Summary

UNLABELLED
The study of oculomotricity is done by the evaluation of three systems: saccade eye movements (MOS), optokinetic nystagmus (NO) and smooth pursuit eye movement (MORL). The joint action of these three systems allows the visual field's establishment in different movement situations.


AIM
To compare the value of oculomotricity in normal adults and children to confirm, or not if it is viable to use the same parameters of adults normality to children's exams interpretation.


STUDY DESIGN
Clinical with transversal cohort.


MATERIAL AND METHOD
We studied MOS, NO and MORL in 50 normal children and in 35 adults and the results were compared by the t Student test.


RESULTS
The data analysis showed significant difference between children and adults (significance at level +/- = 0.05)


DISCUSSION
In the literature we have found evidence that myelinization of the vestibular pathways happen at about 16 weeks and the pyramidal tracts, at 24 months. Oculomotricity is finished at this time. Other papers describe the importance of these tests in the diagnostic of neurological diseases, visual alterations and as predictors of the risk of schizophrenia development but they do not report the normal range in children. In our study we found increased latency of MOS, increase in gain of NO, reduction in gain and increase in the distortion of MORL in children if compared to adults, which is in accordance with the literature. These alterations can be explained by the low attention during the tests and the immaturity of ocular movements' control in children.


CONCLUSION
Therefore, the establishment of a parameter of normality to the oculomotricity in childhood is necessary for the correct analysis of the oculography to avoid misinterpretation of the exam.

The study of oculomotricity is done by the evaluation of three systems: saccade eye movements (MOS), optokinetic nystagmus (NO) and smooth pursuit eye movement (MORL). The joint action of these three systems allows the visual field's establishment in different movement situations. Aim: To compare the value of oculomotricity in normal adults and children to confirm, or not if it is viable to use the same parameters of adults normality to children's exams interpretation. Study design: clinical with transversal cohort. Material and Method: We studied MOS, NO and MORL in 50 normal children and in 35 adults and the results were compared by the t Student test. Results: The data analysis showed significant difference between children and adults (significance at level ± = 0.05) Discussion: In the literature we have found evidence that myelinization of the vestibular pathways happen at about 16 weeks and the pyramidal tracts, at 24 months. Oculomotricity is finished at this time. Other papers describe the importance of these tests in the diagnostic of neurological diseases, visual alterations and as predictors of the risk of schizophrenia development but they do not report the normal range in children. In our study we found increased latency of MOS, increase in gain of NO, reduction in gain and increase in the distortion of MORL in children if compared to adults, which is in accordance with the literature. These alterations can be explained by the low attention during the tests and the immaturity of ocular movements' control in children. Conclusion: Therefore, the establishment of a parameter of normality to the oculomotricity in childhood is necessary for the correct analysis of the oculography to avoid misinterpretation of the exam.

INTRODUCTION
The look is resultant from head and ocular movements directed to centralizing the image of an object over the fovea. Phasic and tonic movements of the head search for the visual target and stabilize the image over the fovea.
The study of oculomotricity is defined through the assessment of three movements: saccadic eye movement (MOS), optokinetic nystagmus (NO) and smooth pursuit eye movement (MORL). The joint action of these three systems enables stabilization of the visual field in different situations of movement to which the subjects are submitted.
The term saccadic is defined as quick eye movement of high speed in hundreds of degrees/seconds and its purpose is to position the image of a visual field over the fovea 1,2 . There is still some controversy about the neural mechanisms involved in the execution of MOS, but recent studies indicated that the generator of horizontal movement is at the medullar point of the reticular formation, close to the abducens nucleus, whereas the generator of vertical movement is in the medium rostral reticular formation for the oculomotor nuclei 3,4 .
The movement of a visual scene through the visual field evokes involuntary and conjugated ocular movement, named optokinetic nystagmus. The optokinetic system operates with visual signals of the whole retina, not over the fovea 1 . Such system is closely related with the vestibular system, given that the real objective of the optokinetic system does not follow the movement of the visual scene whereas the observer remains stationary, but rather, supports the vestibular system during the movement of rotation, producing ocular movements that are appropriate to maintaining the image on the retina 1 . Both systems share the same objective to try to maintain the same speed in both eyes and against the speed of the head. This objective is achieved by the modification of the oculomotor response induced by vestibular-ocular reflexes and by optokinetic nystagmus, continuously and according to the speed of the visual and head fields 2 .Smooth pursuit eye movement is the mechanism, of oculomotor control that moves the eyes to stabilize the target image on the retina. Neural pathways involved in this movement go through the occipital cortex, temporal cortex, parietal cortex, corpus callosum, pons, bulb and cerebellum 5 .
The study of oculomotricity is important in the assessment of patients with dizziness, given that body balance is maintained by the interaction of the three systems: visual, labyrinth and proprioceptive. MOS, NO and MORL analysis is widely used to investigate the visual system and its contribution to the maintenance of balance. The study, therefore, is based on the otoneurological assessment of both adults and children.
As to adults, there are normal range values well determined in the literature for each test 6 . Thus, for saccadic eye movement, normal latency is between 180-250mseg and precision over 80%. For optokinetic nystagmus, gain in speed of 30 o /sec is of about 0.740,17 and for speed of 60 o /sec it is about 0.890.12. The normal range for gain in pendular tracking of 0.95 o and degree of distortion is up to 10%. However, concerning children, there are studies commenting about the affections to oculomotricity as a result of growing 7-10 , and others show that oculomotricity may help in diagnosing abnormalities 11,12 and diseases [13][14][15] , but there are no reference test values to be used as baseline.
We know that there is influence of age on visual mechanisms of balance control 16 , such as for example, reduction in gain of optokinetic nystagmus in speed over 60 o /sec in elderly subjects 6 . For this reason, the values of normal range in adults may be used to interpret exams in children.

