CONSEQUENCES OF VIOLENCE: Premature Death, Violence Recidivism, and Violent Criminality
Section snippets
PREMATURE DEATH
The burden of violence in the United States is born disproportionately by the youngest of the country. Of the 24,547 victims of homicide in the United States in 1994, more than one third were under the age of 25 years.31 Between 1985 and 1994, homicide rates for male adolescents aged 15 to 19 years increased 166%, surpassing rates for males of all other age groups, except those 20 to 24 years of age; firearm deaths accounted for 97% of this increase.9 This represents a dramatic change from the
VIOLENCE RECIDIVISM
The term violence recidivism typically refers to the repetitive crime-committing behavior of certain violent offenders and has been a phenomenon that criminologists and sociologists have studied in depth.39 The term, despite its somewhat criminal connotation, has been applied to victimization as well. The case presented at the beginning of this article illustrates both victimization and perpetration recidivism. Understanding the factors that contribute to the reoccurrence of both victimization
Magnitude of the Problem
Just as youth are overrepresented in the victim population, so too are they overrepresented in the offender category. It is difficult to know what the true trends in youth violence have been in recent years. Arrest statistics may exaggerate the problem of youth violence because these statistics represent the number of juveniles arrested for violent crime, not the number of violent crimes committed by young people.32 In 1992, 3200 juveniles were arrested for homicide. In addition, 130,000 other
CONCLUSION
Violence is a major public health problem, and the outcomes of premature death, violence recidivism, and criminality are among the important consequences for youth and society as a whole. The criminal justice system alone will not be able to solve this problem. Primary care physicians have a clear role in prevention by recognizing early childhood risk factors for violent behavior in their patients and providing for referrals to appropriate sources and advocating for early childhood intervention
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Assault-injured youth in the emergency centres of Khayelitsha, South Africa: Baseline characteristics & opportunities for intervention
2019, InjuryCitation Excerpt :In 1996, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared violence “a major and growing public health problem across the world,” and endorsed the prevention of violence as “a public health priority” [2]. In large urban centres in the US, a growing body of literature has characterized youth trauma as a “chronic, recurrent” disease with recurrence rates as high as 44% and 5-year mortality rates up to 20% [3,4]. Many studies have been successful in identifying risk factors for re-injury and mortality and implementing evidence-based, targeted intervention programs to address these risk factors [5,6].
Penetrating assaults in children: Often non-fatal near-miss events with opportunities for prevention in the UK
2012, InjuryCitation Excerpt :Research into violent injury in children should be seen as a priority: not only is violent injury a significant public health problem, resulting in death and suffering for many, but there is also emerging evidence to suggest these injuries are not simply ‘inevitable’ and interventions can be efficacious at breaking the known cycle of violence and recidivism.9,10 Children and youths who have been involved in a violent assault are a potentially vital group for intervention: they are at significantly greater risk of further assault and also of committing a violent crime themselves.9,10 When health professionals instigate preventative measures promptly, reinjury rates can be reduced.9,11,12
Gender differences among recidivist trauma patients
2011, Journal of Surgical ResearchCitation Excerpt :Trauma recidivism over a 5-y period have been previously reported between 5% and 45% [2, 5, 6] and have been estimated at one urban trauma hospital alone to cost 3.8 million dollars per year [7]. Although traumatic injury may be viewed as a random event, repeat episodes of injury have identifiable risk factors, including alcohol and substance abuse, male gender, and black race [4, 5, 8]. We hypothesized that gender differences exist among recidivist trauma patients and that males are more likely to be repeatedly involved in the trauma system and have a shorter time to recurrence between repeat episodes of injury compared with females.
Before and After the Trauma Bay: The Prevention of Violent Injury Among Youth
2009, Annals of Emergency MedicineEffectiveness of Interventions to Prevent Youth Violence. A Systematic Review
2007, American Journal of Preventive MedicineCitation Excerpt :Although recent downward trends in violent crime arrest rates are encouraging, violence remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality for youth in the United States,1 and its consequences carry substantial financial and societal costs.2,3
Assault-injured Adolescents Presenting to the Emergency Department: Causes and Circumstances
2006, Academic Emergency Medicine
Address reprint requests to M. Denise Dowd, MD, MPH, Division of Emergency Medicine, The Children's Mercy Hospital, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108
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Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri