An automated flow injection system for metal determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry involving on-line fabric disk sorptive extraction technique
Graphical abstract
Introduction
During the last couple of years, a remarkable progress has been made in regard to flow-based sample pretreatment methodologies hyphenated with atomic spectrometry for the determination of trace metals. Flow injection techniques, are used for fluidic manipulation and on-line sample processing, providing an effective alternative to the batch mode of sample preparation [1]. Combining flow techniques with flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) provide unique capabilities which can benefit as well as significantly enhance the performance of each method [2].
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is a highly popular sample preconcentration technique and has become the focal point of improving and creating greener and more efficient approaches for sample pretreatment, resulting in the development of numerous microtechniques known as miniaturized solid-phase extraction techniques [3], [4]. A wide variety of novel sorbent materials has been developed and used for on-line column preconcentration and determination by FAAS of toxic trace metals like lead, in different types of sample matrices in order the traditional stationary phases to be replaced as well as improve extraction performance characteristics of the target analytes [5], [6].
Sol-gel chemistry offers an efficient pathway to incorporate organic components into inorganic polymeric structures in solution phase under mild thermal conditions [7], allowing the development of new inherently porous sorbents in different forms including particles, monoliths, films and fibers for analytical sample preparation techniques [8]. The advantages of sol-gel technology, for example the use of relatively inexpensive chemicals for sol-gel synthesis, the unique ability to achieve molecular level uniformity in the synthesis of hybrid organic-inorganic advanced material systems and the creation of surface coatings on a substrate of practically any geometrical shape, have been exploited to achieve significant advances in micro/nano sample preparation [9].
Recently, Kabir and Furton [10] introduced a novel sample preparation technique known as fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) in order to overcome the major shortcomings of the most commonly used sample preparation techniques, such as poor extraction performance for highly polar analytes, low sorbent loading that often results in poor extraction sensitivity, short lifetime of the physically held coatings and the limited range of pH stability (pH 2–11). The sorptive extraction technique FPSE, integrates the advantages of inherently porous sol-gel derived hybrid organic–inorganic sorbents with flexible and permeable fabric substrates, resulting in a highly efficient and sensitive extraction medium that can be introduced directly into any kind of fluidic matrix resulting in higher extraction sensitivity and shorter preparation time [11] or can be used as an extraction disk, through which the sample matrix containing the analytes of interest can be passed to facilitate the extraction [12].
Briefly, FPSE uses a combination of a porous surface (ca. 2.0 cm×2.0 cm) as the substrate (cellulose/polyester/fiber glass) and a sol-gel derived hybrid organic-inorganic sorbent material system. The sol-gel coated FPSE medium is inserted into the sample vial along with a magnetic stirrer for about 30 min in order for the analyte to be extracted. After the extraction, an elution/back-extraction process is carried out for 5–10 min followed by centrifugation/filtration prior to the instrumental analysis [13].
To date, FPSE has been used for the determination of various organic compounds such as antibiotics in milk [13], [14], triazine herbicides in environmental waters [15], non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in environmental water samples [16], selected estrogens [11], benzodiazepines in blood serum [17], endocrine disruptors alkyl phenols from ground water, river water, sewage water, sludge and soil samples [18]. Lakade et al. [19] reported a comparative study of different FPSE sorbents for the extraction of pharmaceuticals and personal care products from environmental aqueous samples. Finally, the importance of the FPSE technique as well as its advantages and applications in pharmaceutical analysis, has been well demonstrated by Samanidou and Kabir [20]. Nevertheless, this technique has not been applied for metal determination coupled with AS.
Despite the significant advantages of the FPSE technique such as the direct use of the FPSE media into the original, unaltered sample matrix and the minimization of sample preparation steps [11], there is a necessity for automation in order to overcome drawbacks like high sample preparation time and repeatability of the batch-mode extraction procedure.
In the present study, a novel automated on-line flow injection-fabric disk sorptive extraction (FI-FDSE) platform was developed for metal preconcentration and determination by FAAS. For this purpose, minicolumns packed with sol-gel coated fabric media in the form of disks were prepared for the first time and incorporated into a FI system. To the best of our knowledge, the automation of the FPSE technique has not yet been reported. The developed FI-FDSE system was applied to on-line lead and cadmium determination in environmental water samples due to their high toxicity even at very low concentrations. The workability of four coated FPSE media: PTHF, PDMDPS, PEO-PPO–PEO triblock co-polymers and graphene as column fabric disk packing materials was investigated.
Section snippets
Instrumentation
A Perkin-Elmer (Norwalk, CT, USA) Model 5100 PC flame atomic absorption spectrometer with deuterium lamp background corrector was furnished with lead and cadmium hollow cathode lamps (HCL) operated at 10 mA and 4 mA respectively. The wavelength was set at 283.3 nm and 228.8 nm for lead and cadmium respectively and the monochromator spectral bandpass (slit) at 0.7 nm. The flame composition was adjusted properly to compensate for the effect of the used eluent, MIBK, served as an additional fuel. The
Surface morphology and coating homogeneity of sol-gel sorbent coated FPSE media
The extraction sensitivity and run-to-run reproducibility of an extraction medium, largely depend on the homogeneity of the sorbent coating. Sol-gel coating technology, unlike physical deposition of the polymeric thin layer onto the substrate followed by free radical cross-linking, utilizes a highly controllable chemical coating process that ensures a highly porous three dimensional network of the sol-gel sorbent, chemically bonded to the substrate. Due to the hybrid nature of the sol-gel
Conclusions
The automation of the FPSE technique and the applicability of four sol-gel coated media as packing materials, for FI-online trace metal preconcentration and determination coupled with FAAS, were successfully evaluated and demonstrated for the first time. The developed FDSE platform uses sol-gel sorbent coated FPSE media in the form of disks, offering high reproducibility, short analytical cycles as well as good sensitivity in comparison with the batch-wise FPSE technique. The use of the FDSE
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Fabric phase sorptive extraction for environmental samples
2023, Advances in Sample PreparationDetermination of phenolic compounds in human saliva after oral administration of red wine by high performance liquid chromatography
2022, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical AnalysisCitation Excerpt :Thanks to an innovative extractive procedure, fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE), developed by Kabir and Furton [9], the sample preparation workflow, even in the case of saliva samples, have been substantially simplified, avoiding time-consuming preliminary steps. The advantages of this technique have already been demonstrated in many articles concerning the analysis of drugs in biological fluids [10–12] and environmental matrices [13–16], and other application fields, including food products [17–20]. This technique has substantially simplified the sample preparation, leading to a clean and interference-free sample that can be analyzed by chromatographic methods, reducing the consumption of hazardous and toxic organic solvents, and avoiding matrix modification [21].