OBJECTIVE
Given that we did not find any studies correlating normal results in adults and children, the present study intended to investigate saccadic eye pursuit movement, optokinetic nystagmus and smooth pursuit eye movements in normal children through measurements obtained with oculography and to compare the results with value found in normal adults (control group) and to confirm or not the feasibility of using the same normal range parameters in adults to interpret tests in children.

MATERIAL AND METHOD
We selected 50 children aged 5 to 10 years and 35 adults aged 22 to 50 years who had normal clinical history and physical examination, without data that suggested ocular pattern abnormalities.
The inclusion criteria were: • Visual acuity and collaboration compatible with the requirements of the exam; • Absence of dizziness complaints or signs or symptoms that could indicate abnormal vestibular function; • Absence of history of neurological disease; • Absence of extrinsic ocular motricity deficit or other abnormal ocular movements.
To perform the vestibular test we used a Belgium program ENG 290 MUMEDIA of computed vestibulometry, installed in a 386 PC, given that it is slow and could better show the tracing, with direct connection with a high-definition 20'' TV monitor. The program enabled the examiner to control the presentation of stimulus in all tests and to make automatic quantitative calculations when assessing the performance. The exam comprised calibration of recording of saccadic eye pursuit movements, optokinetic nystagmus and smooth pursuit eye movements and the tests were performed in semi-dark room.
The calibration of ocular movements was made with horizontal movements, with 10 o intervals from the left to the right direction.
• Saccadic eye movement: the light target was displaced horizontally for 35 seconds, with amplitude of 20 o . Patients were instructed to maintain the eyes on the light target, following any and all displacement. We studied precision and latency on the right and left. • Optokinetic nystagmus: to stimulate, we used a picture of the world map vertically sectioned by black bars. The stimulus was presented in clockwise to anti-clockwise direction, for 10 seconds, amounting to a total of 60 seconds (three presentations in each direction). The speed of the stimuli was 30 o /s. The patient was instructed to look at the bars that passed on the TV screen, without fixing the eyes on any specific point. We studied right and left gain. Some children showed difficulties to perform the latency and precision MOS test and the distortion degree of MORL, reason why the values were excluded from the analyses so that they would not interfere in the results.
The results obtained in the children's exams were compared to results of tests in adults. To statistically analyze the data we used t Student test.

RESULTS
We studied 50 children aged between 5 and 10 years (mean of 7.62 years), 22 female and 28 male children.
The group of adults was formed by 35 patients aged between 22 and 70 years (mean age of 37.6 years), 25 women and 10 men.
The values and the statistical analysis of data are presented in Tables 1 to 4 (saccadic eye movement), 5 and 6 (optokinetic nystagmus) and 7 to 9 (Smooth pursuit eye movement). For all studied variables, t Student test was significant at the level of was demonstrated in a study performed in our service 7 years ago 16 .
However, in children, data are scarce and many times insufficient. There are many studies that address the affection of oculomotricity as children get older [7][8][9][10] . Others believe that oculomotricity is important in detecting neurological anomalies 11,12 , or as support in the diagnosis of epilepsy 13 , as a screening method to detect visual or      cerebral function 14 , to assess children with schizophrenia 15 , and also for the detection of genetic risk for the development of the disease 20 , but these studies do not show numbers that may be used as normal values.
Our study, upon comparing oculomotricity in normal children and adults, showed that there are differences between the two groups. A study performed by Levens (1988) clearly described the differences that may occur in electronystamographic tracings in adults and in children; however, no tests for oculomotricity were performed 21 .
In MOS study, we found increase in latency both on the right and on the left in children compared with adults. It is in agreement with what was described by Kowler & Martins (1982), but these authors studied only children aged 4 to 5 years 22 . We would like to point out that we reached a high standard deviation in the analysis of this variable and it is probably due to attention deficit that children had in the exam, a fact that should attract the attention of the examiner. MOS precision was higher in the group of children in the right and also on the left and we did not find any explanation to this fact.
The assessment of NO in the study showed that children present higher gain than adults on the right and on the left. These data differ from the study by Sakaguchi et al. (1997) who found differences in values of gain in children and adults only when the test was performed in the dark 23 . For a test performed in semi-dark, there was no difference between the two groups. Our tests were always performed in semi-dark rooms.
MORL investigation showed lower gain on the right and also on the left for children in comparison to adults. Accardo et al. (1995) has also described it in their study and attributed this finding to psychological and cognitive factors and also to incomplete maturation of MORL systems in children 24 . In our study, we found some level of distortion in children, which was attributed to the same factors, in addition to the attention deficit they had in the exam and it was in agreement with the study by Snashall (1983) that states that lack of attention and immaturity in the control of eye movements creates difficulties in the analysis of oculography 25 .

CONCLUSION
The analysis of saccadic eye movements, optokinetic nystagmus and smooth pursuit eye movements in 50 healthy children and in 35 healthy adults led us to the conclusion that acceptable normal parameters for the adult population should not be used in the interpretation of tests in children and new studies are required to define the normal range of oculomotricity in this group so that these tests can be used in the assessment of different and important clinical conditions that affect the pediatric population.