Philosophy, 11 (3): 338–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fung, A. and Wright, E. O. (2001), ‘Deepening Democracy: Experiments in Empowered Participatory Governance’, Politics and Society, 29 (1): 541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Go, S. (2006), ‘Jungguk-ui Hanguk-e daehan Insik: Sujikjeok Insik-eul Neomeoseo Supyeongjeok Insik-euro-ui Baljeon Jeonmang (China's Perceptions of Korea: Prospects for Advancing Beyond Vertical Perceptions to Horizontal Perceptions’, Gukka Jeollyak, 12 (4): 105–34.Google Scholar
Gong, G. W. (2001), ‘The Beginning of History: Remembering and Forgetting as Strategic Issues’, Washington Quarterly, 24 (2): 4557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodin, R. E. (2002), Reflective Democracy, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ha, D. (2006), ‘Han–Jung Jeongsang Huidam-ui Seonggwa-wa Uimi (Results and Significance of the Korea–China Summit Meeting)’, Jeongse-wa Jeongchaek, November, 11–13.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. (1984), The Theory of Communicative Action: Reason and the Rationalization of Society. McCarthy, T., trans. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. (1996), Between Facts and Norms: Contribution to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, Rehg, W. trans., Cambridge: Polity Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayashi, H. (2008), ‘Disputes in Japan over the Japanese Military “Comfort Women” System and Its Perception in History’, Annals of the American Academy of Political Science and Social Science, 617: 123–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
He, Baogang (2004a), ‘Transnational Civil Society and the National Identity Question in East Asia’, Global Governance, 10 (2): 227–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
He, Baogang (2004b), ‘East Asian Ideas of Regionalism’, Australian Journal of International Affairs, 58 (1): 105–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
He, Baogang (2006), ‘Western Theories of Deliberative Democracy and the Chinese Practice of Complex Deliberative Governance’, in Leib, E. and He, B. (eds.), The Search for Deliberative Democracy in China, New York: Palgrave, pp. 133–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
He, Baogang (2010), ‘A Deliberative Approach to the Tibet Autonomy Issue: Promoting Mutual Trust through Dialogue’, Asian Survey, 50 (4): 709–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
He, Baogang and Murphy, M. (2007), ‘Global Social Justice at the WTO? The Role of NGOs in Constructing Global Social Contracts’, International Affairs, 83 (4): 707–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
He, Baogang and Warren, M. (2011), ‘Authoritarian Deliberation: The Deliberative Turn in Chinese Political Development’, Perspectives on Politics, 9 (2): 269289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
He, Y. (2006), ‘National Mythmaking and the Problems of History in Sino–Japanese Relations’, in Lam, P.E. (ed.), Japan's Relations with China: Facing a Rising Power, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, pp. 6991.Google Scholar
Heisler, M. O. (2008a), ‘Challenged Histories and Collective Self-Concepts: Politics in History, Memory and Time’, Annals of the American Academy of Political Science and Social Science, 617: 199211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heisler, M. O. (2008b), ‘The Political Currency of the Past: History, Memory and Identity’, Annals of the American Academy of Political Science and Social Science, 617: 1424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horvat, A. (2006), ‘A Strong State, Weak Civil Society and Cold War Geopolitics: Why Japan lags behind Europe in Confronting a Negative Past’, in Shin, G., Park, S., and Yang, D. (eds.), Rethinking Historical Injustice and Reconciliation in Northeast Asia: The Korean Experience, New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 216–34.Google Scholar
Hundt, D. and Bleiker, R. (2007), ‘Reconciling Colonial Memories in Korea and Japan’, Asian Perspective, 31 (1): 6191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Crisis Group (2005), North East Asia's Undercurrents of Conflict, Seoul: The International Crisis Group, Asia Report No. 108, 15 December.Google Scholar
Ivison, D. (2010), ‘Deliberative Democracy and the Politics of Reconciliation’, in Kahane, D., Weinstock, Daniel, Leydet, Dominique, and Williams, Melissa (eds.), Deliberative Democracy in Practice, Vancouver: UBC Press, pp. 115–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, T. (2005), ‘Sino–ROK Relations at a Crossroads: Looming Tensions amid Growing Interdependence’, Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, 17 (1): 129–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, W. (2008), ‘Han-Jung-Il Gongdong Yeoksa Gyogwaseo “Husokpyeon”-do Nounda (A “Follow-Up Volume” to the History Textbook jointly produced by Korea, China and Japan will Also Appear)’, Kukmin Ilbo, 9 November, http://news.kukinews.com/article/view.asp?page=1&gCode=kmi&arcid=0921090513&cp=nv (accessed 19 June 2009).Google Scholar
