Microdialysis of salicylic acid from viscous emulsion samples prior to high-performance liquid chromatographic determination
Introduction
Liquid–liquid extraction is a conventional pre-treatment step in the determination of interested species in samples. However, it usually is time-consuming and requires a large quantity of organic solvents, which is a potential health risk and may cause environmental pollution. Besides, in the extraction of viscous/emulsion samples, the unclear interfacial layer often influences the separation efficiency.
For complicated matrix samples, membrane-based separations have been applied as useful tools for sample pretreatment or sampling [1]. Thus, on-line dialysis has been widely used in on-line bioprocess monitoring [2], [3], [4], [5]. A commercial Gilson ASTED system on-line combined with an HPLC instrument was thus developed and widely used. In order to increase the membrane area available for diffusion, hollow-fiber membranes was used instead of planar ones. Recently, micro-dialysis has been extensively applied in biotechnological and biomedical research [6], [7], [8], [9]. Compared to the conventional extraction protocol, micro-dialysis separation has the advantages of easy operation, rapid isolation of interest components from turbid and complicate matrix samples, and free or less-use organic solvents. From the application of on-line dialysis in the sampling of bovine serum, muscle tissue, plasma, and for pharmacokinetic studies [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], dialysis has the potential to be the alternative to conventional separation techniques for non-biological samples. However, except for the on-line dialysis system used for the analysis of liquid food samples [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], micro-dialysis has seldom been approached in consumer products with a complex matrix.
Salicylic acid is used as preservative of food products, paste, glue, and hides. Recently, it has been widely used as a whitening agent in cosmetic products. In these viscous emulsion samples, it is difficult to use conventional separation techniques, such as liquid–liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction, and solid-phase micro-extraction, to achieve the isolation. In this paper, with the described advantages, the micro-dialysis technique is systematically investigated in order to develop a simple pretreatment process for viscous/emulsion samples prior to HPLC determination.
Section snippets
Apparatus
The HPLC used in this work was a Shimadzu LC-9A system (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan), and a Waters 484 tunable absorbance detector (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) with a 20-μl flow cell. The detection wavelength was set at 230 nm. A reversed-phase C18 column (25 cm×4.6 mm I.D. 5-μm particle size) (Supelco, Bellefonte, PA, USA) was used for separation. A Rheodyne 7125 injector (Cotati, CA, USA) with a 20-μl external loop was used for sample introduction. A Chromatocorder 12 Integrator (SIC, Tokyo, Japan)
Results and discussions
In order to verify the applicability of the proposed micro-dialysis isolation method, factors that affect the dialysis efficiency such as the flow-rate of perfusion, the pH and salt addition in sample solution, as well as the chromatographic conditions were studied thoroughly to optimize the sampling and analytical conditions.
Conclusion
This paper investigated the potential of micro-dialysis applied in the isolation of salicylic acid from viscous/emulsion samples such as cosmetics. The results indicate that the proposed micro-dialysis can be an alternative to conventional extraction step prior to HPLC determination with the advantages of easy operation, less time-expense, and free-use organic solvent.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the National Science Council of the ROC for financial support under the grant number NSC-88-2113-M-005-002.
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