Dentistry 4.0 technologies applications for dentistry during COVID-19 pandemic

The term, Dentistry 4.0, coincides with Industry 4.0, in which the traditional methods of manufacturing and information are made more precise to enhance process efficiency by using automation and advanced computer technologies. The main of this paper is to discuss the major potential of Dentistry 4.0 technologies in the field of dentistry during Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic. Thereon, Dentistry 4.0 is advancing on its way with the use of advanced technologies in dentistry. Dental healthcare makes an essential part of the overall health of the masses. New technological advancements are essential to make the dentist work quicker, patient comfortable, and process reliable. So, we introduced the concept of Dentistry 4.0 to improve efficiency and impart innovation in dentistry during this pandemic. This paper briefs about the Dentistry 4.0 technologies helpful for the COVID-19 pandemic. Further discusses various issues and challenges in implementing Dentistry 4.0 for dentistry during the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, the paper identifies and discussed fifteen significant applications of Dentistry 4.0 technologies for dentistry during the COVID-19 pandemic. With the onset of the pandemic, globally, the healthcare sector is taking initiatives to strengthen affordable and high-speed data connectivity. This up-gradation and investment will also help dentists to access patients' data from smaller towns or villages using Dentistry 4.0 technologies. Thus, globally there is the onset of the fourth dentistry revolution, and we understand that this will change the trend of dentistry during and post-COVID-19 Pandemic. Dentistry 4.0 technologies are helpful during the COVID-19 pandemic to create teledentistry, virtual clinical practice and connect all dental devices to improve health conditions. This approach is to help progress towards the integrated capabilities, patient-centric remedies with predicted results in an easier way than the traditional way of the health care industry.


Introduction
With fast-paced technological advancements, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, we are at the cusp of a new age in the dental healthcare sector. Here, new opportunities with focused treatment are opening up via smart systems and personalisation. Dentistry 4.0 provides innovative problem solving with new manufacturing opportunities and automation, data exchange, and various advanced technologies. It uses the Internet of Dental Things (IoDT) to connect various dentistry tools and devices. Industries produce high-quality dentistry customised products with real-time intelligence under Dentistry 4.0 technologies [1][2][3] . In Dentistry 4.0, various technologies are used to create rapid growth in dentistry. With significant innovation, dental professionals achieve better innovation during the COVID-19 pandemic. These technologies significantly impact dental professionals in treating their patients and improving the dental healthcare environment. ternet of Dental Things will provide personalised patient-centric care or devices by combining the medical devices and their application through the internet [7][8][9][10] .
Healthcare workers can quickly examine the procedure followed and tests carried out to better treat the patient. With the help of the internet, dentistry devices will act like a Cyber-Physical System where the information within the devices through sensors is more important than the devices themselves. Information of patients gathered from a smart device through sensors helps in early detection or prevention of disease by reducing the all-embracing financial expenses for the care model. A wearable electrocardiogram or blood pressure measuring device is more valuable and connected to a central single care platform for any disease continuum [11][12][13] .
Detection of diseases associated with one's lifestyle is a rapidly growing market, such as a mobile device can trace chronic or lifestyle-based diseases like diabetes, which is based on connectivity or system provided by the Internet of Things. Similarly, the kind of contact lenses that can detect glucose levels is now possible with modern technologies. Miniature bioelectric medicines also play an essential role in curing various ailments like asthma, arthritis, and diabetes. These bioelectric medicines are implanted in the body, and they cure the ailment by affecting the electric signals in nerve pathways [14][15][16] . Dentistry 4.0 prepares a rapid change through innovations, inventions, and patient-centric cure possibilities using digital technologies. This article addresses the following research questions: RQ1: To brief about Dentistry 4.0 technologies helpful during COVID-19 pandemic; RQ2: To discuss various issues and challenges in implementing Dentistry 4.0 for dentistry during the COVID-19 pandemic; RQ3: Understanding how Dentistry 4.0 technologies help on improving treatment quality; RQ4: Identify how smart Dentistry using Dentistry 4.0 Technologies during COVID-19 Pandemic RQ5: To identify significant applications of Dentistry 4.0 technologies for dental healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Dentistry 4.0
Dentistry 4.0 is the fourth dentistry revolution that uses new modern technologies to treat dental patients [1] better. These technologies are also playing an important role in dentistry during the COVID-19 pandemic. The real-time data from Artificial intelligence and other wearable devices with improved analytics driven by the electronic health record system network helps dentistry. Due to the portability of the patient's data, the medical practitioner can access it from anywhere. The improved analytics help the practitioner for continuous and differential diagnosis to predict timely and innovatively medical responses. Areas that need improvements can be quickly pinpointed in Dentistry 4.0 technologies, allowing data so effectively for more informed decisions [17][18][19] .
Health insurance companies also demand the health-related data of their customers regarding dental healthcare to forecast certain things related to probable claims. Dentistry 4.0 technologies can store all requisite information for such insurance companies. Nowadays, everyone is seeking immediate information along with better service, even from the health sector. So, to meet out the customers' increasing expectations, the healthcare providers like surgeons, physicians, and even hospitals are nowadays of the opinion for the increased use of Dentistry 4.0 with enhanced efficiency and more accurate results. Another factor is to provide patient-centric care that needs a drastic change in the traditional manner or model of healthcare. This challenge can be quickly undertaken by these new technologies [20][21][22] .
In the current scenario with the traditional healthcare system, if someone is not well and approaches the doctor, the next step will be rapid treatment. These technologies are available, which can be helpful to perform a rapid treatment process. These technologies are limited to providing health care and provide the medical history of the patient and the medical history of his/her family, lifestyle, and or eating habits of the patient with demographic data and the ability to ingress the health care services. Dentistry 4.0 uses such factors to provide a personalised experience to patients, enabling them to have coordinated and focused treatment with benevolence and approbation [23][24] .

