Chorographic assessment on the overburden of single-use plastics bio-medical wastes risks and management during COVID-19 pandemic in India

Amid the rapid influx of SARS‑CoV‑2 patients in various hospitals across India, the disposal of COVID-19 bio-medical wastes become a major challenging crisis in these days. As a consequence, the unexpected surge of utilizing Single-Use Plastics (SUP) from Personal Protection Equipments (PPEs) in particular protective gloves, nose masks, body aprons. is common in day to day and estimated as minimum of 730 g of waste can be generated per day/person in India. The research objectives on a national scale focuses that the document being active belongings, communications and preparations associated with hospital desecrates care and the existing facts on the physical condition and ecological risk on health care biomedical throw away which dropped during the SARS‑CoV‑2 virus disease pandemic. Based on number of confirmed COVID-19 cases 5,78,578 and 3,92,1149 health care workers as of 1st July 2020 (includes active, recovered and deaths) in India is assessed using GIS that an average 3150 tons per day of SUP waste generated only due to COVID-19 even though the hospitals make all safety measures to put away the clinical wastes. The States like Maharashtra (484.12tons/day), Tamil Nadu (337.76 tons/day), Andhra Pradesh (229.23 tons/day), Rajasthan (183.87 tons/day), Gujarat (181.41 tons/day), Karnataka, Kerala and Uttar Pradesh are over loaded with 212.73, 244.36 and 176.86 tons/day respectively greater than their normal per day bio-medical waste generated. This study finds the space in handling of Bio-Medical Waste Management of the pandemic COIVD-19 outbreaks and its’ remedial actions to improve the necessity in the future emergency in the developing countries like India.


Introduction
In the progress of inhabitant, urbanization, trade and industry developments, all aggravate major threats in emerging waste segment markets due to the present swift of waste generation during the outbreak of pandemic Coronavirus disease 2019  worldwide. It results in serious health, safety and environmental impacts, in particular, the developing nations as of indisposed ravage care and control where often burned or discarded in unregulated dumps. The develop-ing nation like India which is profoundly populated, faces major difficulties to deal with the danger during take care of and securing the environment just as the general wellbeing from this COVID-19 virulent disease ailment. The environmental pollution related to hazardous biomedical wastes specifically some carbon contained chemicals and solutions able to absolve noxious substances towards insecure transport and throwing away. Emissions from the incinerators in Bio-Medical Waste Treatment Facility Centres (BMWTFCs) consist of toxic compounds like dioxins and furans, which are to be minimized and ⇑ Corresponding author. managed. The jeopardize circumstances besides the process in excellence with the potentially infectious medical garbage increases the effect of ecological disorders (Zimmer and McKinley, 2008;Schuhmacher et al., 2014;Zhang et al., 2015;Ananth et al., 2010). The recommended defensive medical kit and tools against the health care workforce and the persons who treat the infected patient brings an end to biomedical wastes in daily basis. It increases potential pressure to the BMWTF centres for handling, treating and disposing which leads to health and environmentally hazardous to the nation (Nzediegwu and Chang, 2020). The progressive usage of Single-Use Plastics (SUPs) has seen a resurgence, largely driven by increased use of plastic-based PPEs such as gloves, masks, aprons and test kits and apparatus like vials, swabs, test apparatus, ventilators, and disinfectant bottles, as well as packaging materials (Sinha et al., 2020) in this present scenario threatening massive challenges to the waste sectors. Henceforth, these wastes are identified as hazardous biomedical wastes in the eradication of the COVID-19 outbreak. From past decades, removal of plastics, management of microplastics, are major challenges for all the policy decision makers as well as for scientists due to emerging plastic debris along with the existing microplastics crisis (Ma et al., 2021;Saliu et al., 2021;Shen et al., 2021;Wang et al., 2021). In addition to that, the overburden of PPEs made up off SUPs waste generated during outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic were transported either in the treated form nor in untreated form entered the marine ecosystem by direct or indirect sources, impacts drastic load in addition with the plastic quantum in the existed condition, evidenced with recent studies stated the increased level of pollution due to PPEs used against the COIVD-19 discharged in waterbodies, beach environment (Gunasekaran et al., 2022;Ammendolia et al., 2021;Aragaw, 2020;Ardusso et al., 2021;Cordova et al., 2021;Ben et al., 2021;De-la-Torre et al., 2022;De-la-Torre et al., 2021;Hassan et al., 2022;Patrício Silva et al., 2020;Rakib et al., 2021;Aragaw et al., 2022;Hatami et al., 2022;Mghili et al., 2022). During