SourcesA Turban of FeathersVictoria in ice age: Information from unpublished papers by Eric C. F. Bird of Geography Department, University of Melbourne, and Pittock, A. Barrie, CSIRO, Mordialloc, Vic; Gill, Edmund D., ‘Palaeo-ecological Changes in Victoria and Bass Strait’, etc., in Artefact, June 1978, p. 72 for Mallee dustbowl.
Tasmanian Aboriginal people: Plomley, N. J. B., The Baudin Expedition and the Tasmanian Aborigines 1802 (Hobart, 1983), pp. 162–5, 171–2; Mulvaney, D. J., ‘The Aboriginal Heritage’ in The Heritage of Australia (1981), p. 60; Blainey, G., Triumph of the Nomads (1982 edn), ch. 3; P. J. F. Coutts, ‘The Prehistory of Victoria’ in Records of the Victorian Archaeological Survey, no. 2, p. 61 for Swamp, Kow; Mulvaney, John & Kamminga, Johan, Prehistory of Australia (St Leonards, 1999), esp. ch. 10 for later controversies about Kow Swamp and Lake Mungo and Tasmanian peoples.
Volcanoes: Information from Joyce, Bernard, Geology Department, University of Melbourne.
Territory and tribe: Strehlow, T. G., An Australian Viewpoint (1950), p. 17; Tindale, Norman B., Aboriginal Tribes of Australia (Canberra, 1974), pp. 203–9 for names and territories of Victorian tribes, and p. 115 for A. P. Elkin's definition of a tribe.
Way of life: Lourandos, Harry, ‘Aboriginal Settlement and Land Use in South Western Victoria’, Artefact, December 1976, p. 178 for housing; Nicholas Pateshall, A Short Account of a Voyage Round the Globe in H.M.S. Calcutta 1803–1804 (1980), pp. 62–3 for ‘Turban of feathers’; Pateshall, p. 61, and R. B. Smyth, The Aborigines of Victoria (1878), vol. I, pp. 271, 273–4, 277 for bone through septum; for possum-skin cloaks, see Smyth, p. 271, and Aldo Massola, The Aborigines of South-Eastern Australia As They Were (1971), p. 12.
Rock art: Sites listed in The Heritage of Australia, 3/93, 3/176, 3/178; Coutts, p. 73.
Foods: Gates, Alison & Seeman, Annette, Victorian Aborigines – Plant Foods (National Museum of Victoria, 1979); Blainey, Triumph of the Nomads, pp. 157ff.
Mound people: Articles by Simmons, S., Sullivan, M. E. & Buchan, R. A., Elliott, P. J. and Lane, L., Records of the Victorian Archaeological Survey, June 1980.
Axes: Mulvaney, Heritage of Australia, p. 65 and also 3/166; Hovell, W. H. & Hume, Hamilton, Journey of Discovery to Port Phillip (State Library of South Australia, 1965), p. 45 for iron tomahawks.
Fisheries: Lourandos, , Artefact, December 1976, pp. 180–1; K. Hotchin, ‘Aboriginal Stone Alignments’ in Records of the Victorian Archaeological Survey, June 1980, pp. 122–5; Mulvaney, p. 65.
Bird decoy: Robinson, G. A., ‘Journals’ in Records of the Victorian Archaeological Survey, July 1977, p. 50.
Fire: Legend of Gippsland lakes in Smyth, vol. 1, pp. 478–9; for explorers’ observations, see published journals of Grant, pp. 68, 69–71; Baudin, p. 373; Pateshall, p. 59; Hovell & Hume, p. 48.
Mahogany ship and Cook's ship: Johns, Murray, ‘Facts, Speculation and Fibs in the ‘Mahogany Ship’ Story 1835–2012’, Victorian Historical Journal (June 2011), pp. 59–85; G. Blainey, Sea of Dangers (2008), pp. 172–8.
Australia FelixEarly comers: Bassett, Marnie, The Hentys (Oxford, 1954), p. 303 for lush grass; Major T. L. Mitchell, Three Expeditions into the Interior of Eastern Australia (London, 1839), vol. 2, pp. 240–1, 284.
John Batman: Harcourt, Rex, Southern Invasion: Northern Conquest (2010), pp. 20, 68 (map), 91–2; Richard Broome, Aboriginal Victorians (2005), p. 11.
Port Phillip and Melbourne: Adams, Susan & Bate, Weston, Liardet's Water-Colours of Early Melbourne (1972); Hugh Anderson, Victoria: Prom Discovery to Federation (Adelaide, 1974), chs 5, 6; Robert D. Boys, First Years at Port Phillip 1834–42 (1935); G. Blainey, ‘History of Victoria’ in G. Leeper (ed.), Introducing Victoria (1955); ‘Garryowen’, The Chronicles of Early Melbourne 1835 to 1852 (1888), p. 570 for flags of Flagstaff Hill.
Floods: Results of Rainfall Observations Made in Victoria during 1840–1910 (Bureau of Meteorology, 1911), pp. xxi–xxvii; Garden, Donald S., Heidelberg: The Land and Its People 1838–1900 (1972), pp. 106–10, 112.
Squatters: Naming of Australia Felix in Mitchell, vol. 2, p. 333; Strahan, Frank, foreword to Baillieu, Darren, Australia Felix: A Miscellany from the Geelong Advertiser 1840–1850 (1982), p. 7 for ‘lucky country’; Hepburn's long letter in T. F. Bride (ed.), Letters from Victorian Pioneers (1899), pp. 57–82; Lucille M. Quinlan, Here My Home (1967), p. 62; Annie Baxter, Memories of Tasmania (Sullivan's Cove, 1980), p. 51.
