Electrostatic Modification at the Amino Termini of Hemoglobin A*

The structural perturbations of the amino-terminal domains of hemoglobin A resulting from the carbamino adduct formation (a reversible in uiuo electrostatic modification reaction) at Val-l(a) and Val-l(P) is expected to be mimicked in the derivatives of HbA reduc- tively alkylated at its a-amino terminus with aldehydes containing a negatively charged functional group at their distal end (double-headed reagents). Derivatives of HbA with galacturonic acid linked through alkylamino linkage either to Val-l(a) or Val-l(P) (disubstituted de- rivatives) as well as to both Val-l(a) and Val-l(P) (tetra-subsituted derivative) have been now prepared. All the three derivatives exhibit normal cooperativity but reduced O2 affinities. The functional consequence of the modification of HbA at its amino termini with D-galacu-ronic acid has been compared with that of the carbo- methylation of HbA at the same sites. This comparative study suggests that the stereochemistry of the carboxyl- ate ion introduced into /3-cleft of Hb dictates the level of reduction in the O2 affinity of the molecule seen on de- rivatization. However such a unique stereochemistry of the carboxylate ion of the reagent does not appear to be crucial to lower oxygen affinity when the modification is at the amino terminus of the a-chain.

The structural perturbations of the amino-terminal domains of hemoglobin A resulting from the carbamino adduct formation (a reversible in uiuo electrostatic modification reaction) at Val-l(a) and Val-l(P) is expected to be mimicked in the derivatives of HbA reductively alkylated at its a-amino terminus with aldehydes containing a negatively charged functional group at their distal end (double-headed reagents). Derivatives of HbA with galacturonic acid linked through alkylamino linkage either to Val-l(a) or Val-l(P) (disubstituted derivatives) as well as to both Val-l(a) and Val-l(P) (tetrasubsituted derivative) have been now prepared. All the three derivatives exhibit normal cooperativity but reduced O2 affinities. The functional consequence of the modification of HbA at its amino termini with D-galacuronic acid has been compared with that of the carbomethylation of HbA at the same sites. This comparative study suggests that the stereochemistry of the carboxylate ion introduced into /3-cleft of Hb dictates the level of reduction in the O2 affinity of the molecule seen on derivatization. However such a unique stereochemistry of the carboxylate ion of the reagent does not appear to be crucial to lower oxygen affinity when the modification is at the amino terminus of the a-chain. The molecular modeling studies demonstrate that the carboxylate ion of the carbamino adduct at the amino terminus of the P-chain as well as the carboxylate of carboxymethyl group at the same site are in a geometrical orientation that favors the formation of an intrachain ionic interaction with the €-amino group of . On the other hand the stereochemistry of a carboxylate ion of galacuronic acid on Val-l(P) appears to be appropriate to form either an intrachian salt bridge with e-amino group of Ly2-82(P) of the same chain (intrachain) or alternatively an interchain salt bridge involving the r-amino group of Lys-82(P) of the trans chain. We speculate that the latter, i.e. trans configuration is favored as a result of the potential of D-galacturonic acid bound to