the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, major rivers and watersheds account for global riverine pandemic associated plastics discharge into the sea. The major contribution of rivers from Asia (73%), Europe (11%) and with minor contributions from other continents discharged pandemic SUPs which is 87.4% of the excess waste was from hospitals where high density population, large runoff with high velocity flow are the major reasons (Peng et al., 2021). The Yale Centre for Environmental Law and Policy established in 1994 which estimates the present time India and its' 180th rank among globally in 2022, based on (Environmental Performance Index (EPI)) is the global environment matrices of the country Environmental Performance Index environmental policy challenges, performance on sustainable issues (Wendling et al., 2022). Considering the current population growth and Biomedical Waste propagation rate in India, it is anticipated to generate more waste by the year 2050 at a growing rate of 1.45 times the existing trend. Therefore, it is a vital focus to create a proper scheme of collecting clinical discharges strategy to help out decreasing the potential risk on the environmental deterioration of BSW to secure human health. This paper explores the lacuna and the requirement for the improvement of anticipated pandemic disease COVID -19 originated SUPs episode. Besides, it shows the sound effects of the inherent natural menaces of dealing with and removal of biomedical waste administration in India.

Data collection and analysis
The net weight of mandatory PPEs used to protect from COVID-19 Pandemic was calculated by weighted average as per the recommendation prescribed in COVID-19 Technical Specifications for Personal Pro-tective Equipment and Related IPC supplies (World Health Organization -WHO, 2020) per day per person in the health centres. The active Health Care Facility Centres (HCFCs), facilities with number of beds, testing centres, health care workers in the health centres, active registered cases, number of workers, list of number of active treatment waste units' state wise and their performance capacity derived from available government portal and published reports. The quantity of SUPs generated derived from the number of workers were using the PPEs state wise. The overall statistically consolidated data interpreted using ArcGIS 10.

Medicaid Waste: Facts and data of WHO
A great deal of clinical fritter away incorporates overwhelming trashes, spiky objects, chemical stuffs, pathological ravages, nuclear debris so as to accommodate profoundly with toxic materials force very perilous situation to clinical staff, sick -beings moreover on the whole populace (Mostafa et al., 2009). Given clinical wastes from the COVID-19 outbreak may incorporate needles and sharp materials polluted with organic liquids like bandage, gloves or outfits; neurotic wastes; and pharmaceutical wastes. The administration of Bio-Medical Waste (BMW) involves three primary exercises: (1) accumulation and detachment at the sources (2) transiting to particular provisions (3) right treatment and ejection (Ashworth et al., 2014). The clinical wastes can be nursed by a few strategies, i.e., sterilization, replacement, absorption, ionizing radiation, transformation, disinfection, decontamination and sanitization (Board, 2017) amid burning clinical wastes which is the most generally run through approach in the present day (World Health Organization -WHO, 2020). Nevertheless, the fly ash, in addition to other toxic wastes be the result of smouldering possibly will transport atmosphere effluence also an inapt locale of cremation subsequently put a noteworthy death-defying exposure to the nearby dwellers (Hu et al., 2015;Yu et al., 2020). At the worldwide level, 18% − 64% of medicinal services foundations are accounted for having unacceptable hospital Bio-Medical Waste (BMW) disposal service, indicators incorporate absence of mindfulness, lacking assets along with contemptible dump clearance system (Rutala and Mayhall, 1992;Mostafa et al., 2009;World Health Organization -WHO, 2013). Of the aggregate sum of waste created by medicinal services tasks are around 85% overall non-hazardous waste and the rest15% is viewed as an unsafe substance that would be irresistible, harmful or dangerous. The significant sources are from emergency clinics and other wellbeing offices, labs and centre of research, morgue and post-mortem areas, animal studies and testing workshops, blood donation centres and assortment administrations, convalescent homes for the old (World Health Organization -WHO, 2019). The open consuming and burning of human services wastes can under certain conditions, which bring about the outflow of dioxins, furans, and particulate issue. The course of action to guarantee the safe and ecologically solid administration of human services squanders can keep unfavourable wellbeing and natural effects from such waste counting the casual arrival of synthetic or organic risks including drug-safe viruses into the earth in this manner securing the soundness of patients, health care workers and the overall population.