Port Albert: R. D. Boys, p. 119; Garryowen, pp. 567, 578; Port Phillip Gazette, 24 March 1841; Clements, J. A. & Richmond, W. H., ‘Port Albert and Gippsland Trade, 1840–66’, Australian Economic History Review, September 1968.
Aboriginal people: Blainey, G., A Land Half Won (1980) for misunderstandings; Edgar Morrison, Frontier Life in the Loddon Protectorate (Daylesford, n.d.), esp. pp. 12–13 (Glengower), appendix p. 25 for returning ‘spirits’ and appendix p. 16 for ‘Before you came here’; Beverley Nance, ‘The Level of Violence: Europeans and Aborigines in Port Phillip, 1835–1850’, Historical Studies, October 1981, esp. p. 533; M. F. Christie, Aborigines in Colonial Victoria 1835–86 (Sydney, 1979) for v.d., p. 43; William Thomas, in W. H. Archer, Statistical Register of Victoria (1854), p. 230.
Depression: Kiddle, Margaret, Men of Yesterday (1961), p. 137; S. J. Butlin, Australia and New Zealand Bank (London, 1961), pp. 90–1; Paul de Serville, Port Phillip Gentlemen (1980), p. 156 for Russell's ‘Melbourne is no longer Melbourne’.
Sheep runs in 1840: Brown, P. L. (ed.), Clyde Company Papers (London, 1959), vol. 4, pp. 307–10 for troubles with shepherds, and pp. 392, 413–14 for Asian shepherds; William Westgarth, Australia Felix (Edinburgh, 1848), pp. 250–4 for shearing and carting; Kiddle, p. 67, for the types of shearers.
Late 1840 boom: Beever, E. A., ‘The Pre-Gold Boom in Australia 1843–51’, Australian Economic History Review, March 1979, esp. pp. 6–11; Westgarth, pp. 266–9 for farms and wine; information from Ian Wynd and Keith Trace on Geelong; C. P. Billot, The Life of Our Years (1969), pp. 30–2.
transport: Childers, Spencer, The Life and Correspondence of the Right Hon. Hugh C. E. Childers (London, 1901), pp 32–4; Garryowen, p. 60; Westgarth, pp. 204–5, 213–14; J. J. Mouritz, The Port Phillip Almanac and Directory for 1847, pp. 30–1; Boys, p. 95.
Yensoon: Clyde Company Papers, vol. 5, p. 17.
A Golden Ant HillFirst rushes: Blainey, G., The Rush That Never Ended (1963), chs 3, 4; G. Serle, The Golden Age (1963), ch. 1; Henry Reynolds (ed.), Aborigines and Settlers (1972), p. 118 for Aboriginal harvesters; G. Blainey, A Land Half Won (1980), p. 164 for inflation; G. Blainey, The Tyranny of Distance (1966), p. 185 for Boston clippers; W. H. Archer, The Statistical Register of Victoria (1854), pp. 278–83 for imports on which my summary is based; William Baker in Records of the Castlemaine Pioneers (Adelaide, 1972), p. 121; William Howitt, Land, Labour, and Gold (Sydney, 1972), vol. 1, pp. 167–81, for Beechworth.
Eureka: Hotham's despatch of 18 September 1854 for ‘network of rabbit burrows’ (pub. in Eureka Documents, part 1, Public Record Office, Melbourne, n.d.), p. 4; Bate, Weston, Lucky City (1978), p. 70; Serle pp. 167–9.
Melbourne in 1850s: Lewis, Miles, ‘Architecture from Colonial Origins’ in The Heritage of Australia (1981), p. 79 for J. J. Clark; G. Blainey, A Centenary History of the University of Melbourne (1957), pp. 13–14.
New Zealand: Victorian gold names culled from Philip May, R., The West Coast Gold Rushes (Christchurch, 1967).
Chinese: Gittins, Jean, The Diggers from China (1981), esp. chs 4–6; Blainey, The Rush That Never Ended, ch. 7; Rev. William Young, ‘Report on the Condition of the Chinese Population in Victoria’, Victorian Parliamentary Papers, 1868, no. 56; J. A. Patterson, The Gold-fields of Victoria in 1862 (1862), p. 136 for absence of Chinese drunkards; Lesley Dixon, ‘The Australian Missionary Effort in China’ (PhD, Melbourne University, 1978), esp. pp. 256–8; A. M. Laughton & T. S. Hall, Handbook to Victoria (1914), p. 81 for naturalisation of Chinese.
Defence: McNicholl, Alan, Australian Encyclopaedia (Sydney, 1977), vol. 2, p. 221 for Victorian navy; Edward Jenks, The Government of Victoria (Australia) (London, 1891), p. 300 for Victoria's minister for defence.
Darling crisis: McMinn, W. G., A Constitutional History of Australia (1979), pp. 65–8; F. K. Crowley, ‘Darling’, in Australian Dictionary of Biography [ADB], vol. 4, pp. 19–21.
Schools: Orlebar, A. B. in ‘Second Report of the Commissioners of National Education’, Victorian Parliamentary Papers, 1854, p. 38 for tent schools; A. R. Hall, The Stock Exchange of Melbourne and the Victorian Economy 1852–1900 (Canberra, 1968), pp. 51–3 for freak population structure; Denis Grundy, Secular, Compulsory and Free: The Education Act of 1872 (1972), esp. pp. 5–8, 93–4; A. G. Austin, Australian Education, 1788–1900 (1961), pp. 204–6; Joy Parnaby, ‘Gavan Duffy’ in ADB, vol. 4; Patrick O’Farrell, The Catholic Church and Community in Australia: A History (1977), pp. 165–8, 213–14.