Val-l(p) to form an additional hydrogen bond with trans
His-143(/3).
"he amino-terminal regions of a-and /3-chains of HbA play a dominant role in modulating the O2 affinity of the molecule through their interactions with organic phosphates (DPG),' anions (chloride), and carbon dioxide. The modulation of the oxygen affinity by heterotropic effectors like DPG and chloride HL-38665 and a grant-in-aid from the American Heart Association, * This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant New York City Affiliate (to A. S. AJ. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. "his article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. ions involve their noncovalent interactions with HbA (Benesch and Benesch, 1974;Perutz, 1978). On the other hand, the modulation of the O2 affinity of HbA by carbon dioxide is through a reversible chemical modification of the protein forming the carbamino adducts at the a-amino groups of the protein Rossi-Bernardi, 1969, 1973). The overall structural consequence of the formation of the carbamino adducts at the amino terminus of the a-and @chains is the loss of the positive charge of the a-amino group as the amino nitrogen is converted to an amide nitrogen. Concomitant with this, a negative charge is introduced at this site. Thus, with the formation of carbamino adducts, an electrostatic modification of the amino-terminal region of the molecule has been achieved. The isolation of carbamino adducts as stable products is not possible making it diffkult to define the full structural and the functional consequences of this reversible chemical modification of protein in solution. One approach to gain new insights into this biochemical process is to carry out irreversible electrostatic modification of HbA and then extrapolate the structural and functional consequences of this reaction to the reversible electrostatic modification reaction (Di Donato et al., 1983).
Deciphering the molecular aspects of the carbamino adduct formation, the reversible electrostatic modification of the a-amino group of a-and P-chains of HbA and its functional consequences have been the subject of considerable interest. In introducing the carboxymethylation of HbA using glyoxalate as the carbonyl reagent (Acharya et al., 1981), we had hypothesized that the carboxymethylated HbA can be considered as a structural analog of the carbamino adduct of HbA. Nonetheless, it should be noted that a methylene bridge is present between the amino nitrogen and the carboxylate ion in the carboxymethylated derivative and this "spacer arm" is absent in the carbamino adduct (Fantl et al., 1987). Therefore, the stereochemistry of the carboxylate ion at the respective amino terminus of the carbamino adduct and the carboxymethylated HbA is not expected to be same. Therefore, the pertinent question to establish is the influence, if any, of the spacer arm of the alkyl chain in bringing out the carboxylate ion (electrostatic modification)-mediated modulations of the oxygen affinity of HbA. As a beginning to this line of investigation, the reductive alkylation of HbA with galacturonic acid (Fig. 1) has been now undertaken and the influence of the covalently bound galacturonic acid at Val-l(a) and Val-UP) on the oxygen affinity of HbA has been investigated and the results have been compared with those of carboxymethylation studies.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
HbA and its p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (HMB)-reacted chains were prepared as described earlier (Bucci and Fronticelli, 1965;Seetharam and Acharya, 1986). a-and p-globin were prepared by acid-acetone precipitation of the respective chains (Rossi-Fanelli et al., 1964).
Reductive Modification of HbA with n-Galacturonic Acid-DE-52purified HbA was dialyzed extensively against phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.4, and reacted with 100 = n-galacturonic acid in the presence of 200 m~ tritiated sodium cyanoborohydride at 37 "C for 90 min.

Q8wumnlClcld E p -( l -a O~O . M w a f l ) W A
FIG. 1. Schematic representation of the reductive alkylation of the amino groups of HbA with Dgalacturonic acid.
The concentration of HbA in the reaction mixture was 1 m. After the incubation the excess reagents were removed by gel filtration of the reaction mixture on a 2.2 x 35-cm column of Sephadex G-25 equilibrated and eluted with Tris acetate buffer, pH 8.5. The incorporation of the tritium label into the protein demonstrates the reductive modification of HbAwith mgalacturonic acid. The gel-filtered protein was purified on DE-52 column using a linear gradient of 50 m Tris acetate buffer, pH 8.3 to 7.0. The introduction of the negative charge onto the protein as a consequence of the reductive alkylation with the alduronic acid retards the elution of the protein based on the extent of modification of the protein by the reagent. The preparation of HMB a-and P-chains of the modified samples of HbA were carried out as described earlier (Acharya and Manning, 1980). The analysis of the tryptic peptides of the chains by reversed phase HPLC and the amino acid analysis of the of the peptides were also carried out as described earlier (Acharya et al., 1983b).
Preparation of Hybrid HbA-For the preparation of HbA specifically modified at Val-l(a), the a-chains (1 nm) are reductively alkylated with 100 m~ D-galacturonic acid in the presence of 200 m~ sodium cyanoborohydride. The reductive alkylation was carried out at pH 6.0 and room temperature (23 "C) to increase the specificity of the reaction at the a-amino group and decrease the precipitation of the chains respectively. The modified a-chain is freed from the excess reagent by a Sephadex G-25 gel filtration and then hybridized with P-chains as described previously (Acharya and Sussman, 1983). The hybrid tetramers are purified by DE-52 chromatography.
Oxygen Afinity Studies-All the hybrid tetramers are prepared and purified in the carbonmonoxy form. The carbonmonoxy H b samples were converted to the oxy form for the functional studies (Nigen et al., 1974). The oxygen affinity of the hemoglobin samples were determined in 50 m~ BisMs, pH 7.4, at 37 "C using Hemoscan as described previously (Acharya and Sussman, 1983).
Molecular Modeling-The modeling studies were carried out on a Iris Crimson Workstation from Silicon Graphics interfaced with a Tektronix Phaser I11 printer. For graphics and structure building the Insight I1 software package from Biosym, Inc. has been used. The starting model was the refined structure of deoxy Hb (Ten Eyck and Arnone, 1976). The coordinates (entry PHHB, version of January 1992) were obtained from the Protein Data Bank at Brookhaven National Laboratory (Bernstein et al., 1977;Abola et al., 1987). The carboxymethyl group on Val-l(P) was modeled based on the x-ray crystallographic difference maps of Fantl et al. (1986). The models for the possible orientation of D-galacturonic acid covalently linked on Val-UP) were generated by adjusting the torsion angles $ J and JI of residues 1,2, and 3 of the kchain and free torsion angles in the proximity with the galacturonic acid ring.