Classification of biomedical Wastes:
Waste and side effects spread a various scope of materials as the accompanying rundown delineates according to the World Health Organization (WHO) concern: I. Infectious Waste: Waste polluted with lifeblood and natural liquids (For Example: disposed of diagnostic samples), societies and supplies of irresistible operators from research facility work (For Example: waste from post-mortems and contaminated creatures from research facilities), or wastes from infected/sickly patients (For Example: clinical rolls and wraps in the same way some expendable medical gadgets).
II. Bio hazardous Waste: Bodily stuff, fluids, tissues, leftovers and sullied appendage of living beings.
III. Sharps Waste: Hypes, needles, expendable surgical tools and cutting edges, and so on.
IV. Chemical Waste: The solvents and testing agents which have been utilized for research centre arrangements, antiseptics, preservatives and overwhelming metals hold in clinical gadgets (For Example: unused solutes, synthetic containers, storages, acids, broken glass wares and temperature scale, asbestos-containing bits and pieces.).
V. Pharmaceutical Waste: No longer needed polluted medications besides immunizations.
VI. Non-hazardous or General Waste: Junk which does not pose any immediate destruction to particular organic, human and bionetwork.

Regulated healthcare devastation control in Indian Law practices
Significantly, in the year 1998, the Indian Administration has formulated the foremost BMW rules. The International Clinical Epidemiology Network has been investigated utilizing current BMW practices during 2002-2004, which opines that the arrangement and structure in essential (82%), auxiliary (60%) furthermore the third level camp (54%) out for ailment preventive must be in across 20 States in India, which have no provisions for waste disposal framework across the nation. India is the primary nation to set up all the initiatives of bio hazardous dumping clearance in out of harm's way and at hand a dire necessary implication which makes a move in favour of fortifying current framework limit, increment the subsidizing and duty towards the sheltered removal of BMW. Under further alteration of the BMW (Singh et al., 2019) principles followed by 2000, 2003 and 2011, the convinced altering rules in 2016 which streamlined the order and approval while improving the isolation, transportation and removal strategies for BMW to decrease dangers on expanding ecological contamination (Ben et al., 2021). In India, out of2,38,259 Health Care Facility Centres (HCFCs), 87,281 centres are bedded and 1,51,302centres functions without bed facilities Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), 2017). As mentioned by the Directorate General of State Health Services 2018, 23,582 government emergency clinics are having 7,10,761 beds accessible. In India, Uttar Pradesh states has progressively number of medical clinics (4635) furnished with increasingly number of beds (76,260 beds) that contrasting with other states (Fig. 1). The waste generation rate runs somewhere in the range of 0.5 kg to 2 kg for per bed per day. Notably, every year appraisal in particular India, the numbering scale of waste production is nearly 0.34 million tons. The biomedical waste from the clinics comprises of bandages and materials of different contagious is almost in the ranges from 30 to 35% which plastics contain 7-10%, throw away needles are < 1%, glass-wares are from 3 to 5% and common disposals incorporate nearing 50%. The research study and assessment from different parts of the country on unsafe handling of separate out and discarding the multi hazardous clinical wastes from the hospital promotes numerous and stern ecological threats facing the society (Ananth et al., 2010).
In India, the following techniques and procedures such as cremation, landfill, microwave, steam sanitization advances, and compound sterilization have been employing for the removal of biomedical wastes (Board, 2017). Having said that the Common Biomedical Waste Treatment Facility (CBMWTF) under 24 activity developments set up, 9841 HCFCs possess attention on clinical sweepings and clearance services that associated with healing as well as removal of disposal around 500 -560 tons every day. The hostage treatment office which is introduced by HCFs is expected to expand up to 775 tons per day by 2020 from the present scenario in general condition (Ansari et al., 2019). The generation of biomedical waste has been assessed in State wise in all over India for the year 2016--2018 is cited in Fig. 2.