Deep mines: Firewood in Mineral Statistics (1873), p. 45; Reports of the Mining Surveyors and Registrars, quarter ending 31 December 1874, table opp. p. 5, for depth of shafts.
The Silver StickGraziers: Clarke, Michael, ‘Big’ Clarke (1980), p. 244 for ‘Stop that train’; J. M. Powell, The Public Lands of Australia Felix (1970), esp. part 2; Australasian, 21 December 1867, p. 776 for shearers.
Wheat farmers: Highways ‘thronged’, in Wesleyan Chronicle, 20 June 1874, p. 82; James Fry in Victoria and Its Metropolis (1888), vol. 2, p. 563; Clear Lake in J. W. E. Edmonds, ‘Social Development of a Small Rural Community’ (M.Ag.Sci. thesis, University of Melbourne, 1973).
Gippsland: Goldsmith, Jane and others describe experiences in Eunson, Warwick, The Unfolding Hills (Mirboo, 1978), esp. pp. 51, 66–70.
Kelly gang: Molony, John, I Am Ned Kelly (1980); John McQuilton, The Kelly Outbreak 1878–1880 (1979); Colin Cave (ed.), Ned Kelly: Man and Myth (North Ryde, 1968); the railway guard was Jesse Dowsett, ‘The Capture of Ned Kelly’ in La Trobe Library Journal, April 1973, pp. 60–1 (I have altered his punctuation).
Vineyards: Evans, Lloyd, Wine (1973), pp. 61ff; James Froude, Oceana or England and Her Colonies (London, 1886), p. 124.
Lollies: See ‘lolly’ in Oxford English Dictionary; Robertson's career in Taylor, George, Making It Happen: The Rise of Sir Macpherson Robertson (1934), esp. pp. 23, 48, 57–8, 78, 83.
Melbourne's commerce: See Blainey, G., A Land Half Won, ch. 13; wheat-growing efficiency in Dunsdorf's, E. The Australian Wheat-Growing Industry 1788–1948 (1956), pp. 489–91; Coode Canal and Victoria Dock in Victorian Year Book 1973, pp. 235, 375.
Cities growth: Trollope, Anthony, Australia and New Zealand (Aust. edn, 1873), p. 263; Bendigo's opera house in Frank Cusack, Bendigo: A History (1973), p. 161; A. Sutherland, Victoria and Its Metropolis (1888), vol. 1, p. 541.
Seamy Melbourne: McConville, Chris, ‘The Location of Melbourne's Prostitutes, 1870–1920’, Historical Studies, April 1980, pp. 68ff; John S. James, The Vagabond Papers, Michael Cannon (ed.), esp. p. 8 for crowd glimpsing Vagabond; Graeme Davison, The Rise and Fall of Marvellous Melbourne (1978), p. 238; Jacqueline Templeton, Prince Henry's (1969), pp. 87, 96 for typhoid.
Name changing: ‘Report upon the Affairs of the Post Office and Telegraph Department, 1874’, Victorian Parliamentary Papers, 1875, no. 6, p. 5; Cusack, Frank, Bendigo, pp. 67, 188.
One in Ten ThousandFootball: The first landmark in the academic study of sporting history in Australia was Mandle, W. F., ‘Games People Played’, Historical Studies, April 1973; rise of football in G. Blainey, A Game of Our Own: The Origins of Australian Football (2003, rev. edn), esp. chs 1–2; Geelong v. Melbourne in 1886 in Graeme Atkinson, Everything You Ever Wanted to Know about Australian Rules Football (1982), p. 5; Carlton v. Melbourne in 1876 in M. Cannon (ed.), The Vagabond Papers (1969), p. 208; John Lack, ‘Working-Class Leisure’, Victorian Historical Journal, February 1978, p. 50 for Saturday holidays; Atkinson, p. 208 for Burns’ memories.
Boxing: Corris, Peter, Lords of the Ring (North Ryde, 1980), esp. pp. 30, 33, 43.
Unorthodox sports: For sources, see Blainey, G., ‘The History of Leisure in Australia: The Late Colonial Era’ in Victorian Historical Journal, February 1978, pp. 15–16, 21–2.
Newspapers: Melbourne University history student, June Yugovic, and Argus supplement, 9 September 1926, for Adelaide telegraph; Sayers, C. E., David Syme: A Life (1965), p. 216 for physical portrait; M. Mahood, The Loaded Line: Australian Political Caricature 1788–1901 (1973), p. 124 for cartoon; much on the Age comes from my introduction to G. Mutton & L. Tanner (ed.), 125 Years of Age (1979); country newspapers advertised in The Australian Handbook (London, 1886), pp. 224–32 of advertisement section; the five snippets come from Australasian Sketcher, 18 April, 13 June and 11 July 1874.
Visual arts: Hetherington, John, Norman Lindsay (1973), pp. 7–8; R. T. M. Pescott, W. R. Guilfoyle 1840–1912: The Master of Landscaping (1974), p. 80 for weeds and p. 80 for his ‘Garden of God’.
Singers: Barbara, & MacKenzie, Findlay, Singers of Australia from Melba to Sutherland (London, 1968); Nellie Melba, Melodies and Memories (1980), p. 5 for ‘Presbyterian Sundays’; K. S. Inglis, This Is the ABC (1983), pp. 7, 9 for Melba on radio; Roger Covell, Australia's Music (1967), p. 236 for opera cf. sport.
‘My Lord the Workingman’Work ethic: Villiers, Alan, Falmouth for Orders (1929), last paragraph.
