BOOKS AND ARTICLESAckerley, G. L., ‘Memoir of R. A. Scott Macfie’, Journal of Gypsy Lore 3rd series, 14 (1935), 20–50
Adams, R. J. Q. and Poirier, P. P., The conscription controversy in Great Britain, 1900–1918 (London, 1987)
Anderson, G., ‘The service occupations of nineteenth century Liverpool’, in Anderson, B. L. and Stoney, P. J. M. (eds.), Commerce, industry and transport: studies in economic change on Merseyside (Liverpool, 1983), 79–92
Armstrong, W. A., ‘The use of information about occupation’, in Wrigley, E. A. (ed.), Nineteenth century society (Cambridge, 1972), 191–253
Ashworth, T., Trench warfare, 1914–1918: the live and let live system (London, 1980)
Audoin-Rouzeau, S., Men at war 1914–1918: national sentiment and trench journalism in France during the First World War (Oxford, 1992)
Babington, A., For the sake of example (London, 1983)
Banning, S. T., Military law made easy (Gale and Polden's military series London, 1917, 11th edn)
Barnes, B. S., This righteous war (Huddersfield, 1990)
Baynes, J., Morale, a study of men and courage: the Second Scottish Rifles at the Battle of Neuve Chappelle 1915 (London, 1967)
Baynes, J., Soldiers of Scotland (London, 1988)
Beckett, I., ‘The nation in arms, 1914–18’, in Beckett, I. F. W. and Simpson, K. (eds.), A nation in arms: a social study of the British army in the First World War (Manchester, 1985), 1–35
Beckett, I.,‘The Territorial Force’, in Beckett, I. F. W. and Simpson, K. (eds.), A nation in arms: a social study of the British Army in the First World War (Manchester, 1985), 127–63
Beckett, I.,‘The Territorial Force in the Great War’, in Liddle, P. H. (ed.) Home fires and foreign fields: British social and military experience in the First World War (London, 1985), 21–37
Beckett, I.,‘The British Army, 1914–1918: the illusion of change’, in Turner, J. (ed.), Britain and the First World War (London, 1988), 99–116
Beckett, I.,‘The real unknown army: British conscripts 1916–1919’, in Becker, J. J. and Audoin-Rouzeau, A. (eds.), Les sociétés européennes et la Guerre de 1914–1918 (Paris, 1990), 339–56
Beckett, I., The amateur military tradition 1558–1945 (Manchester, 1991)
Beckett, I., ‘“Revisiting the old front line”: the historiography of the Great War since 1984’, Stand To: The Journal of the Western Front Association, 43 (April 1995), 10–14
Beetham, M., ‘“Healthy reading”: the periodical press in late Victorian Manchester’, in Kidd, A. (ed.), Manchester in the late nineteenth century (Manchester, 1990), 167–92
Belchem, J., ‘The peculiarities of Liverpool’, in Belchem, J. (ed.), Popular politics, riot and labour (Liverpool Historical Studies 8, Liverpool, 1992), 1–20
Belchem, J.,‘“An accent exceedingly rare”: scouse and the inflexion of class’, in Belchem, J., and Kirk, N. (eds.), Languages of labour (Aldershot, 1997), 99–130
Bet-El, I. R., Conscripts: lost legions of the Great War (Stroud, 1999)
Blunden, E., Undertones of war (London, 1928)
Bohstedt, J., ‘More than one working class: Protestant–Catholic riots in Edwardian Liverpool’, in Belchem, J. (ed.), Popular politics, riot and labour (Liverpool Historical Studies 8, Liverpool, 1992), 173–216
Bond, B., ‘The Territorial Army in peace and war’, History Today, 16 (March 1966), 157–66
Boorman, D., British First World War memorials (York, 1988)
Bourke, J., Dismembering the male: men's bodies, Britain and the Great War (London, 1996)
Bourke, J., An intimate history of killing (London, 1999)
Bourne, J. M., Britain and the Great War 1914–1918 (London, 1989)
Bourne, J. M.,‘Midland Territorials at war: the 46th (North Midland) Division, 1914–1918’, paper given at the Midlands at War conference, 9 November 1996
Bourne, J. M.,‘The British working man in arms’, in Cecil, H. and Liddle, P. (eds.), Facing Armageddon: the First World War experienced (London, 1996), 336–52