Reductive Alkylation of HbA with Galacturonic Acid
The concentration of the galacturonic acid that is present in the reactive open chain aldehydic form in a sample of the reagent is very small. However, with glyoxalate, the reagent is present only as the reactive aldehydic form. Accordingly, in order to off set the low concentration of the reactive "aldehydic" form, the reductive alkylation of HbA with galacturonic acid was carried out using higher concentrations of the reagent. On reaction of HbA (1 m~) with 100 n m galacturonic acid in the presence of 200 m~ sodium cyanoborohydride for 90 min, an average of 4 mol of galacturonic acid were incorporated per mol of tetramer. With glyoxalate, nearly the same level of incorporation of the carbonyl reagent is obtained using only 10 m M glyoxalate (in the presence of 20 n m sodium cyanoborohydride) for 20-30 min.

Chromatography of HbA Reductively Alkylated with Galacturonic Acid
HbA reductively alkylated with galacturonic acid was chromatographed on DE-52 (Fig. 2). The chromatogram of the derivatized sample revealed the presence of at least four chromatographically distinct components in this reductively alkylated sample. One of these eluted at the position of the HbA and has not been subjected to any further characterizations. The amount of the protein eluting under this peak accounts for no more than 10% of the load on the column. The four new components present in the reductively alkylated sample represent the derivatized HbA. Their elution aRer the position of unmodified HbA is consistent with the introduction of negative charge into the protein. These have been designated as components A, B, C, and D, respectively, in the order of their elution.
The number of moles of amino groups derivatized per mole of protein has been calculated based on the amount of the tritium label present in each of these chromatographically distinct alkylated derivatives of HbA. Component A is a disubstituted derivative, whereas both the components B and C appears to be the tetrasubstituted derivatives of HbA ( Table I).

Separation of the CY-and P-Chains of Components A and B
The derivatized HbA, namely the components A and B, were isolated and subjected to a second purification on a DE-52 column (Fig. 3). For the second DE-52 chromatography, a pH gradient shallower than that employed in the original chromatogram is employed in an attempt to achieve a better separation of the individual components. All three components have been isolated and only rechromatographed components were used for further structural as well as functional studies. The HMB aand P-chains of each of these derivatives were separated on a CM-52 column (Fig. 4). In component A, the disubstituted derivative, all the radioactivity (i.e. modification) is associated with the /3-chain (Fig. 4A), and this radioactive component is designated as component A'. The cy-chain has remained unmodified in this disubstituted derivative.
The tetrasubstituted derivative, component B, has very little TAEILE I Specificity in the reductive alkylation of hemoglobin with D-galacturonic acid Chromatographically homogeneous components of HbA derivatized by the galacturonic acid were subjected to chain separation using the Bucci and Fronticelli (1965) procedure. The isolated derivatized a-and the P-chains were subjected to tryptic digestion. The tryptic peptides were separated by reversed phase HPLC, and the radioactive tryptic peptides were isolated and identified bv amino acid analvsis.