Dentistry 4.0 technologies positive role in COVID-19 pandemic
In the present scenario, new technologies are evolving at a rapid pace to create rapid change. Due to the outbreak of COVID-19, the requirements for these technologies are increasing. Various technologies introduced in dentistry are to improve people's oral health during the COVID-19 outbreak. Various supportive software used by these technologies helps attain the new stage of digitisation. Sensor-based dentistry devices are connected, which give accurate information and timely alert. The virtual technologies provide various dentistry-related training during the COVID-19 pandemic, which enhanced the teaching and learning process [25][26][27][28] . Tele-dentistry services can be easily provided to the patient in their home without any risk of infection. Various Dentistry 4.0 technologies helpful during the COVID-19 pandemic are shown in Fig. 1 .

Artificial intelligence (AI)
Artificial intelligence refers to a variety of methods by which machines are designed to perform with human-like intelligence. It entails combining enormous volumes of data with advanced algorithms to create machines that can do jobs autonomously. AI is effective in healthcare by enhancing old systems and hastening innovation. This technology is playing an essential part in the COVID-19 pandemic response. It is used for medical research and development, diagnose individuals, test potential treatments, assess public health consequences, and more.

Internet of Dental Things (IoDT)
The Internet of Dental Things is a novel strategy for preventing and managing dental caries, oral malignancies, periodontal disorders, and other dental disorders. It offers a 'smart' dental health care strategy that has enormous promise in reaching out to patients in an increasing range of dental disciplines, including oral and maxillofacial pathology and surgery, prosthodontics and implant dentistry, periodontics, and oral public health. The dentist can evaluate the individual's teeth based on the data collected by the camera during the brushing activity. All of the data can be exchanged in real-time with the dentist, thereby improving the preventive care process. It provides us with greater freedom and less time lost on home-work journeys, allowing businesses to economise on physical space and have teams working in different places.

Augmented and virtual reality
These technologies can be applied successfully in dentistry for creating appropriate advanced 3d imaging of human teeth and other parts. Off-site and in-person training can benefit from augmented and virtual reality imagery. Furthermore, these are being marketed as a long-term solution for content capture, development, and delivery. VR technology introduces new features to the market, such as eye-tracking, hand tracking, and higher-resolution headsets.

Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
The CAD software requires the user to log in to a specific machine that enables design work and helps customise numerous medical instruments. It will be critical during the COVID 19 pandemic to allow individuals to work from home without significantly impacting your business procedures. It would allow designers to connect from home to their office computers and continue working as usual.

5G. Technology
5G must be marketed as a telecommunications revolution that will revolutionise the healthcare treatment process and enable the IoT to learn and seek trustworthy, secure, and long-term solutions. The 5Gbased IoT ecosystem is a network of linked devices that use the 5G network. The advantages of the 5G network include new technological capabilities that increase productivity compared to earlier mobile technologies.

Robotics
Robotics is crucial in the fight against the COVID -19 pandemic. Robots are being used to treat patients at medical facilities in order to reduce human-to-human contact. It delivers goods to people in order to maintain social distance. COVID-19 has shifted its emphasis on vision-guided robots, decreasing unnecessary human contact in medical facilities and hospitals. Many hospitals have implemented food delivery robots, sterilisation robots, and directional guiding robots that guide patients.

3D. printing
Every day, 3D printing companies throughout the world pledge their help in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 impacts the healthcare business in terms of the production of various medical equipment to ensure the safety of the COVID-19 pandemic. It resolves the worldwide medical supply chain. The customised medical tools and devices can be printed easily by using this technology.

Blockchain
Blockchain has been a game-changer in the medical and pharmaceutical supply chains to improve patient data storage. Blockchain-enabled supply chain management enables the smooth delivery of any drug from the manufacturer to the patient. This technology boosted transparency and made medical supply more efficient. Now Blockchain technology is utilised to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 and aid in the recovery process.

Drones
Nowadays, drones are utilised to combat the coronavirus in a variety of ways. Drones have applications in agriculture, infrastructure inspection, construction, and the delivery of critical medical devices. This technology is well used to collect comprehensive geographic data, which is crucial for determining links between disease transmission and environmental factors.

Big data
The COVID-19 outbreak has pushed new big data-driven infectious disease surveillance approaches to the forefront of efforts to follow cases in real-time. Healthcare practitioners with the correct analytical ability can quickly evaluate millions of data points and investigate the protein combinations of deadly, contagious viruses. With massive data handling, big data assist medical researchers in shortening the medicine development timetable for the current pandemic.

Dental 3D scanner
While several imaging technologies are being employed in the field of dentistry. Dental laboratory scanners are also suitable to build a 3D digital model from an accurate physical dental model or impression. It provides automatic scanning for the individual body part of the patient in lesser time and cost. Dental lab scanners are now available as part of a dental lab's digital workflow.

Biosensors
Biosensors and point-of-care devices have the potential to transform healthcare delivery. This technology can be utilised to provide continuous monitoring in implantable devices and various point-of-care devices. By using biological materials, a biosensor can turn a biological reaction into a readable signal. A biological recognition element, such as biological material, biologically derivated materials, or biomimetics, is coupled to a physicochemical transducer in this system.

Cybersecurity
It is becoming evident that cybersecurity is the risk-reducing element in health care data. Demand for health informatics experts conversant with the current state of cybersecurity in health care increases as businesses seek to secure their patient information from these escalating threats. Cloud keeps a growing amount of sensitive health information; without sufficient encryption, this might be a vulnerability for health care companies' security. Data breaches in health care have a considerable financial impact. Health informatics and other experts are playing a vital role in ensuring that medical organisations remain secure. Mobile devices are being used at work by a growing number of health care practitioners. Encryption and other safeguards are essential for ensuring the security of any data stored on these devices.

Wearable and monitoring technologies
These devices are designed to track, collect, and monitor users' health data, ranging from step counts and calories burnt to heart rate, perspiration levels, glucose level, stress level, and even oxygen saturation level, to provide continuous and reliable health results to improve patients' treatment. Originally, fitness trackers were intended to measure step counts, heart rate, and calories burnt, followed by exercise advice. Smartphones are now regarded as a useful medical tool, capable of a wide range of functions, including assessing cardiac rhythms and assessing blood pressure and daily physical activity. It allows the devices to monitor and analyse the relationship between daily activities and blood pressure levels. Practitioners can acquire relevant and accurate data instantaneously and take action faster with these technologies. Smart devices aid in the early diagnosis of health concerns, resulting in better patient care. Wearable technologies provide an intelligent means to monitor a wide range of physiological variables, presenting a plethora of healthcare possibilities.

