Original articleNutritional behavior of Polish canoeist's athletes: The interest of nutritional educationComportement alimentaire des kayakistes polonaise : intérêt d’une formation à la nutrition
Introduction
For the proper functioning of the human organism, it is important to provide the necessary amount of energy and all nutrients with daily diet [1], [2]. Properly balanced diet should be a good source of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, which are the major sources of the energy. The demand for energy, needed to maintain proper weight and body composition, depends primarily on gender, age and physical activity level (PAL) [3], [4].
High sports scores achieved during the competitions are the result of intense preparation, repeated several times during the training and start period by professional sportsmen. The major objective in preparation for competing is storing in an athlete's body optimal energy reserves in the form of glycogen, which is cumulated mainly in the muscles and the liver [1], [5], [6]. It has been also observed that during the intensive training the intake of energy, carbohydrates and proteins is higher [7], [8]. Additionally, energy expenditure should be equal to the energy delivered from average daily diet [3], [9], [10]. According to the current nutritional recommendations, the share energy from carbohydrates, fats and proteins in energy value of daily diets should be at 50–70, 15–30 and 10–15% respectively [4], [8].
It has been well reported that daily diets of sportsmen and other populations do not meet recommendations for energy and carbohydrates [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16]. Nutritional education, focused on correction of eating habits, seems to be the appropriate action to improve dietary habits of sportsmen. Especially medical doctors and trainers should be involved in this process [11], [17], [18], [19].
The objective of this study was to evaluate the energy, basic nutrients and supplements intake with daily diets by professional slalom canoeist which were not under control of dieticians before and after the nutritional education.
Section snippets
Material and methods
In this study, 8 women and 29 men of Polish national team of slalom canoeists were involved. These sportsmen had master international class or first class in the canoeing discipline. The age of athletes (in the first year of studies) ranged from 16–26 years for women, and 16–27 years for men. In order to participate in this study, sportsmen had to have at least a four-year training period and a very high level of physical activity. They were qualified to the group with high physical activity
Results
In this study, results have been showed based on the data between which the statistically significant differences depending on the tested random factors were found. If between the percentages of coverage of recommendations there were no statistically significant difference, the discussion of the results was presented based on data obtained in the first year of the study.
Anthropometric measurements and body composition
Based on the results obtained in this study it can be concluded that the majority of sportsmen had proper BMI value, but this indicator should be used carefully for assessment of sportsmen. People who train regularly generally have higher muscle mass and it cause higher than proper BMI value. The proper content of adipose tissue was observed in a significant percentage of sportsmen, i.e. in the first year of the study in 75% and 52% of female and male canoeists respectively. In second year 63%
Conclusions
Changes in dietary pattern of professional slalom canoeists should consist mainly to insufficient nutrients intake aspect. Intake of carbohydrates and in some cases of total fat as the sources of energy should be increased.
Statistical analysis showed significant effects of used dietary supplements in increased percentage of coverage of recommended intake of carbohydrates.
Nutritional education, as demonstrated in this study, may result in improved eating habits, but some nutritional mistakes
Disclosure of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
Acknowledgments
The study was financed by project no DS3700/WTZ/2008-2010.
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