Bourne, J. M.,‘British generals in the First World War’, in Sheffield, G. D. (ed.), Leadership and command: the Anglo-American experience since 1861 (London, 1997), 93–116
Bourne, J. M., Who's who in World War One (London, 2001)
Bowman, T., ‘The discipline and morale of the British Expeditionary Force in France and Flanders 1914–18, with particular reference to Irish units’, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Luton (1999)
Bowman, T., Irish regiments in the Great War: discipline and morale (Manchester, 2003)
Brophy, J., The bitter end (London, 1928)
Brown, Malcolm and Seaton, Shirley, Christmas truce: the Western Front, December 1914 (London, 1984)
Bryson, R., ‘The once and future army’, in Bond, B. (ed.) ‘Look to your front’: Studies in the First World War (Staplehurst, 1999), 25–62
Buck, M. L., ‘Feature review: between mutiny and obedience. The case of the French Fifth Infantry Division during World War I’, War in History, 3 (1996), 116–17
Buitenhuis, P., The Great War of words (London, 1989)
Burke-Gaffney, J. J., The story of the King's Regiment 1914–1948 (Liverpool, 1954)
Bushaway, B., ‘Name upon name: the Great War and remembrance’, in Porter, R. (ed.), Myths of the English (Cambridge, 1992), 136–67
Carmichael, J., First World War photographers (London, 1989)
Carter, T., The Birmingham Pals: 14th, 15th and 16th (Service) Battalions of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment (London, 1997)
Churchill, R. S., Lord Derby, King of Lancashire (London, 1959)
Churchill, W.The world crisis (London, 1965 edn)
Clayton, A., Chavasse: double V.C. (Barnsley, 1992)
Colls, R., Identity of England (Oxford, 2002)
Cooksey, J., Pals: the 13th and 14th Battalions, York and Lancaster Regiment (Barnsley, 1986)
Cunningham, H., The Volunteer Force (London, 1975)
D'Aeth, F., ‘Present tendencies of class differentiation,’ Sociological Review, 2, 4 (October 1910), 267–76
Dallas, G. and Gill, D., The unknown army: mutinies in the British Army in World War One (London, 1985)
Davies, F. and Maddocks, G., Bloody Red Tabs: General Officer casualties of the Great War 1914–1918 (London, 1995)
Davies, S., Liverpool labour (Keele, 1996)
Dennis, P., ‘The County Associations and the Territorial Army’, Army Quarterly and Defence Journal, 109, 2 (1979), 210–19
Dennis, P., The Territorial Army, 1906–1940 (Woodbridge, 1987)
Dewey, P. E, ‘Military recruiting and the British labour force during the First World War’, Historical Journal, 27, 1 (March 1984), 199–223
Dunn, J. C., The war the infantry knew (2nd edn, London, 1987)
Edmonds, J. (ed.), Official history: military operations, France and Belgium, 14 vols. (London, 1922–48)
Eksteins, M., Rites of spring: the Great War and the birth of the modern age (NewYork, 1989)
Elton, O., C. E. Montague: a memoir (London, 1929), 193–4
Englander, D., ‘Soldiering and identity: reflections on the Great War’, War in History, 1, 3 (1994), 300–18
Englander, D.,‘Discipline and morale in the British Army, 1917–1918’, in Horne, J. (ed.), State, society and mobilisation in Europe during the First World War (Cambridge, 1998), 125–43
Englander, D.,‘Mutinies and military morale’, in Strachan, H. (ed.), The Oxford illustrated history of the First World War (Oxford, 1998), 191–203
Englander, D. and Osborne, J., ‘Jack, Tommy and Henry Dubb: the armed forces and the working class’, Historical Journal, 21, 3 (1978), 593–621
Ferguson, N., The pity of war (London, 1998)
Fitzpatrick, D., ‘A curious middle place: the Irish in Britian, 1871–1921’, in Swift, R. and Gilley, S. (eds.), The Irish in Britain 1815–1939 (London, 1989), 18–31
Foley, Robert T., German strategy and the path to Verdun: Erich von Falkenhayn and the development of attrition, 1871–1916 (Cambridge, 2004)
French, J., 1914 (London, 1919)
Fuller, J. G., Troop morale and popular culture in the British and Dominion Armies, 1914–1918 (Oxford, 1990)
Fussell, P., The Great War and modern memory (London, 1975)