Intelligent apps
Intelligent apps are pieces of software that use historical and realtime data to help users make important decisions. The intelligent integration and application of predictive and prescriptive analytics, customer data, and product insights enable these apps to engage in a continuous learning technique. It provides predictions and decisions in order to provide users with the super-rich and personalised experiences. It provides tailored and contextual material to encourage continuous engagement. It analyses many data sources to provide significant insights and aid in the automation of simple everyday processes. These eventually assist in determining the best possible reasons for symptoms. It directs consumers to the most appropriate care while also tracking and managing their health.
These technologies provide disruptive innovation to improve the oral health of the patient. It helps to upgrade the knowledge of dental professionals and patients. These technologies perform the latest innovations, which can keep growing various more possibilities in dentistry.

Issues and challenges in implementing Dentistry 4.0 for dental healthcare during COVID-19 pandemic
The proposed philosophy of Dentistry 4.0 for dentistry healthcare supports most of the problems usually reported in the dentistry domain. However, there also exists some issues and challenges that are needed to be taken care of as future aspects. The safety, privacy, and sanctuary of the patient's data must be given more attention while attempting to implement the proposed concept in dentistry, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. The applicability of the latest smart biomaterials for dental care is another thrust for future research in this domain [29][30][31] . The smart sensors and trackers are new to this domain, and hence an extensive attempt should be made to look into the more in-depth insight for their accurate and appropriate functioning, especially in some typical and complex tasks too. Fig. 2 exemplifies the various issues and challenges while implementing Dentistry 4.0 for dentistry during the tough COVID-19 time.

Digital dentistry using Dentistry 4.0 technologies
Digital dentistry is all about the digital information system, which can provide appropriate information through the Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, cloud computing, and other emerging technologies. These technologies digitise the entire dental industry with digital medical records and the patient's status. The treatment plan in dentistry is to be quicker to improve the existing healthcare processes. By applying Dentistry 4.0 technologies, there is an application of the highly automated process to connect the new dental ecosystem. Dentistry 4.0 lowers the cost of complicated dental procedures and makes dentistry automated [32][33][34] .
Dentistry 4.0 provides great innovation and advancement in dentistry. This approach is to manufacture various dentistry parts, which are incredibly beneficial in the current scenario. Smart devices such as telehealth management systems minimise the routine check-up of the patient. AI-based technologies are used to analyse the scan and image of the cracked teeth or any other abnormalities. Technologies are available to analyse the brushing techniques which can improve the teeth' life. The significant achievements of Dentistry 4.0 technologies are as under:

Improving treatment quality by using Dentistry 4.0 technologies
Nowadays, the medical field is nearby, delivering a high-class performance with the help of modern technologies. These are for the collection and analysis of quality-related techniques with an appropriate information system. This appropriate information helps to perform a quality treatment process. Traditionally the quality control of medical tools and devices manufacturing is done by utilising various techniques. Now, these technologies digitally controlled the entire dentistry tools, implants, and devices manufacturing. These technologies are used for the inspecting of the quality of every dental product after its manufacturing. Moreover, it provides robust and appropriate information during the treatment process [35][36][37] . Dentistry 4.0 technologies take multiple sources of quality-related information. These provide positive effects and improves the overall experience of the doctors and patients. Now hospital management can incorporate constant patient feedback via online social media. It permits patients for the essential for the medical facility and service. Dentistry 4.0 can easily undertake the systematic collection of real-time information and medical services. It is helpful for the quality inspection process and carried out individualised tests of the patient. The significant benefits of these technologies are to improve patient satisfaction by changing the way of the traditional treatment system [ 38 , 39 ]. Dentistry 4.0 technologies are used to decrease the treatment delay time because some processes are automatic. Another key advantage is reducing the whole treatment lifecycle time by which technologies can be monitored and continuously examined. Therefore allows the manufacturer to address various post-production issues and positively affect the overall patient experience.

