Treatment of Tuberculosis in Children

doi:10.1016/S0031-3955(16)34361-9

Pediatric Clinics of North America

Volume 30, Issue 2, April 1983, Pages 333-348

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-3955(16)34361-9 Get rights and content

This article discusses and gives rational guidelines for the treatment and control of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis in children, giving special consideration to questions of antibiotic resistance. Also featured is a discussion of the special problems of managing a tuberculous mother and her infant.

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Tuberculosis in the non-adults from Romano-British Poundbury Camp, Dorset, England
2011, International Journal of Paleopathology
Citation Excerpt :
Secondary spread to the stomach may occur due to swallowing of infected sputum from pulmonary tuberculosis (Sharma and Bhatia, 2004). Congenital TB is considered rare, with transmission from the mother to the child occurring via the placenta, or due to the fetus ingesting bacteria through infected amniotic fluid (Hakim and Grossman, 1995; Lorin, 1983). Skeletal lesions of TB are characterised by minimal bone formation and bone necrosis with marked osteoporosis in the affected limb.
The prevalence of tuberculosis and pulmonary disease in 165 non-adults (under 17 years) from Romano-British Poundbury Camp (1st–3rd centuries ad) is examined. Previous studies have reported eleven individuals with tuberculosis in England during the Roman period, but none are of children. Ten (6.1%) non-adults between the ages of 3 and 15 years were identified that presented lesions suggestive of a pulmonary infection, with seven (4.2%) likely to have been suffering from tuberculosis. Pathological changes included spinal lytic lesions, active new bone on the visceral aspects of the ribs, widespread periostitis on the long bones, dactylitis, and osteomyelitis of the mandible and scapula. The nature of skeletal tuberculosis in children and various differential diagnoses are discussed. The results from this study increase our knowledge of tuberculosis in the UK, and suggest that the disease was much more prevalent in Romano-British society than has been previously reported.
Preventive treatment of tuberculosis for contact children : Choice and management
1995, Medecine et Maladies Infectieuses
Le traitement préventif des sujets contacts autour d'un cas de tuberculose contagieux a une efficacité bien démontrée chez l'enfant avec une réduction du risque de tuberculose secondaire de 80 à 90 %. On tient compte des facteurs suivants : âge (enfant de moins de 4 ans et adolescent), contage très proche, quotidien, massif. La sélection des enfants à traiter se fait d'après les résultats de l'IDR à la tuberculine en fonction du statut vaccinal par le BCG. Le traitement repose sur l'INH, dont la durée habituelle est de 6 mois. Certains préconisent une association à la rifampicine pour les risques élevés, et pour réduire la durée.
The chemoprophylaxis of contacts around an infectious case of pulmonary tuberculosis is effective in children and reduce the risk of secondary tuberculosis around 80 to 90 %. Some factors must be considered to treat children : age (younger than 4 years and teen-ages), close contact, heavy contamination. The choice of children for therapy is done by the Mantoux tuberculin test, in relation with the BCG vaccine status. The standard treatment is isoniazid, during 6 months. Some authors recommand addition of rifampicin in high risk contacts and for lowering duration of therapy.
Tuberculous meningitis in children: Treatment with isoniazid and rifampicin for twelve months
1989, The Journal of Pediatrics
Patients with tuberculous meningitis were treated with isoniazid and rifampicin for 12 months. To evaluate the result of treatment, we studied the outcome of patients treated from January 1979 to December 1985. Of the 51 patients, 27 were female, and 5, 25, and 21 patients were in the first, second, and third stages of the disease, respectively. Increased intracranial pressure of >200 mm H₂O was observed in 42 patients. Three patients required ventriculostomy, and one of them needed ventriculoperitoneal shunting. Three patients died within the first week of admission, and four patients were lost to follow-up. Forty-four patients were followed for 1 1/2 to 7 years; 31 of them recovered completely. Thirteen patients recovered with neurologic sequelae, which included mental retardation, motor weakness, seizures, and hydrocephalus. No serious side effect of the drugs were observed except for transient elevation of liver enzyme activities in four patients. The combination of isoniazid and rifampicin for 1 year, with appropriate management of increased intracranial pressure, seemed to be safe and effective enough to be used as a routine treatment of tuberculous meningitis in areas where resistance to these drugs is uncommon.
Modern approach to the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in children
1988, Pediatric Clinics of North America
Tuberculosis in children remains an important infectious disease in the United States, with 1261 cases reported in 1985. It occurs mainly in clusters of high-risk people such as the foreign born, Hispanics, blacks, Native Americans, Asians, and the impoverished. Noncompliance is the major problem in treating tuberculosis, and greater effort should be directed toward novel treatment approaches in children, such as twice-weekly supervised therapy and shorter, more intense durations of therapy.
Paleopathology of Children: Identification of Pathological Conditions in the Human Skeletal Remains of Non-Adults
2017, Paleopathology of Children: Identification of Pathological Conditions in the Human Skeletal Remains of Non-Adults
Fetal paleopathology: An impossible discipline?
2017, The Anthropology of the Fetus: Biology, Culture, and Society

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Treatment of Tuberculosis in Children

Tubercle

Dis. Chest

J. Pediatr.

Pediatr. Clin. North Am.

J. Pediatr.

J. Pediatr.

Clin. Perinatol.

Tuberculous meningitis due to primary drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis hominis

Pediatrics

Pott’s disease treated without spinal fusion

Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.

Isoniazid prophylaxis among Alaskan Eskimos—A final report of the Bethel isoniazid studies

Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.

Failure in treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: Potential causes and their avoidance

Bull. Int. Union Tuberc.

Tuberculous peritonitis: 43 years experience

Ann. Surg.

Mortality from tuberculous meningitis reduced by steroid therapy

Pediatrics

Results of long-term chemotherapy in spinal tuberculosis

Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.

Controlled chemoprophylaxis trials in tuberculosis—a general review

Adv. Tuberc. Res.

Spinal tuberculosis

N. Y. State J. Med.

Congenital tuberculosis: Critical reappraisal of clinical findings and diagnostic procedures

Pediatrics

Contact investigation: A practical approach to tuberculosis eradication

Am. J. Pub. Health

Isoniazid in the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis—A 20-year study of the effectiveness in children

J.A.M.A.

Corticosteroids in pulmonary tuberculosis

Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.

The place of BCG vaccine in the management of infants born of tuberculous mothers

N. Engl. J. Med.