Hard work: Gippsland farmers in Hugh Copeland, The Path of Progress (Warragul, 1934), pp. 121–2, 348, and memoirs in The Land of the Lyre Bird (Korumburra, 1966); ‘Donegal Jim’ in 2nd supplement to Victorian Govt. Gazette, 24 April 1876; Welsh farmer in William Evans (ed.), Diary of a Welsh Swagman (1975), p. 57.
harvesting: Old man was H. S. Parris of Nagambie, born c.1885; Evans, Diary pp. 12–15, 101; The Australasian Farmer (pub. by The Australasian, 1885), pp. 68–76.
Tramwaymen: Evidence to Royal Commission on Grievances of ‘Employees of Melbourne Tramway and Omnibus Company Limited’, Vic. Parliamentary Papers, 1898, p. 192 for hours on South Melbourne tram.
Woman's work: The Australian Handbook, 1880 (London), adverts between pp. 304–5; Beverley Kingston, My Wife, My Daughter, and Poor Mary Ann (1975), pp. 36–7.
children: Information from Merle Howard, Economic History Department, Melbourne University; Royal Commission on Employees in Shops, Vic. Parliamentary Papers, 1884.
Shorter hours: Fry, Eric, ‘The Condition of the Urban Wage Earning Class in Australia in the 1880s’, thesis, Australian National University, 1956, p. 209; S. Dougan Bird, On Australasian Climates…and Pulmonary Consumption (London, 1863), p. 136; I deduce that the decline in rate of inflation must have been an aid to the winning of the eight-hour day but lack confirming evidence; Galloway in K. S. Inglis, The Australian Colonists (1974), p. 117. Incidentally, Inglis, p. 118, after looking at weather records, rightly challenges Stephen's memory of the ‘burning hot day’ but maybe Stephen was right on weather but wrong on date; Helen Hughes, ‘The Eight Hour Day’, Historical Studies, May 1961; Richard Tangye, Notes of My Fourth Voyage to the Australian Colonies (Birmingham, 1866), pp. 38, 40, 50.
Sunshine and MoonshineEarly churches: Orton's service in Boys, R. D., First Years at Port Phillip, p. 501; W. L. Blamires & J. B. Smith, The Early Story of the Wesleyan Methodist Church in Victoria (1886), p. 14; John Barrett, That Better Country (1966).
1860s revival: Blamires & Young, pp. 97–106 for ‘California Taylor’; Frances O’Kane, A Path Is Set (1976), p. 154; Robert Sutherland, History of the Presbyterian Church of Victoria (London, 1876), pp. 232–4.
Influence of Christianity: The Gippsland girl was Fullerton, Mary E., Bark House Days (1964), p. 45; Marjory McKay, Cecil McKay (1974), p. 4; for Heber at Bendigo see G. Blainey, The Rush That Never Ended, p. 35; Ernest Giles, Australia Twice Traversed (London, 1889), vol. 1, p. iv; Michael Roe, Quest for Authority in Eastern Australia 1835–1851 (1965), p. 144 for Presbyterian in violent storm; M. Clark (ed.), Sources of Australian History (London, 1957), pp. 416–17 for the humiliation of 1893; wreck of London in John C. Symons, Life of the Rev. Daniel James Draper (1870), pp. 320–5, 336–7, 410–11; Catholic attitudes in W. M. Finn, Glimpses of North-Eastern Victoria (Kilmore, 1971); W. G. Spence, Australia's Awakening (Sydney, 1909), pp. 567, 569, 595 for his puritanical comments – note the evangelical title of what is essentially a trade union history.
Sectarian differences: Election riots of 1843, see O’Kane, pp. 6–9; Perry, Bishop in de Q.Robin, A., Charles Ferry: Bishop of Melbourne (Nedlands, 1967), pp. 46–7; for Irish suburbs, see Neil Coughlan, ‘The Coming of the Irish to Victoria’, Historical Studies, October 1965, esp. pp. 68, 85; the potato-country parish in J. Conroy, Gordon Parish Centenary (1975 pamphlet) under heading ‘Our Honour Roll’; Census of 1861, part 4, p. viii for Aboriginal people and religion; Census of 1871, part 4, table 7, for unbelievers.
Melbourne Jews: Alexander, Samuel discussed by Fredman, Lionel E. in Australian Jewish Historical Society Journal (November 1995), p. 42.
Puritanism on social issues: Goodman, G., The Church in Victoria during the Episcopate of the Rt. Rev. Charles Perry (London, 1892), pp. 437–8; John Freeman, Lights and Shadows of Melbourne Life (London, 1888), pp. 47–9 for barmaids and beer in jugs; Swanston St. hotels in Sands & McDougall's Melbourne and Suburban Directory for 1868, pp. 55–7; D. T. Merrett, ‘The Victorian Licensing Court 1906–68’ in Australian Economic History Review, September 1979; W. H. Archer, Statistical Register of Victoria (1854), p. 400 for deaths attributed to intemperance; K. S. Inglis, Hospital and Community (1958), p. 47 for brandy ration; Keith Dunstan, Wowsers (Sydney, 1968), esp. pp. 90–102; A. E. Dingle, ‘The Truly Magnificent Thirst: An Historical Survey of Australian Drinking Habits’, Historical Studies, October 1980.
Who am I?Huge tree: Trollope, Anthony, Australia, ed. by Edwards, P. D. & Joyce, R. B. (Brisbane, 1967), p. 423.
Recreating England: Rolls, Eric, They All Ran Wild (Sydney, 1969), pp. 236, 323 for birds and foxes.