Digital manufacturing of dentistry parts using Dentistry 4.0 technologies
Digital manufacturing refers to circumstances where entire manufacturing and supply chains are digitised and are entirely automated. It brings consistent improvement of dentistry equipment manufacturing because of vast data produced by the new information technologies. Dental industries take advantage of IoT and other internet-based technological platforms. Hospital management is attempting to transform its traditional treatment system into a smart treatment system by giving them more productivity and efficiency with lesser wastages [ 40 , 41 ].
The health professional manages the implementation of new developments in information technologies and improves the entire treatment process. The most significant change is maybe the move for investigation and problem-solving. It improves quality with the help of better inspection after the manufacturing of the dentistry products. This ar-rangement of changes is found generally in manufacturing, where products are manufactured through an extensive focus on product quality and service using Dentistry 4.0 technologies [ 42 , 43 ].

Quality Management using Dentistry 4.0 technologies
The main aim of quality management is to maintain its quality in the hospital in the entire process. The quality data is crucial, which provides appropriate information and fulfils various ongoing challenges in dentistry. Now healthcare can improve quality with better problem identification using modern technologies. These provide appropriate real-time information with the help of connected sensors and other electronic devices [ 44 , 45 ]. New digital technologies are available to analyse various types of information during the COVID-19 pandemic. These are innovative way to monitor and improve the product's quality.

Dentistry 4.0 technology for risk management in dentistry related treatment and surgery during COVID-19
There have been numerous dentistry-related issues, namely, tooth decay, diseases in gums, oral problems, erosion and cavity formation in the tooth, etc. Those are quite serious and commonly occurs in humans. The resolutions of the above-highlighted dentistry issues have become complicated and more challenging in this COVID-19 pandemic situation as the healthcare providers are not in a favourable condition to touch or treat their patients as per past practice because of coronavirus issue. In such cases, Dentistry 4.0 has various tools and techniques to overcome the challenges reported in COVID-19 time [ 46 , 47 ]. The smart sensors and tracking concept, virtual reality tools, IoT tools, and many other such facilities with the proposed method enable dentistry patients to get treated more effectively without getting affected by the coronavirus. The physicians and healthcare providers are now able to treat their patients in a safer and impactful mode. The overall risk involved is at the downside now, and our system can have happy and healthier patients at the end of the treatment process.

Smart Dentistry using Dentistry 4.0 technologies during COVID-19 pandemic
The advanced and latest technologies have enabled the Dentistry 4.0 philosophy to offer more effective and impressive solutions for the dentistry domain even in the current pandemic COVID-19. Fig. 3 is reflecting the major technological elements associated with Dentistry 4.0 concept. The remote area-based services offer productive solutions, especially to remote locations, through the integrated applications of virtual reality, telemedicine, augmented reality, etc. Internet of Dental Things based healthcare features have also been proposed along with the digital dentistry care tools [48][49][50] . The proper drafting and design development of dentistry related issues such as; oral care, bad breath, tooth decay, erosion of tooth, etc., can be adequately planned through the utility of CAD/CAM based technologies, which further empowers the overall philosophy of Dentistry 4.0.