Chromatographic
Moles of unmodified a-chain in it, both the a-and p-chains are modified in this derivative (Fig. 4B). The P-chain of component B has been designated as B1. The a-component of this tetrasubstituted derivative eluted in three positions, and two of these are radioactive, demonstrating that they are modified forms of the a-chain. The major a-component accounted for nearly 80% of the a-chain of this derivative, and this derivatized a-chain has been designated as B2. The second form of modified a-globin accounted for 15% of the cy-component of this tetrasubstituted derivative and this product has been designated as B3.
The chromatographic pattern of the HMB chains of component C, the second tetrasubstituted derivative, is qualitatively similar to that of the HMB chains of component B and contained very little unmodified a-chain. The results suggest that both a-and P-chains are modified completely in this tetrasubstituted derivative just as in component B. The major difference in the chromatographic patterns of HMB chains of components B and C is in the relative amounts of the two modified forms of a-chain. The quantity of B2 and B3 in these two components are distinct. The yield of the modified a-chain eluting in the position of B3 is small in component B, whereas this is the major form of the a-chain in component C. The simple on CM-cellulose. Components A and B were treated with p-hydroxymercuribenzoate as described earlier (Acharya and Manning, 1980), dialyzed extensively against 10 m potassium phosphate buffer, pH 5.9 (1 m in EDTA), and chromatographed on a CM-52 column (0.9 x 30 cm). The protein was eluted with a linear gradient of 150 ml each of 10 phate buffer, pH 7.6 (1 m~ in EDTA). The columns were operated in cold m potassium phosphate buffer, pH 5.85, and 15 m~ potassium phosroom at 4 "C, and all the buffers were saturated with carbon monoxide. The elution positions of a-and p-chains are indicated in the figure. A, HMB chains of component A. The radioactive component of the sample is designated as C1 and is apparently modified P-chain. The a-chain is apparently not derivatized in this derivative. B , HMB chains of component B. This chromatogram contains three major radioactive components, two major ones and one minor one. Of the two major ones, one elutes at the position of A,. This was designated as B1. The other one eluted slightly ahead of the unmodified a-chain. This component was designated as Bz. This accounts for nearly 40% of the radioactivity nearly 10% of the radioactivity of the sample B eluted at position in eluting from the column. A minor radioactive component accounting for between that of B, and the unmodified a-chain. This component was designated as B1. When component C was subjected to HMB reaction and the chromatographic separation of the chains, it had two major radioactive components, the elution positions of which corresponded to that of B, and BB, respectively. A minor component, the elution position of which corresponded to that of B2, was also present in this sample and this accounted for nearly 6-7% of the radioactivity of the sample (chromatography not shown). A second rechromatography and a conservative pooling of the fractions afforded the isolation of components B and C which on chain separation contained radioactive chains that corresponded in their elution position to components B1 and Bz in the sample B, and in the case of component C, to components that corresponded to that of B1 and BS, respectively. explanation for this observation is that the components B and C are still cross-contaminated. Accordingly, these two components were subjected to a third purification on DE-52 and much more conservative pooling was adhered to when isolating these for further studies. The chromatographic analysis of the HMB chains of repurified component B revealed that it now contains only one a-component, namely B2. Similarly, the repurified component C also contained one a-component, this corresponding to that of B3. Thus, the reductive alkylation of HbA with limiting concentrations of D-galacturonic acid leads to the formation of at least three chromatographically distinct components, one disubstituted and two tetrasubstituted derivatives. In all the components the p-chain has been derivatized. The two forms of the tetrasubstituted derivatives of HbA apparently differ with respect to the sites of modification in the a-chains.

