A review of giant magnetostrictive injector (GMI)
Introduction
As a kind of magnetic functional material, giant magnetostrictive material (GMM) has some advantages as fast response speed, relatively huge output and high Curie temperature etc [1,2]. Together with its useful physical effects like magnetostrictive and reverse magnetostrictive effects, GMM has been widely employed as the key component of actuators [3], sensors [4], energy harvesters [5] or some other devices [6]. Nowadays, giant magnetostrictive actuator (GMA) has been one of the most popular applications of the GMM. For the advantage of outputting required mechanical displacement or force rapidly and steadily, the GMA has been widely used in active vibration control [[7], [8], [9], [10]], driving hydraulic devices [[11], [12], [13]], ultra precision machining [14], driving segmented mirrors [15] and some other fields [2,16,17].
Compared to these applications of the GMA, giant magnetostrictive injector (GMI) is truly not a popular research direction. An electronic controlled injector (ECI) is the control terminal in an electronic controlled fuel injection system and its performance has crucial influences on the fuel efficiency and pollutant emission of fuel machinery [18,19]. Distinguished by the actuator types, the ECIs can be classified into three types respectively of electromagnetic, piezoelectric and magnetostrictive type. The first two kinds of injectors have developed for several generations that their theories, experiments and practical applications are quite mature. Currently, most marketed cars are equipped with these two types of injectors [20]. However, consider the facts that the electromagnetic actuator has the inherent delaying characteristic and the piezoelectric actuator outputs low displacement and loses its effectiveness easily, these two kinds of ECIs hardly realize further promotions of their performances.
Benefiting from excellent performances of GMM, the GMI may be one promising injector to overcome these problems and reach more excellent injection rate. However, present researches on the GMI were in really quite low level as the basic theories of the GMI were not systemically investigated, experiments was rarely involved and practical applications had few researches either.
This paper summarized current research status of the GMI. Firstly, some important background knowledge of GMM and ECI were introduced. Secondly, the statuses of structure design of GMIs were reviewed, together with the comprehensive summaries of their feasibilities, advantages and disadvantages. Thirdly, the models of the GMA were reviewed in sequential order and some reasonable models were recommended considering the working characteristics of the GMI. Also, the physical models and simulation methods for the ECI were summarized. At last, the research status of the drive circuit for the GMA or GMI was reviewed. This paper comprehensively reviewed the structure design, drive circuit, model and simulation technologies of the GMI. Some characteristic reviews or summaries, like fast driving technique, output direction adjusting approach and modeling methods, were also available to other applications of GMA. We think this paper may provide new driving approaches for fuel injectors, avoid wrong study directions for GMI researchers, and supply some useful ideas for the applications of GMA to other fields.
Section snippets
Giant magnetostrictive material (GMM)
Magnetostriction phenomenon refers to the material’s property of producing mechanical strain when exerted with external magnetic fields. And the material with this phenomenon is named as magnetostrictive material [1]. The magnetostriction phenomenon was generally explained using magnetic domain theory. Based on this theory, magnetostrictive material is filled with plenty of magnetic domains [21]. Without external magnetic fields, the material shows no magnetic properties as the magnetic moments
Design of the actuator used on a GMI
Li et al. [42,43] designed a GMA for possible drive of the ECI. The actuator’s configuration was quite typical just as Fig. 2 shows. Magnetic field and temperature characteristics were analyzed using finite element method (FEM) and the effect of prestress on the output displacement was studied experimentally. From simulated and tested results, the actuator can output displacement of 38.3 μm under prestress of 750 N and driving current of 4 A. The temperature rise of the actuator was not high
Model and simulation status
Just like modeling other types of injectors, modeling the GMI refers to describing the motions of mobile parts and injecting characteristics of the injector using the forms of physical equations, numerical expressions or software models. In these models, the driving actuator was generally modeled independently and then embedded into the integral model of the injector.
Driving circuit for the GMA
As driving the injector is exactly driving its actuator, the driving circuit of the GMA can also be used on the GMI. Many studies have been done on the driving circuit of GMA. And these studies mainly concentrated on designing reasonable current source to supply bi-directional, adjustable, high-linear and low-fluctuation waveforms.