Significant advancement of Dentistry 4.0 technologies for dentistry
Various advancements like improved Image Processing, X-ray techniques, and the use of Pace Makers during dentistry 3.0 was a boon for many patients. As the X-rays almost deracinated Tuberculosis as well as the antibiotics reduced the complications during the surgeries. Nuclear Magnetic Response and Semi-conductor technology are the next important step in the healthcare industry as part of Dentistry 4.0. As the regulatory approval needs vast data for the complete life cycle of the product. Life cycle data of a new product includes the data from design, manufacturing system, and processing engineering and any kind of discrepancy that impacts the efficiency of new product release. So, to move with new advancements, Dentistry 4.0 technologies create innovation and dentistry-based opportunities [ 51 , 52 ]. Dentistry 4.0 helps the health sector adopt rapid changes with innovations, while strict regulatory procedures may slow down this technology adaptation for a patient-centric environment. It analyses data in compliance with regulatory norms and presents a pathway for the efficient production of more intricate products to be available for the market. Dentistry 4.0 ensures high-quality products along with the compliance of regulatory norms and customer satisfaction. The manufacturer should also be ready to adopt the dentistry field's rapid changes [ 53 , 54 ]. Dentistry 4.0 will provide a high degree of atomisation and intelligence to customise higher quality patient-centric devices. Dentistry 4.0 technologies create a system to build a backbone for integrated portable electronic health records. These provide good initiatives to increases the chances to fulfil the aim of equal health care for all. All dentistry devices and instruments are easily connected through internet applications, sharing data for better communication [ 55 , 56 ]. All medical and fitness-related activities are shared quickly through the Internet of Dental Things. Dentistry 4.0 technologies to assist the clinician to offer high-quality dental care. These are helpful for the better prediction of treatment outcome. The accuracy of complex planning for dentistry is improved to enhance the clinical decision-making process. Thus quick screening of the COVID-19 patient can be carried out. Dentistry Table 1 Applications of Dentistry 4.0 technologies for dentistry during COVID-19 pandemic.

S No
Applications Description References 1 Teledentistry With the help of internet service, dentistry patient can now advantage of these technologies of elderly and disabilities patient It provides digital consultation in rural, remote areas during the COVID-19 pandemic The dentist can now share information through live videos and the digital information sharing process [59][60][61] 2 Comfort dental treatment During this COVID-19 outbreak, the patient generally afraid to open their mouth to avoid the virus Technologies like the intra-oral camera are used to look at the status of patient teeth with comfortability Dentists can now see images of fracture of teeth or any other problem in an efficient manner [62][63][64] 3 Virtual clinical practice Technologies like virtual reality and holography are used for the clinical practice of a new dentist This is an innovative technique for the teaching and learning process for dental professional It is the best online tool for clinical training of dental students during the COVID-19 pandemic [65][66][67] 4 Smart toothbrush Dentistry 4.0 achieves innovation by the applications of smart toothbrush Smart toothbrush consists of sensors which can monitor the brushing habits of the peoples Kids can now also learn to brush their teeth's regularly with better cleaning [68][69][70][71] 5 Exact fit dentures With the help of digital manufacturing technologies, the dentist can create precise fit denture in lesser time and cost Advanced software's are used to design dentures, which replace the traditional way of denture manufacturing Complex shape dentures are possible with lesser wastage of materials [72][73][74]  During the COVID-19 Pandemic, inventory of all dentistry tools can be well managed with the help of the Dentistry 4.0 technologies It helps dental professional for best practice and better treatment process by proper management of all dentistry tools and devices Used to track the inventory using smart supply chain [88][89][90] 11 Identification of the most affected area of teeth Devices are available to identify the significantly affected areas of the teeth Used to calculate the maximum amount of pressure on teeth, which is helpful for effective treatment With proper analysis, these technologies reduce the requirement of doctors during COVID-19 [91][92][93] 12 Connected all dental devices Patient data can be easily collected using internet-connected dental devices, which can further helpful for personalised treatment Provide an opportunity for the better management of disease during COVID-19 days All devices can be tracked and available at the time [94][95][96][97] 13 Privacy and security By the implementation of IoT, privacy and security challenges can be easily fulfilled. Important dentistry data can be stored, which can be further used in emergency The status of the disease can be stored privately, which can be helpful to future treatment and research and development process [98][99][100] 14 Teeth scaffolds Advanced manufacturing technologies are used to produce teeth scaffolds and other dental prosthetics Useful for various types of prosthetic restorations and other development processes Patient customised teeth scaffolds are helpful to create new artificial teeth that can be an exact fit for the patient [101][102][103] 15 Improve health condition Used to analyse the food chewing conditions which helps to improve the health conditions High strength dental crown with appropriate tribological properties is produced in lesser time and cost Dentistry 4.0 technologies provide appropriate information during COVID-19, which improve the health condition of the peoples [104][105][106][107] 4.0 technologies reduce the planning and delay time of the treatment process. These helped to monitors and analysed the entire treatment process. Quality control process, proper management, and hospital maintenance system in the hospital can be done quickly to better healthcare. The integration of multiple real-time data sources for patient treatment can significantly advance the current healthcare situation. Dentistry 4.0 technologies connect all dentistry devices, which helps to capture and store a large amount of patient data for better dental care.