Dyptic Peptide Mapping of the Modified a-and P-Chains
(i) Characterization of Component A-As discussed above, component A is a disubstituted derivative of HbA and all of its modification is present in the p-chain. The tryptic peptide map-ping of Al established that all of its radioactivity is associated with one single tryptic peptide, and modified peptide has been isolated and identified as PTl (residues 1-8 of P-chain), in which the Val-l(P) has been derivatized. The results therefore establish that the component A is a disubstituted derivative of HbA in which the two a-amino groups of Val-l(P) of HbA are reductively alkylated with galacturonic acid (Table I).
(ii) Characterization of Component B-The component B is a tetrasubstituted derivative of HbA, and the modification is equally distributed in the a-and P-chains. The tryptic peptide map of B1 is identical to that of the P-chain (Al, of component A. Thus in the component B also Val-lfP) has been derivatized by galacturonic acid. This was confirmed by the isolation and characterization of the radioactive tryptic peptide of B1 as PT1 modified at its amino-terminal residue, valine.
The tryptic peptide mapping of Bz from component B demonstrated that it is modified a-chain. The radioactivity of this modified a-chain eluted in two positions. The material from the two radioactive regions of the peptide map was isolated and was purified further by a second reversed phase HPLC. The identity of the peptide has been established by amino acid analysis. The amino acid composition of the radioactive peptides corresponded to those of a-T1 (residues 1-7 of a-globin) and a-T1+2 (residues 1-11 of a-globin) except for the loss of 1 valine residue in each of these peptides. Besides the peptide, the composition of which corresponded to that of and had both of the Lys residues expected to be present in this segment. This demonstrates that the Lys7 is not derivatized in this overlapping tryptic peptide. Thus, B2 has been identified as the modified a-chain in which Val-l(a) has been derivatized by the galacturonic acid. Therefore, component B represents a tetrasubstituted derivative of HbA in which all the four a-amino groups of the protein have been derivatized by D-galacturonic acid through alkylamine linkage ( Table I).
(iii) Characterization of Component C-This is also a tetrasubstituted derivative just like the component B. The difference between the two tetrasubstituted derivatives is in the sit&) at which the cu-chain is derivatized. The tryptic peptide mapping of the C1 (the P component of component C) is identical to that ofAl and B1. Isolation and the identification of the modified tryptic peptide of C1 has confirmed the site of modification in the P-chain as Val-l(P). The tryptic peptide mapping of the a-chain of this derivative revealed that the radioactivity of the a-chain is not associated with either with a-T1 or with a-T1+2. Thus the a-amino group of the a-chain is not derivatized in this tetrasubstituted derivative of HbA (Table I). The radioactivity associated with the a-chain of component C is distributed in three to four regions of the map, suggesting a degree of heterogeneity in the reaction sites. Presumably this represents the derivatization of the €-amino groups of the internal Lys residues of the chain. However, the identity of the sites of derivatization in the modified a-chain of component C3 has not been established.

Relative Reactivities of Val-l(a) and Val-l(p) of HbA toward Reductive Alkylation with D-Galacturonic Acid
The DE-52 chromatographic studies of HbA reductively alkylated with D-galacturonic acid along with the characterization of the derivatives by tryptic peptide mapping has established that when nearly 90% of Val-l(P) is derivatized by reductive alkylation with D-galacturonic acid, the reaction at Val-l(a) is only around 30%. The reactivity of Val-l(a) and Val-l(p) for derivatization with acetaldehyde, glycolaldehyde, or glyceraldehyde (neutral aliphatic aldehyde) is nearly the same. The higher reactivity of Val-l(p) toward D-galacturonic acid as compared with that of Val-l(a) could be a consequence of the sterical factors due to the relatively larger size of galac- turonic acid (compared with glycolaldehyde or glyceraldehyde) or simply the reflection of the presence of a negative charge at the distal end of the alkyl chain. Accordingly, as control for the studies with D-galacturonic acid, reductive alkylation of HbA with D-galactose (neutral analog of galacturonic acid) has also been carried out and the sites of derivatization has been determined by peptide mapping. Just as with aldodiose or aldotriose, the reactivity of Val-l(a) and Val-l(P) for reductive alkylation with aldohexose is also nearly the same. Thus it is clear that preferential reaction of Val-l(P) for reductive alkylation with D-galacturonic acid is not a consequence of the size of the reagent. The preferential reactivity of galacturonic acid to modify the a-amino groups of the p-chain of HbA is reminiscent of the reaction of glyoxylic acid with HbA, i.e. a "steering" effect of the carboxyl group at the distal end of the carbonyl reagent. Therefore based on these results, it could be concluded that reagents carrying a negative charge exhibit a higher propensity to derivatize the a-amino group of the P-chain.

Val -1 (a)
The reductive alkylation of HbA with galacturonic acid as discussed above permits the preparation of only one of the two symmetrical isomeric forms of the disubstituted derivatives of HbA, i.e. the one in which the modification is on Val-l(p). For the preparation of the other symmetrical isomeric forms of the disubstituted HbA, namely the one with derivatization on Val-Ua), an alternate approach had to be developed. The reaction of pHMB a-chain (2 IMI) with 100 m~ galacturonic acid in the presence of 200 m~ NaCNBH, for 90 min at pH 6.0 and room temperature results in the reductive alkylation of the a-amino group of a-chain. The reaction product was desalted on a Sephadex column and hybridized with pHMB-P-chains in the presence of P-mercaptoethanol as described previously (Acharya and Sussman, 1983). The hybrid tetramers are purified by chromatography on DE-52 (Fig. 5 4 ) . Nearly 30% of the protein loaded on the column eluted at the position corresponding to that of the disubstituted HbA and rest of the material eluted at the position of a & (native tetramer). Separation of the pHMB chains, and the tryptic peptide mapping of the modified a-globin confirmed the site specific modification of Val-l(a). Similar studies have been also carried out with P-chain, and the disubstituted derivative of HbA with selective modification of the

Modification on
Val-l(a) Val-l(p)

Val-1 of ( a ) and -p
Val-l(P) could be isolated by this approach as well (Fig. 5B).
The reaction of P-chain appears to generate a comparatively more heterogeneous product than that seen with a-chain.