The number of common biomedical waste treatment facilities in India is has increased in size around 93 in 2008 to 198 in 2017. The States like Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu are as the maximum biomedical waste generated in an average of more than 45 tons/day than others did comparatively. It may be the dynamic population density in the mentioned States is the well-founded grounds for the leading hazardous waste construction. Around 78 % of biomedical waste is treated in CBWTF by incinerating, autoclaving or shredding and the waste left out is dealt with either hostage treatment offices or being arranged off in profound internments. In India, the number of different biomedical waste treatment unit operations and their treatment capacity in CBWTFs in the State-wise is illustrated in Figs. 3a-3d.
In total, 225waste treatment equipment are introduced to present emanation norms under the rules of Bio-medical Waste Management (Bio-Medical Waste, 1998) for the concern of hygiene and removing the harmful substances in treated areas. The major infectious flotsam and jetsam producing states are classified in percentage wise as follows: Bihar -6.0%, Delhi − 4.4 %, Gujarat − 5.2 %, Karnataka −12.0 %, Kerala − 7.4 %, Maharashtra − 11.1 %, Rajasthan − 4.0 %, Tamil Nadu − 8.4 %, Uttar Pradesh − 7.8 % and West Bengal − 5.3 %. The other States those who haven't the facilities for the removal of biomedical waste are as follows: Andaman and Nicobar, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Lakshadweep, Mizoram, and Nagaland and Sikkim (Blahuskova et al., 2019). The Information regarding the nation's web forum demonstrates a complete data of clinical waste production of the nation is 484 tonnes per day as of 1, 68,869 total health care facilities centres. Shockingly, just 447 tonnes per day is dealt with, but 37 tonnes per day is not treated well. In the whole of Common Biomedical Waste Treatment and Disposal Facility, only 20 to 30 out of 198 are less development. Moreover, the numbers of HCF utilizing the Common Biomedical Waste Treatment and disposal facility are 1, 31,837 and around 22,000 HCF having been a possession of their individual health care services (Bio-Medical Waste, 1998).

Environmental risk of COVID-19 SUPs biomedical waste
Under the urban nation-states, the act of discarding excretion from the health care centres are of meticulous care whereas comparing with early nation-states which are habitually destroy the garbage by using fire in unsuitable vicinity and also they are not having applied proper waste disposal systems which means the easily elevated point of dioxin exposure in atmosphere. For this reason, the widespread attention is the most urgent needed of protecting people living in close proximity of waste disposal premises also to avoid the reverberating of ecological jeopardy in the forth coming years in the developing countries (Windfeld and Brooks, 2015). The treatment and removal of Single-Use Plastic (SUP) wastes may present wellbeing dangers in the vicinity by emitting pathogens and poisonous toxins. The removal of untreated human services squander in landfills can prompt the tainting of absorbing and ground waters if those depots are not appropriately developed. The burning of SUP wastes has been broadly rehearsed however deficient cremation or the burning of inadmissible materials lead to the entry of contaminations into the air and in the age of debris escalation. On the other hand, the blazed substances are treated with antiseptic releases toxic chemical compounds and acid gases being cancer-causing performers also enlarge the capacity on the unusual effects of constructive well beings. However, the burning essential alloy inclusive of heavy ions merely brings out the biosphere becomes augment poisonous build-up. Correspondingly, the current day incinerators working at 850-1100°C which is shaped with uncommon gas-cleaning hardware can agree to the global outflow gauges for dioxins and furans. Furthermore, the options in contrast to burning, for example, autoclaving, microwaving, steam treatment incorporates with inside combining, which curb the arrangement and entry of synthetic substances or wild discharges concern to be given conviction in settings where there are sufficient assets to work and remain up such structures and arrange the used waste. Meanwhile, the act of recursion in ambience and nature sustains life remains a mystery and impossible in the alarming future centuries due to the overwhelming hazardous waste treatment and indirect harming of the biosphere. The regular dealing of dump clearance methods that are adopted in major parts of the country (Table 1) and their sources of hazardous emissions have been reviewed further (See Figure 4).