Applications of Dentistry 4.0 technologies for dentistry during COVID-19 pandemic
IoT, along with technologies like "cloud computing," enables the users to handle, analyse, and use a considerable amount of data from anywhere, anytime with ample storage. It processes all inputs from different sources to turn them into valuable information that can be used to rectify any discrepancy during the process [ 57 , 58 ]. This improves the whole treatment process and the quality of the product before reaching the end-user/customer. Complex event processes and "In-memory" are real-time analysis techniques that can be used to drive efficiency further. Table 1 discusses the significant applications of Dentistry 4.0 technologies for dental healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The dental industry can now adopt new opportunities and innovations through various technological advancements for a patient-centric care system. Dentistry 4.0 provides high-quality manufacturing by using new technologies [ 108 , 109 ]. The considerable benefit of the patientcentric device market depends upon the decentralised and smart manufacturing of high-quality products as per the needs of a particular patient [ 110 , 111 ].

Discussion
Adaptation of Dentistry 4.0 will improve many traditional healthcare methods, including devices for retaining compliance and quality systems. For the benefits or financial growth over time, this transformation of technology planned a better business strategy. With the transition from traditional pathways, these latest technologies can be managed with the innovative platform, ensuring business process rule control, quality/production control, and managing compliance. Costly breakdowns and non-productive time can be avoided easily by investing in the latest technologies like the Predictive Maintenance system.
Significant applications of Dentistry 4.0 technologies for dentistry during the COVID-19 pandemic are teledentistry, comfort dental treatment, virtual clinical practice, smart toothbrush, exact fit dentures, analysis of teeth cancer, diet monitoring system, a replica of hard and soft tissue, detection of periodontal diseases, dentistry inventory management, identification of the most affected area of teeth, connected all dental devices, privacy and security, teeth scaffolds and improve health condition. Dentistry devices put challenges, along with opportunities, before the manufacturers. Advance scanning techniques are enabling the manufacturers to produce more intricate and complex medical devices with better precession. These technologies provide a substantial positive impact on oral health during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Future scope
In the upcoming year, the dental practice system can further be improved with the help of emerging technologies. This dental revolution will have better solutions for the drug delivery system and makes them patient-centric or personalised, improving the delivery of medicines to the right patient at the right time. Older manufacturing methods are replaced by new manufacturing technology like additive manufacturing. The quality control element has most of the possibilities for improvement in the entire process governed by medical 4.0. Unplanned downtime can be reduced by using some sensors during manufacturing that can detect any error quickly. A dentist can take the benefits of these technologies for better practice and learning process. Shortly, Dentistry 4.0 technologies will change the basic ideas of healthcare distribution and measurements for better treatment outcomes. These technologies' future is to create smart dentistry, which helps to incorporate best practices and better treatment for dental practitioners.

Conclusion
Toady modern dentistry is taking advantage of advanced technologies and following various engineering solutions. With the applications of new technologies, various soft and hard tissue parts are replaced, and further help performs intended functions. Various biomaterials meet various dentistry requirements and are now available to manufacture implantable devices. Dentistry 4.0 makes the inventory control automatic as the machines interact with each other and demand the raw material. It provides various applications in dentistry clinical applications and developments in various stages. The patient's previous treat-ment record is easily identified through this, which positively affects the treatment process. With smart devices' help, a patient can access his data for predictive treatment in dentistry. Dentistry 4.0 technologies also create a higher level of flexibility, which improves dentistryrequired products with customisation. These technologies also provide highly automated and computerised management systems, which minimises the involvement of humans. We foresee that these technologies would reduce dental treatment duration, minimise his visit to dental clinics during the COVID-19 pandemic, and ultimately improve dental healthcare.

Conflicts of Interest
None.

Funding
None.