Pollution: Dust storm of 1903 in Hunt, H. A., Taylor, G. & Quayle, E. T. (eds), The Climate and Weather of Australia (1913), p. 85; goldfields’ squalor in A. Sutherland, A New Geography (1885), pp. 66–7; F. Cusack, Bendigo: A History (1973), pp. 116–17 for puddling; G. Blainey in David Saunders (ed.), Historic Buildings of Victoria (Brisbane, 1966), p. 55 for goldfields mess.
Geographer: de la Peer Wall, H. B., Manual of Physical Geography of Australia (1883), pp. 29, 164.
Travelling to Europe: The sheep-owner in Pisa and Inverary was Shaw, Thomas, A Victorian in Europe (Geelong, 1883), pp. 116, 305; for returning Italians, see John Watsford, Glorious Gospel Triumphs (London, 1900), pp. 204–5; Henry Lawson, Autobiographical and Other Writings 1887–1922 (Sydney, 1972.), p. 171; for Constantinople's likeness to Geelong, see Shaw, p. 239, and his coming home, p. 339; Rolf Boldrewood, in C. Higham & M. Wilding (eds), Australians Abroad: An Anthology (1967), p. 18, but it's not clear whether Boldrewood is seeing his visit of c.1860 through later emotions.
Heidelberg School: Croll, R. H. (ed.), Smike to Bulldog (Sydney, 1946), p. 6 for view of ranges. Streeton's letters exult in the summer in a way which seems to have gone unnoticed.
Federation style: Hamann, Conrad, ‘Nationalism and Reform in Australian Architecture 1880–1920’, Historical Studies, April 1979; Boyd, Robin, Australia's Home (Penguin edn, 1978), pp. 67, 73–4; G. Serle, The Rush to be Rich (1971), p. 279 for importing of Marseilles tiles.
Mary Grant Bruce: Strahan, Lynne, ‘Minnie Bruce’ in ADB, vol. 7, pp. 452–3; Mary G. Bruce, Captain Jim (London, 1919), p. 16 for ‘deep glint’; Brenda Niall, ‘Mythmakers of Our Childhood’ in This Australia, Summer 1981–2, pp. 64–72.
Republicanism: McKinlay, Brian, A Documentary History of the Australian Labor Movement (1979), pp. 519–24, incl. p. 524 for ‘dying leper’; Serle, pp. 308–9.
When the Bubble BurstBank crashes: Boehm, E. A., Prosperity and Depression in Australia 1887–1897 (Oxford, 1971), ch. 10; G. Blainey, Gold and Paper (1958), chs 10–12.
Distress: For unions, see Bannow, W., The Colony of Victoria (1896), pp. 185–7; statistics on unmarried women in 1921 came from Lesley Critchfield, Education Faculty, Melbourne University.
Kyabram reform: Rickard, J., Class and Politics: New South Wales, Victoria and the Early Commonwealth, 1890–1910 (Canberra, 1976), pp. 177–82.
Drought and irrigation: Watt, W. S., Rainfall Observations in Victoria (Bureau of Meteorology, 1937), pp. 18–19; T. A. Coghlan, Labour and Industry in Australia (Oxford, 1918), vol. 4, pp. 2138–9; H. J. Frith & G. Sawer (eds), The Murray Waters (Sydney, 1974) for L. F. Myers on faulty irrigation, pp. 164–6; for Mallee in 1879, see T. G. Watson, The First Fifty Years of Responsible Government in Victoria (1906 or 1907), p. xvii.
New Commonwealth: Blainey, G., ‘The Role of Economic Interests in Australian Federation’, Historical Studies, November 1950, pp. 230–1, for Victorian votes in referenda.
Melbourne as capital: Lubbock, Adelaide, People in Glass Houses: Growing Up at Government House (1977), pp. xi, 52 for Lady Stanley's complaints; Victorian Municipal Directory … and Commonwealth Guide for 1911 for list of foreign consuls, p. 2, and address of federal offices, pp. 16–23; copies of Fred Johns's Annual (Adelaide) list addresses of prime ministers.
Labor's weakness in Victoria: Rickard, , Class and Politics, p. 117; Lindsay Tanner, ‘A Protracted Evolution: Labor in Victorian Politics 1889–1903’, Labour History, May 1982; G. Blainey, A Land Half Won, ch. 16; for Elmslie and Hogan, see ADB, vols 8, 9.
Early federal politics: The difference in background and time of immigration between leading Vic. liberals and leading NSW and other Labor politicians stands out if one reads entries in Rydon, Joan, A Biographical Register of the Commonwealth Parliament 1901–1972 (Canberra, 1975).
War: Jose, A. W., The Royal Australian Navy 1914–1918 (Sydney, 1928), pp. 45–61, 413, 421, 503, 535, 547 for details of Pfalz.
Anti-German feeling: Blake, Les, The Land of the Lowan (Nhill, 1976), p. 194; C. Meyer, ‘German Schools of Victoria’, Victorian Historical Journal, August 1980.
Conscription: Withers, Glenn, ‘The 1916–1917 Conscription Referenda’, Historical Studies, April 1982, p. 45; Official Year Book, no. 14, p. 859 for votes in referenda; Vincent Buckley, Cutting Green Hay (1983), p. 20 for Mannix on the parlour wall.
War finance: Official Year Book, no. 14, p. 721.
The Horse and Its ConquerorsMostly rail: For the mode of travel to each Victorian town, see the annual Australian Handbook, pub. by Gordon & Gotch, London, esp. 1870–1905.