Znfluence of Reductive Alkylation of Val-l(a) and Val-l(P) of HbA with Galacturonic Acid on the Functional Properties of the Protein
The reversible oxygenation curves of HbA, (a2p2), aGU2P'2, a2PGU2, and aGU2pGU2 have been determined. The derivatized samples, both the disubstituted derivatives and the tetrasubstituted derivative, exhibited normal cooperative oxygen binding. The Hill coefficient of the disubstituted derivative is around 2.2 and that of the tetrasubstituted derivative is around 2.1. The control value was 2.5. Thus the modification of the amino-terminal domain of HbA with galacturonic acid has not significantly influenced the oxygenation-mediated quaternary structural changes of the protein.
The oxygen affinity of the two disubstituted as well as one tetrasubstituted derivative of HbA, and the modulation of their oxygen affinity by the presence of DPG and chloride ions is presented in Table 11. The intrinsic O2 affinity of HbA decreased as a consequence of the alkylation of Val-l(a) with galacturonic acid. The Pso increased to 12 from a control value of 8. Thus a nearly a 50% increase in the P50 of HbA is achieved ( Table 11). The alkylation of Val-l(P) also resulted in the reduction of the O2 affinity. However, the influence of reductive alkylation of Val-l(p) with galacturonic acid on the oxygen affinity of HbA is distinct compared with that seen when the modification is on Val-l(a). When both Val-l(a) and Val-l(P) are derivatized (tetrasubstituted derivative), the 0 2 affinity is lowered further; Pso increased to 15. The O2 affinity of the tetrasubstituted derivative suggests that the influence of the modification of the a-amino group of the second chain is additive with that of the first modification. Therefore, the oxygen affinity appears to be a direct consequence of the perturbation of the conformational aspects of the microenvironment of the modification site.
The influence of the modification on the modulation of the oxygen affinity by the heterotropic effectors has also been investigated. The Pso of the unmodified protein, a2P2, is increased nearly 3-fold in the presence of DPG. Similarly, the disubstituted HbAwith the modification on Val-l(a) also exhibited an increase in its P50; by about 2.9-fold, in the presence of DPG (Table 11). On the other hand, if the modification is present on Val-(p), the sensitivity of O2 affinity of HbA to DPG is almost completely lost; Pso is increased by only about 1.3-fold instead of the %fold seen with the control sample. The sensitivity of the O2 affinity of the tetrasubstituted HbA to the presence of DPG is also low. The presence or absence of the modification on Val-l(P) determines the ability of the protein to interact with DPG.
The oxygen affinity of HbA is reduced in the presence of chloride ions; in the presence of 100 m~ sodium chloride, the P 5 0 of HbA is increased by nearly 60%. The sensitivity of the oxygen affinity of HbA to the presence of chloride ion is lowered when either Val-l(a) or Val-l(P) is derivatized. A 60% reduction in the sensitivity is seen on modification of Val-l(a), whereas only a 40% reduction in sensitivity is seen on derivatization of Val-l(P). The oxygen affinity of the tetrasubstituted derivative is nearly insensitive to the presence of chloride ions.