The huge volume of biomedical waste can be reduced by the incineration methods up to 90% has a unique advantage (Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016), since it requires minimum land utilization contrast to erstwhile treatment of clearing the biomedical waste (Efaq et al., 2017). Similarly, the foremost detrimental aspect in making use of incinerators produce toxic smokes due to excessive burning process, which keeps on in the environment for a long time, leads to health and ecological problems (Ananth et al., 2010). The emission of venomous gas and load up of substances from the BMWTFCs mainly composite with SUPs are toxic chemicals that cause a life-threatening carcinogen, which can interrupt the immune system and hormone regulation of human (McKay, 2002). However, the composition of homo-polymers includes degradation synthetic products, chemical additives and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in incinera-  tors of all Biomedical Waste Treatment Facilities bring into being relentless eco intimidation (Chartier, 2014). Those all have low water solubility with high surface assimilative migrated through dust, runoff, treated effluent discharge in to the solids of water, air and soil environment (Kim et al., 2013). In other words, the flue dust and soot blower comes out of combustion in waste materials treatment contains high concentrated ores, metallic substance, a load of ions, chemical composites and intense mineral bearing elements like hematite, hydrochloro-borite, cristobalitechlormayenite, silicates, carbonates, tridymite. are not destroyed but disperse directly to the environment (Allawzi et al., 2018;Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016;Ananth et al., 2010). Consequently, the dumping ground or junk pile of BMWs are wellthought-out as the intimidation for prominent environmental assets such as land and reservoir owing the requirement for large land area, high residual volume of waste and most importantly the leach ate generates heavy toxic contaminants (Idowu et al., 2019). Despite the shortage in debris clearance after shocking waste treatment systems in the clinic, especially embryonic nations engender constant land filling which harms the natural environment into worsening cemetery (Awodele et al., 2016). In fact the heavy chemical elements like cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, nickel, lead and zinc are commonly found in the groundwater taken from unlined landfill site stuffed amid BMW due to the impact of leach ate (Mor et al., 2006). The emission of dioxins, furans and ashes due to incinerating of BMW, the microwave is an alternative advanced treatment method that creates less contamination. The minimum land requirement besides contemporary inclination that increasing the ecological standards all over the globe (Chartier, 2014) and it has been adopted in developed countries although in developing countries have only limited attention because of the complexity and high cost (De-la-Torre et al., 2021). Alternatively, the techniques and procedures like heavy heat conduction, which is used for free of detrimental germs and a mixture of pathogens in the hospital fritter away is not practicable at all times. Although, the process does not produce high noxious residues as well it cannot completely get rid of all possible microbes even it causes complex issues and have an effect on biosubstratum (Edlich et al., 2006). On that account, the analysts give proposition for some complementary method to destroy all resistant microorganisms under autoclave treat- ment prior junk burial in the earth (Edlich et al., 2006;Hatami et al., 2022) While comparing the ex-situ BMW incinerators in connected exsitu autoclave sterilizers which lessen atmospheric adulteration and boosts well again ecological succession (Taghipour and Mosaferi, 2009).

Handling and disposal of COVID-19 SUPs bio-medical waste and its' management
The tonnage medical waste of Wuhan (the unique epicentre of pandemic SARS CoV 2) has been increasing six times as great close to 40 and 240 tonnes every day. Nevertheless, the rising patients count and extreme pugnacious to deal with clinical disposals; it is a vital neces-sity of 46 mobile treatment units and built a new plant with a capacity of 30 tonnes in Wuhan City within 15 days (South China Morning Post Reports, 2020). Conversely take America as instances for weighing and ensuring Wuhan's perceptive of medical waste disposal, the American infirmaries bring into being about five million tons of waste a year (Practice Green Health, 2020). While the measurement of 416.7 thousand tonnes every month is nearly identical, the American hospitals will continue to produce 2.5 million tonnes more as increasing demand similar to Wuhan every month. In such a situation, America may have to produce a year's worth of medical refusals in just two months due to an increase in spreading virus. Despite the fact that outstanding one-use of individual safety tools trim down the quantity of clinical bio waste creation. As well as the decision-makers are obliged to hands-on the difficulties in biohazard maintenance and afford some crucial provisions and facilities for healthy and economic infrastructure over these pandemic days (Seth Cutler, 2020). Though India already has regulations in BMW control, the Central Pollution Control Board suggests strongly for maintaining waste breed and segregate wastes of secluded wards and common domestic wastes. Also a maximum number of sincere and devoted janitors are deputed for collecting and transport the refuse lot at the right time and in the right dumpsite. The pollution control committee keeps an eye on the existing measures and arrangement for safe handling the transmittable biomedical titbits also seek out the gathering sacks or trolleys are double layered without any seepage and for managing security, mandatory labelled 'COVID-19 0 which is permitting of CBWTFs to categorize bin collection without difficulty from the hospital prior for treatment and immediate disposal. In India, the amount of biomedical waste generation per day increased by 1.84 times from 288 tonnes in 2007 to 530 tonnes in 2018 (See Table 2).
