Pion-kaon femtoscopy and the lifetime of the hadronic phase in Pb-Pb collisions at root(S)(NN)=2 . 76 TeV

In this paper, the ﬁrst femtoscopic analysis of pion–kaon correlations at the LHC is reported. The analysis was performed on the Pb–Pb collision data at √ s NN = 2 . 76 TeV recorded with the ALICE detector. The non-identical particle correlations probe the spatio-temporal separation between sources of different particle species as well as the average source size of the emitting system. The sizes of the pion and kaon sources increase with centrality, and pions are emitted closer to the centre of the system and/or later than kaons. This is naturally expected in a system with strong radial ﬂow and is qualitatively reproduced by hydrodynamic models. ALICE data on pion–kaon emission asymmetry are consistent with (3+1)- dimensional viscous hydrodynamics coupled to a statistical hadronisation model, resonance propagation, and decay code THERMINATOR 2 calculation, with an additional time delay between 1 and 2 fm / c for kaons. The delay can be interpreted as evidence for a signiﬁcant hadronic rescattering phase in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC. © 2020 The Published B.V. is an open access article the CC BY license Funded by SCOAP 3 .


Introduction
The main goal of the heavy-ion programme at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is to study the deconfined state of strongly interacting matter. This state, where the relevant degrees of freedom are quarks and gluons, is called the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). Experimental results from RHIC suggest that the QGP behaves as a fluid with small specific viscosity [1][2][3][4]. The characteristics in momentum space can be accessed from radial and elliptic flow, transverse momentum spectra or from event-by-event fluctuations. The space-time structure, relevant for the size and pressure gradients of the system, can be accessed using two-particle correlations.
Non-identical particle correlations are sensitive to the relative space-time emission shifts of different particle species [5][6][7]. The difference between mean emission space-time coordinates of two particle species at freeze-out is called emission asymmetry. It occurs as a consequence of the collective expansion of the system, the presence of short-lived resonances decaying into the considered particles, the radial flow of these resonances, and the possibility of having additional rescattering between the chemical and kinetic boundaries of the evolution of the system [7]. Measurements of correlations of non-identical particles in low-energy heavy-ion collisions allowed one to establish an emission time ordering of E-mail address: alice -publications @cern .ch. the nuclear fragments [8,9]. In relativistic heavy-ion collisions they provided independent evidence of collective transverse expansion in Au-Au collisions at √ s NN = 130 GeV at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) [10]. The Hanbury Brown and Twiss (HBT) [11][12][13][14][15][16] pion correlation radii are a measure of the source size of pions of a given momentum. Together with measurements of the elliptic flow and the transverse momentum spectra of identified particles they have been fundamental in identifying the relevant stages of ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions and their properties [17]. Furthermore, a recent measurement of the kaon femtoscopic radii in Pb-Pb collisions [18] showed that (when compared for the same event centrality and pair m T ) they are systematically larger than the ones from pions and those predicted by models based on a hydrodynamic evolution coupled to statistical hadronisation. Only after including the hadronic rescattering phase could the model [19] reproduce the data for pions and kaons simultaneously. The mean emission time of kaons (11.6 fm/c) and of pions (9.5 fm/c) were reported [18]. The difference is attributed to the rescattering through the K * resonance.
Particle yields and spectra add further support to models which include the formation of a dense hadronic phase in the final stages of the evolution of the fireball created in heavy-ion collisions. The suppression or the enhancement of the yield (with respect to pp collisions) of short-lived resonances due to rescattering (suppression) or regeneration (enhancement) in the hadronic phase has been proposed as an observable for the estimation of the lifetime and properties of the hadronic phase [20][21][22]. The measurements of several resonances, from the very short-lived ρ meson (τ = 1.4 fm/c), K * (τ = 4 fm/c), (1520) (τ = 10 fm/c) to longer-lived φ (τ = 46 fm/c), demonstrate strong suppression of short-lived resonances in central collisions [23][24][25]. The observed suppression can result from a long-lasting hadronic rescattering phase.
Recently, pion-kaon correlations were studied theoretically with a (3+1) viscous hydrodynamic model [26], coupled to the statistical hadronisation, resonance decay, and propagation code THERMINATOR 2 [28]. The model uses a parameterisation of the equation of state interpolating between the lattice results [27] for high temperatures and the hadron gas equation of state at low temperatures. The hadronisation occurs via the Cooper-Frye formalism without distinction between chemical and kinetic freezeout. No further interactions between the hadrons are considered, however, the emission time of each species can be delayed by hand, mimicking the effect of rescattering. The femtoscopic emission asymmetry was shown to be highly sensitive to this delay. Moreover, it can be decoupled from other mechanisms like flow or resonance contributions present at freeze-out, including the K * resonance [28]. This approach has been explored for pion-kaon pairs. Detailed predictions for different emission scenarios for the pion-kaon radii and their emission asymmetry as a function of the source volume have been made for Pb-Pb collisions at √ s NN = 2.76 TeV in [28].
In this work π + K + , π − K + , π + K − , and π − K − momentum correlations are analysed using the femtoscopy technique. Two methods are used to evaluate the emission asymmetry in order to strengthen the results. The first method decomposes the correlations into terms of one dimensional spherical harmonic (SH) coefficients [29] while the second one is based on the Cartesian representation of the correlation function [5]. The source size parameter R out and the emission asymmetry μ out are measured as a function of the cube root of the average charged-particle multiplicity density dN ch /dη 1/3 . Finally, the obtained results are compared with detailed model calculations [28] assuming the previously found delayed kaon emission [18].

