Aberrant functional connectivity of resting state networks associated with trait anxiety
Introduction
Anxiety, a personality dimension in healthy humans, is often characterized by harm avoidance behavior such as worrying, irritability, difficulty to relax and predisposition to interpret ambiguous situations as threatening (Spielberger, 1983; Grachev and Apkarian, 2000; Eysenck et al., 2007). Anxiety has been found to be associated with many functional consequences such as increased distractibility, attentional bias in favor of threat-related information and hyper-responsive amygdala even for unattended threat-related stimuli (Eysenck et al., 2007, Bishop et al., 2004, Bishop, 2008, Berggren and Derakshan, 2012). Similarly, diffusion tensor tractography studies have shown microstructural changes to be associated with anxiety related personality traits (Westlye et al., 2011; Montag et al., 2012; Modi et al., 2013). The high anxiety trait is considered to be a vulnerability factor to develop both depression and anxiety disorders (Pezawas et al., 2005; Sandi and Richter-Levin, 2009; Cremers et al., 2010). Therefore, in order to identify individuals that are at risk for the development of clinical anxiety disorders and depression, identifying hallmarks of anxiety becomes important so that timely preventive interventions (such as exercise training, stress management training, cognitive and behavioral interventions to prevent anxiety and improve self esteem) may be given to them (Roe-Sepowitz et al., 2005). Investigating the alterations in various resting state brain networks associated with the anxiety levels (assessed by measures such as the Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) (Spielberger, 1983)) of the subjects may provide further insight and understanding of the neurobiology of anxiety.
The discovery of spontaneous and continuous low-frequency fluctuations (*0.01–0.1ce:bold>ce:hsp sp="0.25"/>Hz) in the baseline blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal that are synchronized across various spatially distributed functional connectivity networks (resting state networks (RSNs)) (Biswal et al., 1995) has opened a new avenue in neuroscience research. Each RSN is characterized by its own specific temporal and spatial signal coherence (Fox and Raichle, 2007). Resting state fMRI has become a valuable tool for the investigation of these RSNs, allowing for a task-free analysis of functional connectivity without a priori assumptions about neural activation (Biswal et al., 1995, Fox and Raichle, 2007). The major RSNs that have been shown to be coherent in their spontaneous activity include visual (Cordes et al., 2000; Lowe et al., 1998; Storti et al., 2013), auditory (Cordes et al., 2000; Storti et al., 2013), hippocampus or episodic memory (Rombouts et al., 2003; Vincent et al., 2006), language (Cordes et al., 2000, Hampson et al., 2002), dorsal attention (Laufs et al., 2003, Fox et al., 2006) and ventral attention systems (Fox et al., 2005), executive control network (Storti et al., 2013) and task-negative/default mode networks (DMN) (Fox et al., 2005; Greicius et al., 2003; Fransson, 2005; Storti et al., 2013). RSNs represent functionally-critical neuronal networks that reflect properties of functional brain organization (Filippini et al., 2012). Studying these RSNs has a huge potential to provide insight into the functional topography of the healthy and the diseased brain.
Inter-subject variability in these correlation patterns has been shown to be related to the inter-subject variability in behavior, activation patterns and task performance (Seeley et al., 2007; Hampson et al., 2006; He et al., 2007). Alterations in the correlation structure of resting state activity have been reported for a number of pathological states, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Castellanos et al., 2008), Alzheimer's disease (Greicius et al., 2004), obsessive compulsive disorder (Harrison et al., 2009), depression (Anand et al., 2005), bipolar disorder (Wang et al., 2009), social anxiety disorder (Hahn et al., 2011), post traumatic stress disorder (Rabinak et al., 2011) and schizophrenia (Salvador et al., 2010).
The rs-fMRI studies in the non-clinical population having trait anxiety as a personality dimension are very few. A study by Dennis et al. (2011) studied the relation between naturally occurring mood and resting state connectivity in a healthy population. In their study, with increased anxiety levels the left insular cortex showed increased connectivity to the DMN. In another study on psychiatrically healthy subjects it was observed that the typical positive correlation between amygdala—ventral medial Prefrontal Cortex functional connectivity at rest is compromised in high anxious subjects (Kim et al., 2011). Similarly, resting-state functional connectivity between the anterior insula and the basolateral amygdala was shown to be strongly related to state anxiety (Baur et al., 2013). In another study, the prescan anxiety ratings correlated with intrinsic functional connectivity of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex nodes of the salience network (Seeley et al., 2007). However, these earlier studies had either restricted their functional connectivity analysis to limited brain regions of interest (Seeley et al., 2007; Kim et al., 2011; Baur et al., 2013) or did not directly study the effects of trait anxiety on functional connectivity (Seeley et al., 2007; Dennis et al., 2011). The seed based analysis of resting state fMRI data is also limited by the fact it relies on the time-course at the seed-voxel location being a ‘good’ representative for the set of correlated voxels under rest (Beckmann et al., 2005). Therefore, the seed-voxel-based approach is restricted to cases where seed areas can be inferred accurately and robustly from activation studies. Furthermore, the choice of the seed voxel is rather arbitrary (as, indeed, is the exact location of a peak Z-stat) and can be biased by different types of fMRI noise (Beckmann et al., 2005). An important advantage of independent component analyses over hypothesis-based region of interest techniques is the ability to identify various types of signal fluctuations by virtue of their spatial and/or temporal characteristics without the need to specify an explicit temporal model. It further becomes essential in cases where the effects of interest are not very well understood and cannot be predicted accurately (Beckmann et al., 2005). The present study was therefore aimed to study the functional brain connectivity changes associated with individual self reported trait anxiety levels in all the resting state networks as identified using independent component analysis approach within the limits of our data.
Section snippets
Subjects
Twenty nine right-handed (based on Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (Oldfield 1971)), healthy and educated (graduates/post graduates) participants (male – 16, female – 13, mean age – 24.10 years, SD – 2.79 years) drawn from the authors' home institute were screened for current or past medical and psychiatric illness using the Hindi version of the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (version 2) (Deshpande et al., 1998). None of the subjects recruited for the study had any clinical evidence of
Behavioral data
Descriptive statistics for the self-report measures are as follows: state anxiety score (STAI-Y1)=30.86±7.29 (range 20–48), trait-anxiety score (STAI-Y2)=35.24±6.88 (range 21–44), and BDI=5.41±3.38 (range 0–11). These scores were not different from published results for healthy people (Kim et al., 2011; according to the STAI norms, the means±SD of trait anxiety scores for the working adults in the age range of 19–39 is 35.55±9.76 (for males) and 36.15±9.53 (for females)) and were lower than the
Discussion
Earlier studies have reported that high trait anxiety interferes with the inhibition, shifting and updating processes of working memory and is therefore associated with attentional control deficits (Berggren and Derakshan, 2012). Task based functional connectivity studies have also shown reduced coupling of limbic regions critical for processing of negative emotion in subjects with temperamental anxiety (Pezawas et al., 2005) and neuroticism (Cremers et al., 2010). In the present resting state
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by DRDO R&D Project no. INM 311 (4.1).
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