The sudden incursion of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV 2) patients across India, the disposal of COVID-19 bio-medical waste from the hospital is such a venturesome journey in the medical field. Therefore, the usage of SUPs from Personal Protection Equipment's (PPEs) like testing kits, gloves, masks, bags, goggles also increased, but at this point the problemproduce is how to dispose-off the hospital refusals. Ever the COVID-19 outbreak, the environmental activists have been demanding full compliance of Biomedical Waste Management Rules in 2016 besides other measures to minimise the impact on the environment. Since, there is no data is available for the so far protection of biomedical waste management generated and treated due to the COVID-19 outbreaks in India, also very complex to forecast clinical remnants projectionrate in this critical period.
In It can be recommended that WHO, the Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE) such as air purifier masks, goggles or face shield, safety glasses, medical cap, gloves, medical mask gown are being used in the Health Care centres by all the staff including nurses and the patients (including for diagnosis, admitted and isolated during the pandemic COVID-19 outbreaks). In this respect, the basic PPEs of the aforesaid health care workers in India are being engaged and their used SUPs such as medical gloves, facemasks, and aprons are only considered as biomedical wastes on daily basis estimated on the minimum of 730 g of waste generated per day/person. Based on the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases 5,41,211 as of 1st July 2020 (includes active, recovered and deaths) in India and the health care workers it is assessed that an average 2022.92 tonnes per day of SUP waste generated only due to COVID-19 which is an overburden for the handling of BMW management in India. Except for a few States/UTs, all the other States of India are overburdened with the COVID-19 SUPs and their treatment and disposal handling pathways. The States like Maharashtra (334 tonnes/day), Tamil Nadu (284 tonnes/day), Andhra Pradesh (172 tonnes/day), Rajasthan (157 tonnes/day), Kerala, Karnataka and West Bengal are over loaded with 150, 143 and122 tons/day respectively increasing the quantum of COIVD-19 SUP wastes on daily basis depending on the existing available CBWTFs to the safe treatment and disposal.

Conclusion, study limitation
Every nation has been potentially dealing with clinic discarded heaps; on the other hand, it would be shaped utilizing pretty few traits like formulating stratagem of accumulating, carrying, managing and treating the sanatorium bio-refusals. Subsequently, the data of the hygiene process, disinfection measures and waste disposal system are differing among nations and the policy management being a big upheaval and extent practicable.
Accordingly, India's COVID-19 numbers representing an uphill and concave yet circumstance persist startling also, the riskiness and hardships relating excessive inoperative, infective and unsafe medical belongings add to bothersome. The clinic refusal is measured as 530 tons per day and two union territories and six states in India haven't waste treatment facilities and anticipated as more in the present and subsequent years significantly. Correspondingly, just about 93% of biomedical despoil have pre-treatment and sterilization facilities before going garbage dump. On the other hand, the scraps and dumps of residences, factories, and industries, administrative divisions, in collective both degradable and non-degradable are infested with bio medical waste, which makes the sanitization work progression more complicated. In recent scientific studies, the health experts suggest the possible pathways of spreading contagious infect and in all probability the considerable tot up of non-symptoms and pre symptoms people are the actively greatest transmitter of an extensive amount of virus. On the other hand, it triggers an added alarm for the sanitation workforce. Considering the generalization of the problem under investigation, the stringent policy proposals have to frame for better decision-making in debris control. Notably, the positive cases and death report moves up day to day around the world yet the upcoming predilection of stopping the spread is still struggling one.