Cars: Thomson, H. & Holmes, E. L., The Pioneer Motor Car Trip of Australia, 16-page pamphlet, 1900; Country Roads Board: First Annual Report, 1914, pp. 11–37; Calder's 1913 prediction, see R. Southern, ‘William Calder’ in Victorian Historical Journal, August 1977, p. 151; for his 1919 prediction, see C.R.B. Sixth Annual Report, p. 4; Harry Gordon, An Eyewitness History of Australia (Adelaide, 1976), pp. 229–30, for ‘Squizzy’ Taylor's death; for J. C. Watson's complaint on motoring laws, see his article in E. Knox (ed.), The Australian Year Book 1933 (Melbourne), p. 297.
Horses: ‘Every team a matched one’ – Cameron, S. A. in Handbook to Victoria, eds A. M. Laughton & T. S. Hall (1914), p. 287; Edward Dyson, Rhymes from the Mines and Other Lines (Sydney, 1898), pp. 19–22; blacksmith shop as ‘political centre’ in Donald Macdonald, Gum Boughs and Wattle Bloom (London, 1887), p. 136; The Weekly Times Farmers’ Handbook (Melbourne, n.d. 2nd edn), p. 24.
Phones, movies, aircraft: Villiers, A. J., Falmouth for Orders (New York, 1929), p. 3; ‘The Palace of Winged Words’: The Development of Telephone Exchanges in Australia (Telecom, n.d.); for Ballarat call, see The Courier, 5 December 1981, p. 30; for inventors, see ADB; on infant movie industry, see G. Serle, From Deserts the Prophets Come (1973), p. 117, and Eric Reade, History and Heartburn (Sydney, 1979), pp. 3–5; Harry Gordon, pp. 288–90 for air race.
Hope, Depression, Fire and WarMines: Herman, H. in Handbook to Victoria, 1914, p. 356 for deep shafts of Bendigo; Cecil Edwards, Brown Power (1969), for the SEC and brown coal.
Melbourne in mid-1920s: Victorian Year Book, 1925–6, pp. 201–3 for population; Croll, Robert H., The Open Road in Victoria (1928), pp. 18–21 for weekend walks.
Businessmen: Marshall, Alan, The Gay Provider: The Myer Story (1961); Desmond Zwar, In Search of Keith Murdoch (1980), esp. p. 72 for ‘Melbourne's character’; Murdoch and radio in K. S. Inglis, This Is the ABC, pp. 9, 64–5; Judah Waten, Scenes of Revolutionary Life (Angus & Robertson, 1982), p. 31.
Farmers: Edey, John F., From Lone Pine to Murray Pine (Red Cliffs, 1981) for the story of a Mallee settler; J. M. Powell, ‘The Debt of Honour: Soldier Settlement in the Dominions, 1915–1940’, in Journal of Australian Studies, June 1981.
Depression: Valuable evidence on how the depression hit retailers is in University of Melbourne Archives, esp. Foy & Gibson records; Grant, James & Serle, G., The Melbourne Scene 1803–1956 (1957), pp. 274–6; C. B. Schedvin, Australia and the Great Depression (Sydney, 1970), p. 235 for Lang's bank.
Bushfires: , J.C.Foley, , A Study of Meteorological Conditions Associated with Bush and Grass Fires (Bureau of Meteorology, 1947).
War: Hasluck, Paul, The Government and the People 1939–1941 (Canberra, 1952), esp. pp. 244, 259–61 for Melbourne ‘domination’.
The Rise and Fall of Albert the GreatGrowth of Country Party: Holmes, Jean, The Government of Victoria (Brisbane, 1976), esp. p. 87 for his policies; Ulrich Ellis, A History of the Australian Country Party (Melbourne, 1963), esp. p. 31 for Woodend meeting and pp. 149–50 for birth of Stewart–Dunstan party; Joan Rydon, A Biographical Register of the Commonwealth Parliament 1901–1972; L. F. Crisp, The Parliamentary Government of the Australian Commonwealth (Yale, 1949), esp. pp. 128–9; Who's Who in Australia; J. B. Paul on A. A. Dunstan in ADB, vol. 8; B. D. Graham, The Formation of the Australian Country Parties (Canberra, 1966); Barry Muir, Bolte from Bamganie (1973); J. B. Paul, ‘The Victorian Country Party: Its Organization and Leadership’ (Pol. Sci. Dept. thesis, University of Melbourne, 1958), esp. p. 9 for Stewart sitting with Labor members, and opp. p. 45 for the weighting of country and city votes.
Alliance with Labor: Calwell, A. A., Be Just and Fear Not (1972), pp. 40–2 on Wren; Colin A. Hughes & B. D. Graham, A Handbook of Australian Government and Politics 1890–1964 (Canberra, 1968), pp. 127–30.
The Jolting Merry-Go-RoundHigh rise: Victorian Year Book 1973, pp. 203–6; Stretton, Hugh, Ideas for Australian Cities (North Adelaide, 1970), esp. pp. 218–36, with comment on children on p. 224.
Bonegilla: Pascoe, Robert, Bongiorno Australia: Our Italian Heritage (1987), pp. 125–8; Patrick McCaughey, Voyage and Landfall: The Art of Jan Senbergs (2006), p. 3; personal information from Jan Senbergs, September 2012.
Immigrants: Calwell, A. A., Be Just and Fear Not (1972), pp. 10–14; J. Lyng, Non-Britishers in Australia (1925), pp. 95–6 for influential Italians in Victoria; Charles A. Price, Southern Europeans in Australia (Canberra, 1963) for Italians and Greeks in Melbourne; W. D. Borrie in Australia and the Migrant (Australian Institute of Political Science, 1953) for analysis of 1947–51 migrants; Stephanie L. Thompson, Australia through Italian Eyes (1980), p. 149 for ‘Everyone was terrific’.
