There forms of the Marāthi passive are found in the Jñāneśvarī or Jñānadevī, a commentary on the Bhagavadagīāa in. the ovī metre, written by the poet Jñāneśvara or Jñanadeva in the year A.D. 1290. These may be termed the “ ij ”, “ p ”, and “ pij ” forms. The “ ij ” form is the one most frequently employed. It occurs on almost every page and frequently more than once on the same page. Its derivation has been discussed by Beames, Bloch, Grierson, and others. It is employed with any verb, whether used transitively or intransitively. The subject of the sentence, if expressed, is put into the instrumental case. The object is generally in the nominative (subjective), but the dative also occurs, especially where there are two objects. The use of the dative is especially noticeable when the construction with the postposition “ with reference to” is employed. eventually became the modern “ lā, ” termination of the dative. In this connexion the use of the dative in the Karmaṇi construction may be noticed. The Aorist (old Present) is the tense most frequently employed and is often used as an Imperative, to which the precative termination “ o ” is added, e.g. audhārijo “ let it be heard by you ” (cf. the je, jo forms of the GujarātI honorific Imperative). Several examples of the future (jel, jail, jatīl) and past tenses (jele, jelẽ) occur. This form of the passive does not occur in the modern language, except in the case of dīje “let it be given” and kīje “ let it be done” in formal documents, and of mhaṇaje “let it be said”, “that is to say”, “then”, and pāhije “it is necessary”, “must”. In the Jñāneśvarī pāhije generally means “it is seen”, “let it be seen” (e.g. in xi, 594), but the extended use in the sense of “it is necessary” occurs very occasionally (e.g. x, 261).