DISCUSSION
The role of a-amino groups of HbA in the structure and function of the protein has been investigated by chemical modification studies. Carbamoylation of the a-amino groups of HbA represents one of the early site specific chemical modification reactions (Manning and Cerami, 1971). The modified HbA, Le. carbamoylated product, is the amide of the carbamino adduct. Several other chemical modification reactions of a-amino groups of HbA have also contributed to our understanding and appreciation of the structure and hnction of this region of molecule (Manning, 1991). More recently, we have developed reductive alkylation of the a-amino groups with aliphatic carbonyl compounds (acetaldehyde, glycolaldehyde, glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, and glyoxylic acid) as a chemical approach for a site-selective derivatization of the a-amino groups of HbA (Acharya et al., 1981(Acharya et al., , 1983aSussman, 1983, 1984;Acharya et al., 1985). The resultant alkylamino derivative retains the original positive charge of the amino group. However, if the reductive alkylation is carried out with a negatively charged carbonyl reagent like glyoxalate, a negative charge is introduced to this particular environment (Acharya et al., 1981;Di Donato et al., 1983), i.e. an irreversible electrostatic modification of the region will be accomplished.
The major objective of the present studies of the reductive alkylation of HbA is to establish the influence of the nature, charge density, and/or stereochemistry of the negative charge at the distal end of an aliphatic aldehyde (double-headed reagents) on the propensity of their carbonyl group to form aldimine linkage (Schiff-base adducts) with the a-amino groups of the protein and adopt this approach to prepare new and novel derivatives of HbA that could mimick the electrostatic modifications of the protein at their amino-terminal domain on the formation of the carbamino adducts. A comparison of the results of the studies with glycolaldehyde (Acharya and Sussman, 1983;Acharya et al., 1985), and glyoxylic acid (Acharya et al., 1981;Di Donato et al., 1983) have suggested that the selectivity of the a-amino group of HbA toward reductive alkylation is significantly influenced by the presence of the negative charge at the distal end of the aldehyde used. The relative reactivity of Val-l(P) increases as compared with that at Vall(a). The reactivity of Val-l(a) for reductive alkylation with D-galacturonic acid is also lower compared with that ofVal-l(P). This reduced chemical reactivity of Val-l(a) toward D-galacturonic acid is not a consequence of the differences in the size of the carbonyl reagent. Galactose is accommodated readily at this site, and the reactivity of Val-l(a) and Val-Up) toward reductive alkylation with galactose is nearly the same. The reactivity of galactose (molecule without the negative charge at the distal end) toward the a-amino groups of HbA is compa- rable with that of other neutral aliphatic aldehydes such as acetaldehyde, glycolaldehyde, and glyceraldehyde (Acharya et al., 1985). The results, therefore, establish that Val-l(P) exhibits a higher reactivity to form aldimines with carbonyl reagents that c a n y negative charge at their distal end. The affinity of the negatively charged reagents toward the microenvironment of Val-l(p) is simply a consequence of the high density of the positive charges in its microenvironment.
The intrinsic oxygen affinity of HbA is decreased as a consequence of the reductive alkylation of either Val-l(a) or on Vall(P) with D-galacturonic acid. In structural terms, the influence of reductive alkylation with negatively charged carbonyl reagents can be partitioned out into two components; the first component of the structural perturbation of the chemical modification comes from the introduction of the alkyl chain (galactose moiety). The derivatization of the primary amino group to a secondary amino group by reductive alkylation does not eliminate the positive charge of the site, since the change in the pK, of the a-amino group on its alkylation is minimal. Thus the functional consequence of reductive alkylation using simple neutral aliphatic aldehydes is expected to come primarily from the presence of the alkyl chain introduced into the respective microenvironment. The second part of the structural perturbation that will occur as a result of reductive alkylation with negatively charged carbonyl reagents (double-headed reagents) is from the electrostatic modification of the microenvironment, a consequence of the introduction of the negatively charged carboxylate ion into the region.
The introduction of ethyl, hydroxyethyl, or 2,3-dihydroxy propyl group on Val-l(a) resulted in a nearly same level of increase in the oxygen affinity of the protein (Table 111). The reductive alkylation of the amino groups has very little influence on the ionization behavior of the derivatized amino groups; accordingly, a significant perturbation of the "native" electrostatic interactions of this region of the molecule is not anticipated. Therefore, the structural, as well as the functional, consequences of these chemical modifications should be considered as the result of the presence of the alkyl group in the respective microenvironment. Contrary to the increase in the oxygen affinity of HbA seen on reductive alkylation of its Vall(a) with neutral aliphatic aldehydes, the carboxymethylation of Val-Ua) results in a significant reduction in the oxygen affinity of HbA (Acharya et al., 1982;Di Donato et al., 1983). The carboxymethylation (-CH,-COOH) differs from hydroxyethylation (-CH2-CH20H) only in the introduction of a negatively charged carboxyl group (-COO-) at the location of uncharged hydroxymethyl group. Therefore, the influence of introducing a carboxylate ion in the proximity of Val-l(a) is to increase the PSO (decreased the oxygen affinity) by 2.4-fold (Table 111).