Li, D. (2003), ‘Shilun Gāogōulì Lishi Yanjiu de Jige Wenti (On the Issue of Gāogōulì Historical Research)’, Guangming Daily, 24 June, www.chinazangnan.com/show.aspx?id=45&cid=19 (accessed 11 August 2008).Google Scholar
MOFAT (2007), ‘Issues in Focus: Goguryeo’, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Republic of Korea, www.mofat.go.kr/english/political/hotissues/goguryeo/index.jsp (accessed 14 August 2008).Google Scholar
Moon, C. and Suh, S. (2007), ‘Burdens of the Past: Overcoming History, the Politics of Identity and Nationalism in Asia’, Global Asia, 2 (1): 3248.Google Scholar
Morris–Suzuki, T. (2007), ‘Who is Responsible? The Yomiuri Project and the Legacy of the Asia–Pacific War in Japan’, Asian Perspective, 31 (1): 177–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oakeshott, M. (1933), Experience and Its Modes, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
O'Flynn, I. (2006), Deliberative Democracy and Divided Societies, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pingel, F. (2008), ‘Can Truth be Negotiated? History Textbook Revision as a Means to Reconciliation’, Annals of the American Academy of Political Science and Social Science, 617: 181–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qian, F. (2009), ‘Internationalizing the Memory: The Building and Rebuilding of the Nanjing Massacre Memorial’, Paper presented at the University of Concordia, Canada, April.Google Scholar
Ryuichi, N. (2006), ‘“Dong Asia”-ui Ganeungseong (The Possibility of “East Asia”)’, Changjak-gwa-Bipyeong, 131: 401–18.Google Scholar
Schneider, C. (2008), ‘The Japanese History Textbook Controversy in East Asian Perspective’, Annals of the American Academy of Political Science and Social Science, 617: 107–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shin, G., Park, S., and Yang, D. (eds.) (2006), Rethinking Historical Injustice and Reconciliation in Northeast Asia: The Korean Experience, New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sin, J. (2008), ‘“How to Cross the Border” of Historical Perceptions in the History Textbooks of Korea, China and Japan: “Liquidation” of the Asia–Pacific War and Historical Reconciliation’, Korea Journal, 48 (3): 133–65.Google Scholar
Song, K. (2004), ‘China's Attempt at “Stealing” Parts of Ancient Korean History’, Review of Korean Studies, 7 (4): 93122.Google Scholar
Suh, J.-J. (2007), ‘War-Like History or Diplomatic History? Contentions over the Past and Regional Orders in Northeast Asia’, Australian Journal of International Affairs, 61 (3): 382402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sun, J. (2001), ‘Some Issues regarding the Study of Ownership of Koguryo’, Dongjiang Journal, 18 (3): 20–5.Google Scholar
Takahiko, T. (2007), ‘The Yomiuri Project and Its Results’, Asian Perspective, 31 (1): 4360.Google Scholar
Trilateral Joint History Editorial Committee (2005), Mirae-reul Yeoneun Yeoksa: Han Jung Il-i hamgye mandeun Dong Asia 3guk-ui Geunhyeondaesa (A History that Opens the Future: The Contemporary and Modern History of Three East Asian States), Seoul: Hankyoreh Sinmunsa.Google Scholar
Tucker, A. (2008), ‘Pre-emptive Democracy: Oligarchic Tendencies in Deliberative Democracy’, Political Studies, 56 (1): 127–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ueno, C. (1999), ‘The Politics of Memory: Nation, Individual and Self’, History and Memory, 11 (2): 129–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Z. (2008), ‘National Humiliation, History Education and the Politics of Historical Memory: Patriotic Education Campaign in China’, International Studies Quarterly, 52 (4): 783806.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wasserstrom, J. N. (2006), ‘Asia's Textbook Case’, Foreign Policy, 152, 8082.Google Scholar
Wüstenberg, J. (2010), ‘The Geschichtsbewegung and Civil Society Activism in German Memory Politics’, Doctoral thesis, Department of Government and Politics, University of Maryland, College Park.Google Scholar
Wüstenberg, J. and Art, D. (2008), ‘Using the Past in the Nazi Successor States from 1945 to the Present’, Annals of the American Academy of Political Science and Social Science, 617: 7287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yoshida, T. (2007), ‘Advancing or Obstructing Reconciliation? Changes in History Education and Disputes over History Textbooks in Japan’, in Cole, E.A. (ed.), Teaching the Violent Past: History Education and Reconciliation, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, pp. 5179.Google Scholar
Zhang, W. (2004), ‘A Review of Issues on Korea's History of Koguryo’, Journal of International Information, 9: 2731.Google Scholar
Zhong, Z. (2008), ‘East Asia and Europe: Comparison and Revelation of dealing with Historical Issues’, Journal of Tongling Vocational and Technical College, 3: 4549.Google Scholar