Yang et al. [198] designed the driving circuit shown in Fig. 23 based on the principle of constant current source which was adjusted continuously. Using power MOSFET
Conclusions
Inheriting the excellent performances as fast response speed, huge output and high stability of GMM, the GMI may supply more adjustable injection rate to effectively reduce the fuel consumption and pollutant emission. This paper reviewed the research status of the GMI from three aspects respectively of the structure design, model and simulation, driving circuit. Especially, the reasonable structure formats and modeling methods were summarized systematically, which could supply conveniences for
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51275525).
Guangming Xue was born in Shandong, China at 1990. He received his Undergraduate’s and Master’s degree of Ordnance Engineering College at 2011.06 and 2013.12 respectively. He is studying for a doctorate in Army Engineering University now, and his studies are mainly the application of giant magnetostrictive material on an electronic controlled injector.
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2021, UltrasonicsCitation Excerpt :Luo et al. [10] developed a novel guided wave excitation system utilizing GMMs for nondestructive tests and found that the material had the advantages of large force generation, adjustable output power, wide bandwidth, low requirement for coupling, and simple operation. Xue et al. [11] used GMMs to fabricate a novel actuator for electronic controlled injectors and developed the displacement model and diving voltage optimization. GMMs can also be utilized for energy harvesting, and mechanical energy can be converted into magnetic field energy and electrical energy due to the inverse magnetostrictive effect [12–13].
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2020, Precision EngineeringCitation Excerpt :It is essential and challenging to comprehensively characterize these coupling effects via physical models. Magnetostrictive actuators are extensively used for injectors [4], valves [5], and vibration control [6–8]. Significant attempts have been made in the literature to model the multi-physical-field coupling of the material.
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2020, Mechanics of MaterialsCitation Excerpt :This is one of the reasons why the utilization of a Terfenol-D is often required a prestress mechanism. Moreover, the predictions for a giant magnetostrictive alloy Terfonel-D under a tension condition qualitatively agree with the experimental observations from Mahadevan et al. (2010) and Lv et al. (2017) for a magnetostrictive alloy, i.e., Galfenol that has good tensile strength, i.e., ~500 MPa (see Xue et al., 2018). Second, we examine the coupled responses for a stress-free Terfenol-D under various temperature conditions, i.e., 20, 60, 100, 140, and 180°C in order to reveal the thermal effect as illustrated in Figs. 12a, 12c, and 12e.
Guangming Xue was born in Shandong, China at 1990. He received his Undergraduate’s and Master’s degree of Ordnance Engineering College at 2011.06 and 2013.12 respectively. He is studying for a doctorate in Army Engineering University now, and his studies are mainly the application of giant magnetostrictive material on an electronic controlled injector.
Peilin Zhang received his doctor’s degree of Nanjing University of Science and Technology at 2009. He is now a professor and Doctoral supervisor. His studies are mainly concentrated on improving vehicle system performance.
Xinyue Li received her doctor’s degree of Ordnance Engineering College at 2015. She is now a mid-level engineer of Huayin Ordnance Test Center. Her researching direction includes vehicle reliability engineering and external ballistic optimization based on the promotion of vehicle power system.
Zhongbo He 1968 and received his doctor’s degree of Beijing Institute of Technology at 2004. He is now a professor and Doctoral supervisor in Army Engineering University and his studies are mainly concentrated on various applications of giant magnetostrictive material.
Huaiguang Wang received his doctor's degree of Ordnance Engineering College at 2014. He is now a lecturer in Army Engineering University and his studies are mainly concentrated on improvement of the vehicle system performance.
Yining Li received his Master's degree of Ordnance Engineering College at 2014. He is now studying for a doctorate in Army Engineering University and his researching direction is optimization of giant magnetostrictive injector.
Ce Rong received his Undergraduate’s degree of Ordnance Engineering College at 2015. He is studying for a Master’s degree in Army Engineering University and his studies include design and optimization of giant magnetostrictive actuator.
Wei Zeng received his Undergraduate’s degree of Ordnance Engineering College at 2011. He is now a lecturer in Army Special Operations College and his studying direction is improvement of the vehicle system performance.
Ben Li received his Undergraduate’s degree of Ordnance Engineering College at 2011. He is now a lecturer in Troops 63981and he is researching the approaches to improving the performances of diesel engine.