Garwood, J. M., Chorley Pals: ‘Y’ Company, 11th (Service) Battalion, East Lancs. Regiment (Manchester, 1989)
Gibbs, P., Battles of the Somme (London, 1917)
Gibbs, P., Realities of war (London, 1920)
Graves, R., Goodbye to all that (4th edn, London, 1966)
Gregory, A., The silence of memory: Armistice Day 1919–1946 (Oxford, 1994)
Gregory, A.,‘Lost generations: the impact of military casualties on Paris, London and Berlin’, in Winter, J. and Robert, J. L. (eds.), Capital cities at war (Cambridge, 1997), 57–103
Grieves, K., ‘War correspondents and conducting officers on the Western Front’, in Cecil, H. and Liddle, P. (eds.), Facing Armageddon: the First World War experienced (London, 1996), 719–35
Grieves, K.,‘Lord Derby in Liverpool; military recruitment and dock labour’, paper given at Liverpool and the First World War Conference, Merseyside Maritime Museum, Liverpool, 21 November 1998
Griffith, P., Battle tactics of the Western Front: the British Army's art of attack 1916–18 (London, 1994)
Haig-Brown, A., The OTC and the Great War (London, 1915)
Harry, E., From crime to court martial: a simplified rendering and index of those parts of the ‘Manual of military law’ and ‘King's Regulations’ which deal with a soldier's offences and punishments (London, 1918)
Haste, C., Keep the home fires burning (London, 1977)
Hiley, N., ‘Making war: the British news media and government control, 1914–1916’, unpublished PhD thesis, Open University (1985)
Hiley, N., ‘You can't believe a word you read’, in Newspaper History (1994), 89–102
Hoggart, R., ‘“Them” and “Us”’, in Joyce, P. (ed.), Class (Oxford, 1995), 239–49
Hudson, R. N., The Bradford Pals (Bradford, 1993)
Hughes, C., ‘The New Armies’, in Beckett, I. F. W. and Simpson, K. (eds.), A nation in arms: a social study of the British army in the First World War (Manchester, 1985), 99–125
Hynes, S., A war imagined: the First World War and English culture (New York, 1991)
James, E. A., British regiments in the First World War (2nd edn, London, 1976)
Janowitz, M. and Shils, E., ‘Cohesion and disintegration in the Wehrmacht in World War II’, Public Opinion Quarterly, 12 (Summer 1948), 280–315
Keir, J. L., ‘Some aspects of a Territorial division from within’, Army Review (July 1914), 129–41
Kimball, C. C., ‘The ex-service movement in England and Wales, 1916–1930’, unpublished PhD dissertation, Stanford University (1990)
Knightley, P., The first casualty (London, 1978)
Lawton, R. and Pooley, C. G., ‘The social geography of Merseyside in the nineteenth century’, Final report to the Social Science Research Council (Department of Geography, University of Liverpool, 1976)
Lee, J., ‘The SHLM project: assessing the battle performance of British divisions’, in Griffith, P. (ed.), British fighting methods in the Great War (London, 1996), 175–81
Leed, E. J., No Man's Land: combat and identity in World War One (Cambridge, 1979)
Lewis, D. (ed.), Remembrances of hell: the Great War diary of writer, broadcaster and naturalist Norman Ellison (Shrewsbury, 1997)
The Liverpool Organisation, Book of Liverpool civic week (Liverpool, 1928)
Lloyd, D. W., Battlefield tourism: pilgrimage and the commemoration of the Great War in Britain, Australia and Canada, 1919–1939 (Oxford, 1998)
Lovelace, C., ‘British press censorship during the First World War’, in Boyce, G. (ed.), Newspaper history: from the 17th century to the present day (London, 1978), 307–19
McClymont, E. I. M., Soldier poets: more songs by the fighting men (2nd Series, London, 1918)
McEwen, J. M. (ed.), The Riddell diaries (London, 1986)
McGilchrist, A. M., The Liverpool Scottish 1900–1919 (Liverpool, 1930)
McInnes, I. and Mitchinson, K. W., Cotton town comrades: the story of the Oldham Pals Battalion, 1914–1919 (London, 1993)
Mackenzie, S. P., ‘Morale and the cause: the campaign to shape the outlook of soldiers in the British Expeditionary Force, 1914–1918’, Canadian Journal of History, 25 (August 1990), 215–31