In particular, persons suspected with the infectious virus have been extensively increasing all around the globe, predicted to be prolonged period and also if there may be the same kind of pandemic outbreak will exist, the country has to prepare for handling of the waste going to generate in advance manner. The major focal point on overtaxing of med bay trashes added with existing treatment methodology available in the BMWTFs based on the consideration with the minimum PPEs based SUPs used during this pandemic outbreak by the patients and the health care workers from the reported government hospitals only, which exclude the BMW generate from the testing and research laboratories, COIVD-19 testing centres, professionals, health centres administrative and other departments and the same PPEs being added with the Municipal Solid Waste from the public.

Recommendations
It should be noted that the existing applications of sickbay throw out management in the nation are rightly monitored also several challenging spots are acknowledged. It might seem that some dynamic necessitates prevailing over the impediment routes in the disposal process. Henceforth the things considered, the excerpt below is the recommended suggestions for the various approaches of medical dump clearance.
I. The number of Common Biomedical Waste Treatment Facility (CBWTF) can be installed and operated in each State not only for the emerging pandemic diseases outbreak, but also in every simple practice and it is essential that the dispose of biomedical waste cannot impose any risk to the environment. II. Explore the advanced filtration and treatment systems in wastewater treatment plants to remove microplastics effectively by upgrading existing treatment infrastructure to minimize the release of microplastics into ocean through water bodies.
III. During this COVID-19 crisis, like developed countries which needs adequate mobile waste treatment facility at the source where an environmentally sensitive area concerning the quantum of biomedical waste is being generated; IV. It is unavoidable to reduce the use of SUPs during such a massive pandemic outbreak, since it is highly recommended to incinerate these SUPs safely than to landfill or other methods. However, these treatment operation units need to be fulfilling the CPCBs guidelines because of setting the height of the stocks and safe flue dust and sooty mould removal. V. From a general environmental perspective, microwave heating has been one of the finest techniques for treating contaminated medical debris as it provides a reduced amount of environmental intimidation. This method gently inactivates the microorganisms in the disposables also avoid generating lethal fumes and irradiation (Soares et al., 2013;Voudrias, 2016). VI. Steam sterilization technologies can be used as additional treating method which disinfects the litter in low heat thermal process ahead of disposal. On the contrary BMW incinerators, it has been suggested even for non-hazardous and non-producing combustion gases (Taghipour and Mosaferi, 2009). VII. To put it another way, the implementation of proper decontamination methods for instance reprocess, steam, repurpose, sanitize, sterilize, asepsis, compost and refusal which are lacking the issues in both biosphere and health of human. When the ruins are properly cleared, it mitigates the pollution and conserves the energy considerably. Accordingly, the advanced techniques and well-prepared schemes facilitate the waste control safe and sound right the way through increasing pandemic days. VIII. Scientific approaches like incorporated Geographic information system (GIS)-based mode of waste management practices would be widened for identifying the locale of wreckage collection, transport and to the final civic amenity point. This technique can minimize the risk associated with transport, occupational and transportation costs on the network could aid to develop better routing schedule by the decision makers in terms of the imposed risk of biomedical wastes. IX. Awareness about the waste management practices to the public in terms of disposal need to improve, especially to the schools and educational institutions, involvement of NGOs is the practical effective action to reduce the SUPs and other plastic waste get into the water bodies and ocean. Support and participate in local and international beach clean-up initiatives to remove plastic waste, including COVID-related microplastics, from coastal areas and oceans. Invest in and support initiatives focused on the removal of plastic waste, including microplastics, from coastal areas and oceans. Encourage volunteer participation and provide resources for clean-up efforts. X. Government departments should encourage value added awareness programs by improving rules and regulations, strengthen cooperation with external sectors, motivate and reward the responsible citizens through publicity, not only benefit human society but also contribute to sustainable development of the environment. XI. Improve waste management infrastructure, particularly in coastal areas, to prevent PPE and plastic waste from reaching the ocean. Increase the number of waste bins, implement recycling programs, and ensure proper waste collection and disposal. XII. Adoptive collaboration among governments, scientific institutions, industries, and environmental organizations to share knowledge and best practices for mitigating microplastic pollution, monitoring programs to assess the potential risk and threads of COVID-related microplastics in the ocean. Encourage adaptive research to mitigate the impacts on marine ecosys-tems. Invest in research and development of biodegradable or compostable PPE materials that pose minimal harm to the environment.

Data availability
Data will be made available on request.

Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.