The functional consequence of the modification of Val-l(P) by hydroxyethylation or dihydroxyethylation is to decrease the oxygen affinity of HbA. The introduction of the negatively charged carboxylate ion into the region as in the reductive carboxymethylation decreases the oxygen affinity further. The carboxylate at this site increases the Pso by only about 1.5-fold (Table 111). Thus, the intrinsic contribution of the carboxylate ion (electrostatic modification of the alkyl chain on Val-l(p) in reducing the oxygen affinity of HbA is lower compared with that at the Val-l(a). Thus, the Oz affinity of HbA is more sensitive to the electrostatic modification of the amino terminal of a-chain than that of the P-chain. The down-regulation of the oxygen affinity of HbA by the electrostatic modification correlates inversely with the propensity of the a-amino groups of the respective chains to form aldimine adducts.
The structural consequence of carboxymethylation of the amino terminus of HbA may be anticipated to mimick the influence resulting from the formation of carbamino adducts on the a-amino groups, an in vivo reversible electrostatic modification reaction of HbA, as this reaction introduces a negative charge to the respective microenvironments (Di Donato et al., 1983). Nonetheless, it should be noted that the stereochemistry of the carboxylate group introduced on the amino nitrogen of the a-amino groups by carbamino adduct formation is distinct from that by carboxymethylation. Therefore, it is important to delineate the role, if any, of a unique stereochemistry for the carboxylate ion of the carbamino adduct in dictating the modulation of O2 affinity of HbA. It is also conceivable that the decrease in the oxygen affinity is primarily a consequence of the negative charge introduced into the region, the exact stereochemistry of the charge being not very critical. A comparison of the functional consequence of the electrostatic modification of the amino-terminal domains of HbA by the carboxylate of the carboxymethyl group with that by the carboxylate of the Dgalacturonic acid introduced on to the same a-amino group will shed new insights into this structural concept.
The influence of the electrostatic modification at the Val-l(a) is nearly the same irrespective of whether the reagent used for the reductive alkylation is glyoxalate or D-galacturonic acid (Table 11). These results suggest that the overall perturbation of the presence of the negative charge in the microenvironment of Val-l(a) rather than the stereochemistry of the carboxylate ion is the major factor in eliciting the functional consequence. Further studies will be needed to establish the flexibility that exists in the length of the spacer arm of the double-headed reagent to elicit the full functional consequence of the carboxylate ion at this site.
The functional consequence of the electrostatic modification of Val-l(P) of HbA with D-galacturonic acid is distinct as compared with that of carboxymethylation. The Pso of HbA carboxymethylated at its Val-l(P) is nearly 70% higher as compared with that of HbA modified at the same site with D-galacturonic acid. The lower influence of the carboxylate of D-galacturonic acid on Val-l(p) as compared with that of the carboxymethyl group present at the same site does not appear to be a contribution of the differences in the length of the spacer arm itself. The influence of the reductive alkylation of Val-l(P) using galactose and glycolaldehyde are nearly the same. Thus the stereochemistry of the carboxylate ion introduced on the Val-UP), presumably its proximity to the side chain of another amino acid of the site appears to have a pronounced influence in determining the Oz-affinity of the derivatized HbA.
The OZ-affinity of the tetrasubstituted derivatives of HbA also demonstrates that the consequences of the electrostatic modification at Val-l(p) in modulating the oxygen affinity of the derivatized molecule is distinct in the carboxymethylated and D-galacturonic acid modified tetrasubstituted derivatives. The carboxymethylation of the a-amino groups of both the chains brings out a synergy in their propensity to reduce the The carboxymethylatad HbA may be considered as an anaoxygen af'tinity of the molecule. The Pa0 of the tetracarboxy-logue of the carbamino adduct. Indeed x-ray studies have methylated derivative of HbAis nearly 2.5 times of that of HbA shown that deoxy HbA-modi6ed by carboxymethylation of Valwith four D-galacturonic acid bound on the a-amino groups, l(a) and Val-l(P) is structurally similar to that of the correwhereas .the Pa0 of HbA carboxymethylatd at its Val-@) is 1 . 6 sponding carbamino adduct of deoxy HbA (Fad et al., 1987). times that of HbA with D-galacturonic acid at the same site.
Ofparticular interest to the present study is the demonstration A -B