Mackenzie, S. P., Politics and military morale: current affairs and citizenship education in the British Army, 1914–50 (Oxford, 1992)
McKibbin, R., Classes and cultures: England 1918–1951 (Oxford, 1998)
McKinnell, B., The diary of Bryden McKinnell, Liverpool Scottish (Liverpool, 1919)
Maddocks, G., Liverpool Pals: a history of the 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th (Service) Battalions of the King's (Liverpool) Regiment, 1914–1919 (London, 1991)
Marquis, A. G., ‘Words as weapons’, Journal of Contemporary History, 13 (1978), 467–98
Marquis, F. J., Handbook of employments in Liverpool (Liverpool, 1916)
Marshall, S. L. A., Men against fire: the problem of battle command in future war (New York, 1947)
Messinger, G., British propaganda and the state in the First World War (Manchester, 1992)
Milner, L., Leeds Pals: a history of the 15th (Service) Battalion (1st Leeds), the Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment) 1914–1918 (London, 1991)
Milner, L.,‘Writing about the Gulf and the First World War’, paper given at Unit histories: problems, limitations, value, conference, Chester College, 12 July 1997
Mitchinson, K. W., Gentlemen and officers: the impact and experience of war on a Territorial Regiment, 1914–1918 (London, 1995)
Montague, C. E., Disenchantment (London, 1922)
Moorhouse, Geoffrey, Hell's foundations: a town, its myths and Gallipoli (London, 1992)
Moran, Lord, The anatomy of courage (London, 1945)
Morris, P., ‘Leeds and the amateur military tradition: the Leeds Rifles and their antecedents, 1859–1918’, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Leeds (1983)
Muir, R., History of Liverpool (2nd edn, London, 1970)
Naylor, J., Lancashire biographies (London, 1917)
Old Comrades Committee, The 21st Battalion of the Manchester Regiment: a history (Manchester, 1934)
Oram, G., Death sentences passed by military courts of the British Army 1914–1924 (London, 1998)
Oram, G., Worthless men: race eugenics and the death penalty in the British Army during the First World War (London, 1998)
Oram, G., Military execution during World War One (Basingstoke, 2003)
Orchard, B., Liverpool's legion of honour (Birkenhead, 1893)
Osborne, J. M., The voluntary recruiting movement in Britain 1914–16 (London, 1982)
Owen, W., Poems (London, 1920)
Peaty, J., ‘Capital courts-martial during the Great War’, in Bond, B. (ed.), Look to your front: studies in the First World War (Staplehurst, 1999), 89–104
Peel, Lieutenant Colonel the Hon S., ‘The Territorial Force’, Army Quarterly, 1, 1 (1920–21), 36–54
Perry, F. W., The commonwealth armies: manpower and organisation in two world wars (Manchester, 1988)
Price, R. N., ‘Society, status and jingoism: the social roots of lower middle class patriotism 1870–1900’, in Crossick, G. (ed.), The lower middle class in Britain 1870–1914 (London, 1977), 89–111
Pugsley, C., On the fringe of Hell: New Zealanders and military discipline in the First World War (London, 1991)
Putkowski, J. and Sykes, J., Shot at dawn (Barnsley, 1989)
Rathbone, B., In and out of character (New York, 1962)
Reeves, N., Official British film propaganda in the First World War (London, 1986)
Reeves, N.,‘Through the eye of the camera: contemporary cinema audiences and their experience of war in the film, Battle of the Somme’, in Cecil, H. and Liddle, P. (eds.), Facing Armageddon: the First World War experienced (London, 1996), 780–98
Reid, A. J., Social classes and social relations in Britain 1850–1914 (Cambridge, 1992)
Robb, G., British culture and the First World War (Basingstoke, 2002)
Robert, J. L., ‘The image of the profiteer’, in Winter, J. and Robert, J. L. (eds.), Capital cities at war: Paris, London, Berlin, 1914–1919 (Cambridge, 1997), 104–32
Roberts, Robert, ‘The class structure of the “classic slum”’, in Joyce, P. (ed.), Class (Oxford, 1995), 236–9
