Facile green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using seed aqueous extract of Pistacia atlantica and its antibacterial activity

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.05.078Get rights and content

Highlights

  • Biosynthesis of Ag-NPs has been done with Pistacia atlantica (PA) extract.

  • It was observed that the growths of Ag-NPs are stopped within 35 min.

  • SEM indicated that, S. aureus was disappeared by addition of Ag-NPs.

Abstract

In the present work, we describe the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using seed aqueous extract of Pistacia atlantica (PA) and its antibacterial activity. UV–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray energy dispersive spectrophotometer (EDAX) were performed to ascertain the formation of Ag-NPs. It was observed that the growths of Ag-NPs are stopped within 35 min of reaction time. The synthesized Ag-NPs were characterized by a peak at 446 nm in the UV–visible spectrum. XRD confirmed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles of 27 nm size. The XRD peaks at 38°, 44°, 64° and 77° can be indexed to the (1 1 1), (2 0 0), (2 2 0) and (3 1 1) Bragg’s reflections of cubic structure of metallic silver, respectively. The FTIR result clearly showed that the extracts containing OH as a functional group act in capping the nanoparticles synthesis. Antibacterial activities of Ag-NPs were tested against the growth of Gram-positive (S. aureus) using SEM. The inhibition was observed in the Ag-NPs against S. aureus. The results suggest that the synthesized Ag-NPs act as an effective antibacterial agent. It is confirmed that Ag-NPs are capable of rendering high antibacterial efficacy and hence has a great potential in the preparation of used drugs against bacterial diseases. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM), indicated that, the most strains of S. aureus was damaged and extensively disappeared by addition of Ag-NPs. The results confirmed that the (PA) is a very good eco friendly and nontoxic source for the synthesis of Ag-NPs as compared to the conventional chemical/physical methods.

Graphical abstract

“We describe the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using seed aqueous extract of Pistacia atlantica (PA) and its antibacterial activity. UV–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray energy dispersive spectrophotometer (EDAX) were performed to ascertain the formation of Ag-NPs. It was observed that the growths of Ag-NPs are stopped within 35 min of reaction time. The inhibition was observed in the Ag-NPs against S. aureus. The results suggest that the synthesized Ag-NPs act as an effective antibacterial agent. It is confirmed that Ag-NPs are capable of rendering high antibacterial efficacy and hence has a great potential in the preparation of drugs used against bacterial diseases. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM(, indicated that, the most strains of S. aureus was damaged and extensively disappeared by addition of Ag-NPs. The results confirmed that the (PA) is a very good eco friendly and nontoxic source for the synthesis of Ag-NPs as compared to the conventional chemical/physical methods.”

  1. Download : Download full-size image

Introduction

Nanotechnology is a broad interdisciplinary area of research, development and industrial activity which has been growing rapidly worldwide for the past decade. Metallic nanoparticles of specific sizes and morphologies can be readily synthesized using chemical and physical methods [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]. Silver nanoparticles have attracted the attention of the researchers in the last two decades due to their wide applications in various fields. The literature is replete with the investigations of the use of plants extracts [6], fungi [7], algae [8], proteins and enzymes [9] as the reductant for carrying out the syntheses of nanoparticles with a variety of shapes and morphologies in high yields, including multi-branched advanced silver and/or gold nanomaterials [10]; but the use of surfactant in the green synthesis of silver sol has been neglected. Most of the methods reported in literature are extremely expensive and they also involve the use of toxic, hazardous chemicals as the stabilizers which may pose potential environmental and biological risks. Because of the increasing environmental concerns by chemical synthesis routes, an environmentally sustainable synthesis process has led to biomimetic approaches, which refers to applying biological principles in materials formation. Bio-reduction is one of the fundamental processes in the biomimetic synthesis. The stability, shape, size, and morphologies of metal nanoparticles strongly depend on the method of preparation, type, nature of reductants, and concentration of stabilizers (polymers, ligands, solid matrix and surfactants) [11]. The surface plasmon resonance and large effective scattering cross section of individual silver nanoparticles make them ideal candidates for molecular labeling where phenomena such as surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) can be exploited [12]. In addition, silver nanoparticles play a significant role in the field of biology and medicine due to its attractive physiochemical properties. The strong toxicity of silver against wide range of microorganisms is well known and silver nanoparticles have been recently shown to be a promising antimicrobial material [13], [14], [15], [16], [17]. Silver nanoparticles have found to posses anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-angiogenesis, and anti-platelet activity and cytotoxicity against cancer cells which makes them vital [18], [19], [20]. However, these methods employ toxic chemicals as reducing agents, or nonbiodegradable stabilizing agents and are therefore potentially dangerous to the environment and biological systems [21]. Moreover, most of these methods entail intricate controls or nonstandard. We have recently developed a reduction method of converting Ag nanospheres into nanorods [22], nanoplates [23], their antibacterial activity [24], [25], an improved an easy synthetic route for silver nanoparticles in poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) [26], synthesis of gold/HPC hybrid nanocomposite [27], preparation of ZnO/Ag nanocomposite [28] and comparison nanosilver particles and nanosilver plates for the oxidation of ascorbic acid [29]. Regarding the role of green chemistry, it was successfully demonstrated that size, shape and the antibacterial activity silver nanoparticles by the reduction of Ag+ ions with bio-reductants (Pistacia atlantica) largely depend on the nature of reducing agents, concentration and time of mixing of the reactants [30]. The methodology employed here is very simple, easy to perform, inexpensive, and eco-friendly. Moreover, most of these methods entail intricate controls or nonstandard. (Scheme 1).

