Short communicationPossibilities to reduce rice straw-induced global warming potential of a sandy paddy soil by combining hydrological manipulations and urea-N fertilizations
Introduction
Agricultural soils contribute large volumes of greenhouse gases (GHGs; N2O, CH4 and CO2), which are increasing global warming potential (GWP). Paddy soils of the world are thought to contribute a large share, particularly of CH4, either through application of organic residues and/or root respiration during rice growth. Organic material-induced CH4 emission can be detected 20–40 days after rice transplanting (Wassmann et al., 1996), indicating potential for reducing emissions from both irrigated and lowland rice fields by adopting suitable management. Suggested options, i.e., mid-season/multiple/intermittent drainage (Yagi et al., 1997; Zou et al., 2005) generally implemented at tillering stage onward are unlikely to be effective in reducing organic matter-induced CH4 emissions, particularly from lowland rice fields.
Addition of organic residues increases CH4 emission and CO2 evolution through enhancing heterotrophic activities, the degree depending on soil water regime (Yagi and Minami, 1990; Denier van der Gon and Neue, 1995; Wassmann et al., 1996). Application of nitrogenous fertilizers releases large amounts of N2O; C availability regulates both nitrification and denitrification to produce and release N2O and/or N2 under favorable soil and environmental conditions (Tsuruta et al., 1997; Khalil et al., 2002; Zou et al., 2005; Jiao et al., 2006). Recently, minor responses to added rice straw (in and out of the growing season) on CH4 emission, compared to no straw, have been reported (Minamikawa and Sakai, 2006). It is not known how the emission of other gases, and their contribution to GWP, varies for specific soil and management systems. The processes responsible for the production and release of the gases interact with C and N supply. Stabilization of added organic materials with N (Moran et al., 2005) seems to markedly reduce their gas release, by increasing microbial degradation and the production of CO2. It may also be that coupled C and N application alleviates N limitation caused by immobilization of added/mineralized N during early rice growth. The strategic management of available and cheap resources (rice straw and urea), to manipulate C and N sources in crop production, is critical to minimize GHG release. Several management options were tested in laboratory experiments using a sandy paddy soil. We investigated the major GHGs contributing to, and their trade-offs, in straw-induced GWP, in order to find the most appropriate management.
Section snippets
Materials and methods
Composite samples of a paddy soil (0–15 cm depth) were collected from a farmer's field in Kujuukuri, Chiba prefecture, Japan, and sieved with a 5 mm mesh. The sandy soil (sand 83.6%, silt 10.4% and clay 6.0%; coarse-textured gley) had the following properties: 6.3, total C content 7.5 g C kg−1 soil, total N 0.8 g N kg−1 soil, CEC 6.1 cmolc kg−1 soil and available N as NH4+ and NO3−, corresponding to 52.7 and 11.4 mg N kg−1 soil.
Three separate experiments were carried out under different soil water
Results and discussion
Irrespective of treatments, the maximum peaks for N2O fluxes during the 30-day incubation (data not shown) were of similar trends to the total. The Uf and unfertilized control showed higher N2O release under WL (1.94 and 0.59 mg N kg−1 soil, respectively, Table 2) than under saturated (SAT) and aerobic (AR) conditions. The findings are in agreement with Nishimura et al. (2004), and can be attributed to the presence of nitrate either inherent or through nitrification, and the subsequent
Acknowledgments
This research work was funded by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) and Ministry of the Environment, Japan under GHG-SSCP project, Global Environment Research Funds (B-S-2-3a). The authors are grateful to Dr. H. Tsuruta and Dr. K. Yagi for their valuable suggestions on this work.
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