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The Role of Prosopis in Ecological and Landscape Change in the Samaca Basin, Lower Ica Valley, South Coast Peru from the Early Horizon to the Late Intermediate Period

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

David G. Beresford-Jones ,
Susana Arce T. ,
Oliver Q. Whaley  and
Alex J. Chepstow-Lusty
David G. Beresford-Jones*
Affiliation:
McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3ER, UK (dgb27@cam.ac.uk)
Susana Arce T.
Affiliation:
Museo Regional de lca (INC-Ica), Avda. Ayabaca s/n° Cuadra 8, Urbanización San Isidro, lca, Perú (susarceto@yahoo.com)
Oliver Q. Whaley
Affiliation:
The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK (O.Whaley@kew.org)
Alex J. Chepstow-Lusty
Affiliation:
Institut Français d’Etudes Andines (IFEA), Casilla 18-1217, Av. Arequipa 4595, Lima 18, Perú (a.lusty@aliceadsl.fr)
*
1Corresponding author.
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Abstract

The lower Ica Valley on the hyperarid south coast of Peru is today largely depopulated and bereft of cultivation, yet its extensive archaeological remains attest to substantial prehispanic populations. This paper describes archaeological investigations to retrace changes in geomorphology, ecology, and land-use in Samaca, one of the riparian oasis basins of the lower Río lea, with the aim of investigating when, how, and why such changes took place. Archaeological interpretations of culture change in the region often invoke the impacts of major ENSO perturbations (El Niño). While our investigations confirm that major El Niño events around the end of the Early Intermediate Period likely offer part of the explanation for marked landscape change in the Samaca Basin, we also demonstrate the significance of more gradual, human-induced destruction of Prosopis pallida (huarango) riparian dry-forest. Huarango is a remarkable leguminous hardwood that lives for over a millennium and provides forage, fuel, and food. Moreover, it plays a crucial role in integrating fragile desert ecosystems, enhancing soil fertility and moisture, and accomplishing desalination and microclimatic amelioration. We propose that south coast valleys remained densely forested well into the Early Intermediate Period, attenuating the impact of El Niño events and supporting hitherto underappreciated agroforestry adaptations. Gradual deforestation eventually crossed an environmental threshold: river and wind erosion increased dramatically and precipitated radical desertification, feeding back into cultural changes in the Middle Horizon. Thus we argue Prosopis-human ecological relationships merit proper recognition in our archaeological interpretations of the south coast of Peru.

En la actualidad, el valle bajo del río Ica, ubicado en el litoral hiperárido del Perú, se encuentra prácticamente despoblado y carente de toda actividad agrícola. Los vestigios arqueológicos, sin embargo, sugieren la presencia de sustanciales concentraciones de población durante tiempos prehispánicos. En este artículo describimos nuestras investigaciones arqueológicas en Samaca, uno de los oasis ribereños del valle bajo del río Ica, dirigidas a reconstruir los cambios geomorfológicos, ecológicos y de uso de la tierra con el fin de averiguar cuando, como y por que sucedió este gran cambio en el valle. Las interpretaciones arqueológicas referentes al cambio cultural en la región a menudo invocan el impacto de eventos ENSO (“El Niño”) de gran magnitud. Aun cuando nuestras investigaciones confirman que tales eventos ocurridos aproximadamente al final del Período Intermedio Temprano forman muy posiblemente parte de la explicación, éstas demuestran además la relevancia de la deforestación del bosque seco ribereño de Prosopis paluda (huarango), un proceso mas gradual y de origen humano. El huarango, notable leguminosa de madera dura capaz de vivir más de mil años, no sólo provee forraje, combustible y alimento sino que además sabemos es crucial en la integración del frágil ecosistema desértico, mejorando la fertilidad y humedad del suelo y logrando desalinización y mejora microclimática. Proponemos que los valles de la costa sur estaban densamente forestados durante una buena parte del Período Intermedio Temprano, lo cual atenuó los impactos de eventos El Niño y permitió el surgimiento de adaptaciones agroforestales poco reconocidas hasta hoy. Sostenemos que la deforestación gradual eventual-mente sobrepasó un umbral ambiental que condujo al dramático incremento de la erosión fluvial y eólica, precipitando un proceso de desertificación, el cual ha contribuido y ha sido causado por los cambios culturales del Horizonte Medio. Nuestros resultados abogan en favor de una incorporación mucho más completa de las relaciones ecológicas entre el Prosopis y el ser humano en las interpretaciones arqueológicas de la costa sur.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 20 , Issue 2 , June 2009 , pp. 303 - 332
Copyright
Copyright © 2009 by the Society for American Archaeology.

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