Section snippets

Materials

Silver nitrate (AgNO3) was obtained from Loba Chemie, India and used as received. All other reagents used in the reaction were of analytical grade with maximum purity. P. atlantica (PA) leaves were collected from South of IRAN, and were cleaned with double distilled water and shade-dried for a week at room temperature and further (PA) leaves were ground to powder and stored for further study. For this experiment, nanoparticles have concentrations ranging from 0.0976 to100 μg/mL. S. aureus) ATCC

UV–vis spectral studies

UV–vis spectroscopy was ascertained to check the formation and stability of Ag-NPs in aqueous solution (Fig. 1.). The colorless AgNO3 solution turned yellow to brown or reddish yellow to deep red, indicated the formation of Ag-NPs. The appearance of the brown color was due to the excitation of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR), typical of Ag-NPs having λmax values which were reported earlier in the visible range of 450–500 nm [34] (Fig. 1.). The SPR absorbance was extremely sensitive to the

Conclusion

To conclude, the Ag-NPs were produced by the use of the extract of P. atlantica (PA) as reducing and capping agent. In this study, it was observed that the reaction is rapid and is completed within 35 min at room temperature. We have demonstrated an eco-friendly, rapid green chemistry approach for the synthesis of Ag-NPs by using (PA), which pro-vides a simple, cost effective and efficient way for the synthesis of Ag-NPs. Therefore, this reaction pathway satisfies all the conditions of a 100%

Acknowledgements

The financial and encouragement support provided by the Research Vice Presidency of Guilan Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Guilan, and Executive Director of Iran-Nanotechnology Organization (Govt. of Iran).

References (40)

  • S.S. Shankar et al.

    J. Colloid Interface Sci.

    (2004)
  • I. Sondi et al.

    J. Colloid Interface Sci.

    (2004)
  • L. He et al.

    Mater. Sci. Eng. C

    (2012)
  • S. Kaviya et al.

    Spectrochim. Acta Part A

    (2011)
  • K. Kalishwaralal et al.

    Colloid Surf. B

    (2010)
  • M.A.S. Sadjadi et al.

    Physica E: Low-Dimens. Syst. Nanostruct.

    (2008)
  • Babak. Sadeghi et al.

    Superlattices Microstruct.

    (2009)
  • Babak. Sadeghi et al.

    Adv. Powder Technol.

    (2012)
  • Babak. Sadeghi

    Spectrochim. Acta Part A: Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc.

    (2014)
  • Babak. Sadeghi et al.

    Spectrochim. Acta Part A: Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc.

    (2012)
  • M. Sastry et al.

    Colloids Surf. A

    (1997)
  • X. Wang et al.

    Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.

    (2000)
  • D.S. Sheny et al.

    Spectrochim. Acta A

    (2012)
  • S. Basavaraja et al.

    Mater. Res. Bull.

    (2008)
  • K. Chaloupka et al.

    Trends Biotechnol.

    (2010)
  • Y. Sun et al.

    Nano Lett.

    (2003)
  • H. Srikanth et al.

    Appl. Phys. Lett.

    (2001)
  • M Valle-Orta et al.

    J. Phys. Chem.

    (2008)
  • L. Guo et al.

    Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

    (2001)
  • A. Alqudami et al.

    Plasmonics

    (2007)
  • Cited by (177)

    • Biogenic synthesis of metal oxide-based photocatalysts for dye removal

      2023, Current Developments in Bioengineering and Biotechnology: Advances in Eco-friendly and Sustainable Technologies for the Treatment of Textile Wastewater
    • Plant-derived synthesis of bionanomaterials

      2023, Synthesis of Bionanomaterials for Biomedical Applications
    View all citing articles on Scopus
    View full text