Rose, T., Aspects of political censorship, 1914–18 (Hull, 1995)
Rothstein, A., The soldiers' strikes of 1919 (London, 1980)
Royle, E., ‘Regions and identities’, in Royle, E. (ed.), Issues of regional identity in honour of John Marshall (Manchester, 1998), 1–13
Samuels, M., Command or control? Command, training and tactics in the British and German Armies, 1888–1918 (London, 1995)
Sanders, M. L. and Taylor, P., British propaganda during the First World War (London, 1982)
Sassoon, S., Memoirs of an infantry officer (London, 1930)
Sassoon, S.,‘Base details,’ and ‘The General’, in Hart-Davis, R. (ed.), Siegfried Sassoon: the war poems (London, 1983), 60, 67
Schneider, E. F., ‘What Britons were told about the war in the trenches, 1914–1918’, unpublished DPhil thesis, University of Oxford (1997)
Sellers, L., For God's sake, shoot straight (London, 1995)
Sell's Ltd, Sell's world press (London, 1919)
Sewell, E., Rugby football internationals (London, 1919)
Sheffield, G. D., ‘The effect of war service on the 22nd Battalion Royal Fusiliers (Kensington) 1914–18, with special reference to morale, discipline and the officer–man relationship’, unpublished MA thesis, University of Leeds (1984)
Sheffield, G. D.,‘Officer–man relations, morale and discipline in the British Army 1902–1922’, unpublished PhD thesis, University of London (1994)
Sheffield, G. D., The Redcaps: a history of the Royal Military Police and its antecedents from the Middle Ages to the Gulf War (London, 1994)
Sheffield, G. D.,‘Officer–man relations, discipline and morale in the British Army of the Great War’, in Cecil, H. and Liddle, P. H. (eds.), Facing Armageddon: the First World War experienced (London, 1996), 413–24
Sheffield, G. D.,‘A very good type of Londoner and a very good type of colonial: officer–man relations and discipline in the 22nd Royal Fusiliers, 1914–18’, in Bond, B.et al., ‘Look to your front’: studies in the First World War by the British Commission for Military History (Staplehurst, 1999), 137–46
Sheffield, G. D., Leadership in the trenches: officer–man relations, morale and discipline in the British Army in the era of the First World War (London, 2000)
Sheffield, G. D., The Somme (London, 2003)
Simkins, P., Kitchener's Army: the raising of the New Armies, 1914–16 (Manchester, 1988)
Simkins, P.,‘Everyman at war’, in Bond, B. (ed.) The First World War and British military history (Oxford, 1991), 289–313
Simkins, P.,‘Co-stars or supporting cast? British divisions in the “hundred days”, 1918’, in Griffith, P. (ed.), British fighting methods of the Great War (London, 1996), 50–69
Simkins, P.,‘The four armies 1914–1918’, in Chandler, D. and Beckett, I. (eds.), The Oxford illustrated history of the British Army (Oxford, 1996), 241–62
Simpson, K., ‘The Officers’, in Beckett, I. F. W. and Simpson, K. (eds.), A nation in arms: a social study of the British army in the First World War (Manchester, 1985), 63–97
Smith, L. V., Between mutiny and obedience: the case of the French Fifth Infantry Division during World War One (Princeton, 1994)
Spiers, E. M., Haldane: an army reformer (Edinburgh, 1980)
Spiers, E. M., The Army and society 1815–1914 (London, 1980)
Spiers, E. M.,‘The Regular Army in 1914’, in Beckett, I. F. W. and Simpson, K. (eds.), A nation in arms: a social study of the British army in the First World War (Manchester, 1985), 37–61
Spiers, E. M.,‘The Scottish soldier at war’, in Cecil, H. and Liddle, P. (eds.), Facing Armageddon: the First World War experienced (London, 1996), 314–35
Springall, J. O., Youth, empire and society (London, 1977)
Stanley, F. C., History of the 89th Brigade (Liverpool, 1919)
Stedman, M., Manchester Pals: 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 22nd and 23rd Battalions of the Manchester Regiment (London, 1984)
