A critical review of the state of the art of solid-phase microextraction of complex matrices I. Environmental analysis

doi:10.1016/j.trac.2015.04.016

TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry

Volume 71, September 2015, Pages 224-235

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2015.04.016 Get rights and content

Highlights

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Recent developments in solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for complex matrices.
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Part I discusses critically practical SPME strategies in environmental matrices.
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There is special emphasis on the development of new devices for SPME.
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Quantification in complex matrices is related to calibration strategies.

Abstract

The present review, the first of a series of three, aims to describe recent developments in solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technology in the fields of environmental analysis applied to complex environmental matrices. We offer the reader an introductory, concise discussion of SPME fundamentals followed by a perspective on the most commonly used sample-preparation methods. We give particular attention to a comparison of the more recent SPME developments. We especially emphasize the development of new devices, such as cold fiber and thin films. We address quantitation in complex environmental matrices in this review with a concise discussion on calibration strategies for SPME methods.

Section snippets

Introduction and fundamentals

Nowadays, extensive efforts towards modernization of analytical instrumentation have greatly simplified and at times even eliminated the need for complex, laborious sample-preparation methods prior to analysis. However, in most cases, sample preparation still represents the bottleneck in the pursuit of optimum analytical methodologies. In particular, the determination of trace-level analytes in complex matrices often requires the employment of extensive sample-preparation protocols prior to

Soil and sediments

Soil and sediment are complex sample matrices containing minerals, organic matter, air and water. Organic matter as part of soil composition can be strongly bound to minerals. Extraction from soil matrices is a process in which solutes desorb from the sample matrix and then dissolve into a selected solvent. Traditional sample-preparation methods include Soxhlet extraction (EPA 3540), automated Soxhlet extraction (EPA 3541), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) (EPA 3560, 3561, 3562),

Wastewater

Wastewater samples comprise variable amounts of natural dissolved organic matter, non-aqueous phase liquids, solid particles, suspended sediments, inorganic ions and dissolved gases, among others, that make their analysis very challenging. The complexity of wastewater is closely linked to its origin (e.g., industrial, municipal or agricultural) and level of treatment (raw, or primarily or secondarily treated). Sample-preparation techniques such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase

Conclusions

Environmental analysis is one of the most demanding areas in terms of sensitivity requirements.

The overall demand for improvement in analytical methods for environmental analysis has led to the introduction of a new generation of highly-sensitive analytical devices and development of new sample-preparation procedures. Given the great complexity of soil, sediment and wastewater matrices, sample preparation is quite an arduous task.

In this context, SPME provides an alternative method for this

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC IRC 184412-10 050165) and Supelco (Sigma-Aldrich) for the financial support.

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A critical review of the state of the art of solid-phase microextraction of complex matrices I. Environmental analysis

Highlights

Abstract

Section snippets

Introduction and fundamentals

Soil and sediments

Wastewater

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Anal. Chim. Acta

TrAC Trends Anal. Chem

J. Chromatogr. A

Anal. Chim. Acta

Anal. Chim. Acta

TrAC Trends Anal. Chem

J. Chromatogr. B

TrAC Trends Anal. Chem

TrAC Trends Anal. Chem

J. Chromatogr. A

Environ. Pollut

J. Chromatogr. A

Anal. Chim. Acta

J. Chromatogr. A

Anal. Chim. Acta

J. Chromatogr. A

J. Chromatogr. A

Chemosphere

Anal. Chim. Acta

J. Chromatogr. A

Talanta

J. Chromatogr. A

Talanta

J. Chromatogr. A

J. Chromatogr. A

Talanta

J. Chromatogr. A

Anal. Chim. Acta

J. Chromatogr. A

J. Chromatogr. A

J. Chromatogr. A

J. Chromatogr. A

TrAC Trends Anal. Chem

J. Chromatogr. A

J. Chromatogr. A

Anal. Chim. Acta

J. Chromatogr. A

Anal. Chim. Acta

Anal. Chim. Acta

Talanta

Anal. Chim. Acta

J. Chromatogr. A

Talanta

Talanta

Anal. Chim. Acta

J. Chromatogr. A

J. Chromatogr. A

Talanta

Anal. Chim. Acta

Solid phase microextraction with thermal desorption using fused silica optical fibers

Anal. Chem