Homes, schools and media: Owner-built houses in 1950s, Victorian Year Book 1973, p. 202; Lindsay Thompson, I Remember: An Autobiography (1989), pp. 161–81 for the two kidnappings in rural schools; opulent cinemas of 1920s, Younger, R. M., Keith Murdoch: Founder of a Media Empire (Sydney, 2003), p. 162.
Death penalty: Vernon Wilcox, Minister of the Crown: A Personal Story of Life, Politics and People (2001), pp. 81–4; Blazey, Peter, Bolte: A Political Biography (Milton, Qld, 1972), chs 11, 15.
Holidays: Bannow, Waldemar, The Colony of Victoria: Socially and Materially (1896), p. 88 for Queenscliff; ‘Interim Report of State Development Committee on Tourist Facilities and National Parks’, Victorian Parliamentary Papers, 1950, no. 29, pp. 10–11 for railways and tourism.
Aboriginal people: Laughton, A. M., in Laughton & T. S. Hall (eds), Handbook to Victoria (1914), p. 81 for ‘surely dying out’. For the origin of the name Koori, see Tim Rowse ‘Aboriginal Nomenclature’ in Graeme Davison, John Hirst & Stuart Macintyre (eds), The Oxford Companion to Australian History (1998), p. 10.
A Long Race: Melbourne and SydneyVictoria's long decline: The 1881–1947 comparison is taken from Boehm, E. A., Twentieth Century Economic Development in Australia (1971), p. 38.
Airports: I had access to Department of Transport reports and memoranda and clippings on the international airports of Sydney and Melbourne.
Sydney as head office: The Reserve Bank kindly supplied me with a copy of the Evening News, 20 January 1913, reporting remarks of Denison Miller at the opening of the Commonwealth Bank in Sydney. For the ABC's choice of Sydney, see Inglis, K. S., This Is the ABC (1983), pp. 21, 27.
Tourism: Loftie, W. J., Orient-Pacific Line Guide (London, c. 1901, 6th edn), p. 227.
Victoria's self-help: On home ownership, see 1921 Census, vol. 2, pp. 1759ff; and compare it with 1976 Census. A summary of other statistical differences is in Parochial Australia, published by the Clemenger Network in December 1981.
Women in Liberals: Anon. ‘Liberal Party in Victoria’ in Victorian Year Book 1979, pp. 84–5.
Canberra: Menzies, R. G., The Measure of the Years (London, 1970), p. 143; Warren Denning, Capital City (Sydney, 1938), p. 50 for ‘loathing’ towards Canberra.
Whirlwind in Spring StreetEvents and episodes: Key events were briefly reported in the annual chronology published in successive editions of the excellent Victorian Year Book, edited by Henry Speagle from 1958 to 1983 and then by Max Chamberlain. Ash Wednesday is vividly described by an American historian, Pyne, Stephen J., in Burning Bush: A Fire History of Australia (New York, 1991), pp. 410–12.
Cain as premier: Wright, Raymond, A People's Counsel: A History of the Parliament of Victoria 1856–1990 (1992) for the overseas-born members and the first female minister, pp. 226–7. Certain observations on Cain's reign as premier stem from articles in the Age, especially Shaun Carney's of 8 August 1990. Several other comments were first used in a weekly column I wrote for the Herald, 1984–87. Cain later wrote his story, John Cain's Years: Power, Parties and Politics (1995).
Victoria's financial shivers: Background to the State Bank of Victoria came partly from the long article, ‘End of an Era’, by Murray, Philippa in the Sunday Herald on 23 September 1990. For Cain's final troubled years, see Wright, A People's Counsel, pp. 227–35.
Labor's weakness in legislative council and rural areas: Economou, N., Coster, B. & Strangio, P. in Moon, J. & Sharman, C. (eds), Australian Politics and Government (Cambridge, 2003), pp. 155, 159; Jean Holmes, John Halligan & Peter Hay, ch. 2 on ‘Victoria’ in Brian Galligan (ed.), Australian State Politics (1986), pp. 29–31.
Kennett and Bracks: Economou, N., Coster, B. & Strangio, P. in Australian Politics and Government, ch. 7. A vital contemporary source on Victorian politics and legislation is Alistair Urquhart's monthly ‘Letter from Melbourne’ (published by Affairs of State, Collins St, Melbourne, since 1993). Dr Malcolm Kennedy, then of Monash University, wrote a valuable insider's manuscript on the work of the Kennett government. It would have been published if the Kennett government survived. Instead, in 2000 it was locked away by the new government, which, owning the copyright, had the right to forbid its publication.
Premiers and public servants: The conclusions about the apparent reluctance of Victorians to elect outsiders as premier, in contrast to the success of Victorians in winning high office in other states and in New Zealand, derive from a fairly quick survey of the evidence. I listed the names of leaders of Victoria, other states and New Zealand since 1890 and discovered their Victorian or non-Victorian background from the Australian Dictionary of Biography, Who's Who in Australia and other sources. Coates's praise of the competence of old public servants is recorded in Speagle, Henry, Editor's Odyssey: A Reminiscence of Civil Service, 1945–1985 (2005), p. 125.
The New Victorians: Life, Work and PlayGeneral: This chapter is based partly on my own observations of events in the quarter-century to 2006. Much of the statistical evidence came from a range of data produced by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), available through its publications and libraries. I especially thank Steve Toohey of the Melbourne office for statistics on the 1980s. Just before this chapter was completed there appeared a remarkable co-operative book, Brown-May, Andrew & Swain, Shurlee (eds), The Encyclopedia of Melbourne (Melbourne, 2005). I gained from some of its entries including John Lack on Footscray and its disappearing name, Dave Nadel on Waverley Park, and David Dunstan and Graeme Davison on wider urban topics.