Stedman, M., Salford Pals: a history of the 15th, 16th, 19th and 20th Battalions, Lancashire Fusiliers 1914–1919: a history of the Salford Brigade (London, 1993)
Stirling, J., The Territorial divisions 1914–1918 (London, 1922)
Stouffer, S. A., et al., The American soldier: combat and its aftermath (New York, 1965)
Strachan, H., ‘The morale of the German Army 1917–18’, in Cecil, H. and Liddle, P. (eds.), Facing Armageddon: the First World War experienced (London, 1996), 383–98
Strachan, H.,‘The soldier's experience in two world wars: some historiographical comparisons’, in Addison, P. and Calder, A. (eds.), Time to kill: the soldier's experience of war in the west, 1939–1945 (London, 1997), 369–78
Taylor, A. J. P., An illustrated history of the First World War (Harmondsworth, 1965)
Terraine, J., The Great War (Ware, 1997)
Thompson, G., Liverpool scroll of fame, Part I, Commissioned officers (Liverpool, 1920)
Threlfall, T. R., The history of the King's Liverpool Regiment (Liverpool, 1915)
Travers, T., The killing ground: the British army, the Western Front and the emergence of modern warfare, 1900–1918 (London, 1987)
Travers, T., How the war was won: command and technology in the British Army on the Western Front 1917–1918 (London, 1992)
Turner, W., Pals: the 11th (Service) Battalion (Accrington) East Lancashire Regiment (Barnsley, 1987)
Turner, W., The Accrington Pals trail (London, 1998)
Creveld, M., Command in war (Cambridge, 1985)
Wadsworth, A. P., ‘Newspaper circulations, 1800–1954’, Transactions of the Manchester Statistical Society (1954–55), 1–40
Waller, P. J., Democracy and sectarianism: a political and social history of Liverpool 1868–1939 (Liverpool, 1981)
Walton, J. K., Lancashire: a social history 1558–1939 (Manchester, 1987)
Walton, J. K. and Castells, L., ‘Contrasting identities: north-west England and the Basque Country, 1840–1936’, in Royle, E. (ed.) Issues of regional identity in honour of John Marshall (Manchester, 1998), 45–77
Ward Lock and Co., Guide to Liverpool, Birkenhead and New Brighton (London, 1912)
Watson, Janet S. K., Fighting different wars: experience, memory and the First World War in Britain (Cambridge, 2004)
Wheelan, P., The Accrington Pals: the 11th (Service) Battalion (Accrington), East Lancashire (Preston, 1986)
Whitmarsh, A., ‘The development of infantry tactics in the British 12th (Eastern) Division, 1915–1918’, Stand To. The Journal of the Western Front Association, 48 (January 1997), 28–32
Williams, B., Raising and training the New Armies (London, 1918)
Williams, P. H., Liverpolitana (Liverpool, 1971)
Wilson, J. Brent, ‘The morale and discipline of the British Expeditionary Force’, unpublished MA thesis, University of New Brunswick (1978)
Winter, D., Death's men: soldiers of the Great War (London, 1978)
Winter, J. M., ‘The decline of mortality in Britain, 1870–1950’, in Barker, T. and Drake, M. (eds), Population and society in Britain 1850–1980 (London, 1982), 100–20
Winter, J. M., The Great War and the British people (London, 1986)
Winter, J. M., World War One, 1914–1918 (Oxford, 1988)
Winter, J. M., ‘Catastrophe and culture: recent trends in the historiography of the First World War’, Journal of Modern History, 64 (1992), 525–32
Winter, J. M., Sites of memory, sites of mourning: The Great War in European cultural history (Cambridge, 1995)
Winter, J. M.,‘Popular culture in wartime Britain’, in Roshwald, A. and Stites, R. (eds.), European culture in the Great War: the arts, entertainment and propaganda (Cambridge, 1999), 330–48
Winter, J. and Robert, J. L. (eds.), Capital cities at war: Paris, London, Berlin, 1914–1919 (Cambridge, 1997)
Wurtzburg, C. E., History of the 2/6th Battalion, The King's Liverpool Regiment 1914–1919 (London, 1920)
Wyrall, E., The history of the King's Regiment (Liverpool), vols. 1–3 (London, 1928–35)
Young, P. and Bellen, J. (eds.) Whitbread book of Scouseology, 1900–1987 (Liverpool, 1987)