Inner city and Docklands: Information on Melbourne's tall buildings owes much to a folio of notes on buildings and projects, kept by the buildings office of the Melbourne City Council in the late 1980s and entitled ‘Melbourne Cityscape’. For docklands in the 1940s, see Morrison, John, ‘The Nightshift’ in Murdoch, Walter & Drake-Brockman, H. (eds), Australian Short Stories (London, 1966), pp. 322ff.
Italian Carlton: Willingham, Allan, ‘The Mediterranean Idiom’, in Peter Yule (ed.), Carlton: A History (2004), pp. 475–83. For the revival of Carlton's population, see Alan Mayne & Kasia Zygmuntowicz, ‘Postwar Carlton’ in Carlton: A History, p. 54.
Religions and localities: Bouma, Gary D. & Dobson, Ian R., ‘Patterns of Religious Concentration in Victoria: Changes 1996–2001’, People and Place (2005), vol. 13, no. 4, esp. p. 5.
Journey of 1905 to Dandenong and beyond: Annual copies of Victorian Municipal Directory and Gazetteer (1906–11), which gave details of municipalities, towns and villages, including Caulfield, Carnegie, Oakleigh, Clayton, Dandenong, Berwick and Cranbourne, ; The Australasian Handbook (London, 1906), esp. Oakleigh, p. 475, Dandenong, p. 445, Cranbourne, p. 444 and Clayton, p. 441.
Garden suburbs: Nellie Sutherland of Vermont South recalled in Lewis, Murray (ed.), A Bucket Full of Berries: Reflections of White-horse (2000), p. 76; Graham Pizzey, A Garden of Birds: Australian Birds in Australian Gardens (1988) for Hoppers Crossing, pp. 290–1, and return of native birds, p. 283.
Provincial cities and rural areas: Whitlam, Gough, The Whitlam Government: 1972–1975 (1985), pp. 385–6 for Albury-Wodonga; Matthew Tonts, ‘Internal Migration and Australia's Agricultural Regions’, Dialogue (Canberra, 2005), vol. 24, p. 55 for decline of Wimmera-Mallee population; Bernard Salt, Australia on the Move: Population Growth and Dwelling Demand 2001–2031 (Sydney, 2005) for city populations in 2001 and projections for 2031.
Koala, Growling Frog, Drought And FireFascination with natural history: Spencer, & von Mueller, : Mulvaney, D. J. and Calaby, J. H., ‘So Much That Is New’: Baldwin Spencer, 1860–1929, A Biography (1985), pp. 94, 97; E. B. Joyce & D. A. McCann (eds), Burke and Wills: The Scientific Legacy of the Victorian Exploring Expedition (2011); Early National Parks in Victorian Year Book 1973: Centenary Edition, pp. 108–9.
Wallaby club: Ayres, Philip, Owen Dixon (2003), p. 86 on Mr Justice Dixon being a leader of this walking-conversing club.
Crosbie Morrison: Pizzey, Graham, Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol. 15, pp. 418–20.
Koalas and other fauna: Evans, Raymond, A History of Queensland (2007), p. 168; ‘Victoria's Koala Management Strategy’, Victorian Government Department of Sustainability and Environment (September 2004); Victorian Government Department of Sustainability and Environment, press release on snakes, 31 January 2011; canopy bridges over Hume Highway in Kylie Soanes & Rodney van der Ree, ‘Highway Impacts on Arboreal Mammals …’, research paper, c. 2011, and , esp. 4 September 2012 on gliders.
Water and conservation: Post-war dams and reservoirs, Victorian Year Book 1984, pp. 290–2; Dingle, Tony, The Victorians: Settling (McMahons Point, NSW, 1984), ch. 12.
The alps and cattle: Collins, Dale, Victoria's My Home Ground (1951), esp. pp. 153, 155. Hansard for mountain cattle: Parliament of Victoria 14–17 June 2005 for long debate in both houses on the bill to evict mountain cattle. ‘Conservation in Victoria: A Discussion Paper’ with foreword by Evan Walker, Minister for Conservation, August 1983, p. 39 for shade, pp. 38–40 for potoroo. Fertility of soil today based on information from David Smith, former director of agriculture.
Droughts: Pattern of wet–dry years: Priestley, C. H. B. et al., Report of a Committee on Climate Change, Australian Academy of Science, Canberra (1976); author's personal correspondence with Priestley, 1976; Seymour's official rainfall reports, Bureau of Meteorology.
Comparing the two droughts: Blainey, G., ‘Dry and Drier’ in Inquirer, Weekend Australian, 30–31 December 2006. Martin Summons, Water, the Vital Element: 150 Years of Shepparton's Growth (Shepparton, 2010); ‘Worst drought’ in Dr David Jones, Australian, 11 October 2008.
Bushfires: 2009 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission, summary final report and 4 vols. (2010).
Growling grass frog: Report by Victorian Government Department of Sustainability and Environment (Warrnambool, 2007).
A Bulging CityUrban population, 2011: ABS news releases and publications in 2012, after the results of the August 2011 census had been collated.
Dead centre of Melbourne: ABS media release on Regional Population Growth, 30 March, 3 July 2012.
Trams: Compared to communist cities: Graeme Turnbull, Working paper, 01/2002, Transport Research Centre (2002).
Growing British popularity of Neighbours: BBC News, 26 October 2001.
Most liveable city: The Australian, 14 August 2012; The Age, 15 August 2012.
Density of Victoria's population: This is a version of the argument advanced in Blainey, G., ‘The Cabbage Patch That Grew’ in Foley, Steve (ed.), The Age: Reflections – 150 Years of History (Milsons Point, NSW, 2004), p. 46.