Data selection
In this paper, pion-kaon correlation results obtained with Pb-Pb collisions at √ s NN = 2.76 TeV are presented. This measurement used 40 million events collected by ALICE in 2011. A detailed description of the ALICE detector and its performance in the LHC Run 1 (2009-2013) is given in [30,31].
Charged particle tracking is performed using the Time Projection Chamber (TPC) [30,33] and the Inner Tracking System (ITS) [30]. The ITS allows for high spatial resolution in determining the primary collision vertex. In this analysis, the determination of the track momenta was performed using tracks reconstructed only from TPC signals and constrained to the primary vertex. A TPC track segment is reconstructed from at least 70 space points (clusters) out of a maximum of 159. The χ 2 of the track fit, normalised to the number of degrees of freedom, is required to be The distances of closest approach (DCA) of a track to the primary vertex in the transverse (DCA xy ) and longitudinal (DCA z ) directions are required to be less than 2.4 cm and 3.2 cm, respectively. These selections are imposed to reduce the contamination from secondary tracks originating from weak decays and from interaction with the detector material. The transverse momenta and pseudorapidities of pions and kaons were restricted to 0.19 < p T < 1.5 GeV/c and |η| < 0.8. All selections are summarised in Table 1.
The charged-particle tracks are identified as pions and kaons using the combined information of their specific ionisation energy loss (dE/dx) in the TPC and the time-of-flight information from the Time-Of-Flight (TOF) detectors [34]. For each reconstructed particle, the signals from both the TPC and the TOF (dE/dx and time of flight, respectively) are compared with the ones predicted for a pion or kaon. A value N σ is assigned to each track denoting the number of standard deviations between the measured track dE/dx or time of flight and the expected one. For pions, the signal (dE/dx for p T < 500 MeV/c, combined dE/dx and time of flight above this value) is allowed to differ from the calculation by 3σ . For kaons, five selections were used, as detailed in Table 1, together with variations used for uncertainty estimation. The selection criteria are optimised to obtain a high-purity sample while maximising efficiency, especially in the regions where separating kaons from other particle species are challenging. The purity was estimated from Monte Carlo simulations using the HIJING [35] event generator coupled to the GEANT3 [36] transport package and was found to be above 98% for both the pion and kaon samples.
The identified tracks from each event are combined into pairs. Two-particle detector acceptance effects, including track splitting, track merging, as well as effects coming from γ → e + e − conversion, contribute to the measured distributions. The following selections are applied to reduce these effects. For pairs of tracks within | η| < 0.1 an exclusion on the fraction of merged points is introduced. The merged fraction is defined as the ratio of the number of steps of 1 cm considered in the TPC radius range for which the distance between the tracks is less than 3 cm to the total number of steps. Pairs with a merged fraction above 3% were removed. The e + e − pairs originating from photon conversions can be misidentified as a real pion-kaon pair and it is necessary to remove spurious correlations arising from such pairs. These pairs are removed if their invariant mass, assuming the electron mass for both particles, is less than 0.002 GeV/c 2 , and the relative polar angle, θ , between the two tracks is less than 0.008 rad.

Correlation functions
The femtoscopic correlation function C (k * ), as a function of the pion and kaon relative three-momenta k * = 1 2 (p * π − p * K ) in the pair rest frame (PRF) indicated with the asterisk, is constructed as where A(k * ) is the distribution constructed from the same event and B(k * ) is the reference distribution from particles belonging to different events using the event mixing method [37]. The normalisation constant N is used to ensure that the ratio reaches unity outside the momentum range where the correlation function is affected by final state interactions, i.e. 0.15 < k * < 0.20 GeV/c, where k * = k * . The average transverse momentum of pions and kaons belonging to pairs with k * < 40 MeV/c is 0.27 GeV/c (std. dev. 0.07 GeV/c) and 0.93 GeV/c (std. dev. 0.23 GeV/c), respectively, independent of centrality. The first and second moments of the distribution of the spatiotemporal separation of emission points in the PRF can be obtained from correlation functions either in the three-dimensional Cartesian representation [5] or using its decomposition into spherical harmonics (SH) [29,38]. The three-momentum and position differences can be projected onto the out-side-long orthogonal axes, where the long axis is the beam axis, the out axis is in the direction of the transverse pair velocity in the laboratory system, while the side axis is perpendicular to the long and out axes [39,40]. At midrapidity, the emission asymmetry -displacement between pion and kaon sources -can exist only in the out direction [28]. In this work, the emission asymmetry in the out direction is obtained with two different methods and they are explained hereafter.
The SH decomposition allows one to project the three-dimensional information contained in the correlation function into a set of one-dimensional distributions. The method applied here uses the direct decomposition of A(k * ) and B(k * ) during the filling of the discrete distributions [29]. The numerator can be written as where Y m l (θ * , ϕ * ) are the spherical harmonics and A m A similar definition is valid also for the denominator. The l < 3 terms from the infinite set of numerator and denominator distributions are filled for each reconstructed pair using the corresponding Y m l (θ * , ϕ * ) weight for its θ * and ϕ * angles. From these one-dimensional distributions, the components of the correlation function can be calculated following the method introduced in [29]. The femtoscopic information relevant for the emission asymmetry measurement is contained in two one-dimensional correlation functions, C 0 0 and the real part of The C 0 0 and C 1 1 functions are mostly sensitive to the source size and the emission asymmetry, respectively [29]. Additionally, the values of C 0 1 (asymmetry in the long direction) and C 1 1 are checked for zero emission asymmetry. Their deviations from zero may indicate track reconstruction problems in the detector. Higher order components are small and irrelevant for this analysis.
The C 0 0 , C 1 1 , and C 1 1 components of the correlation function in the SH representation are shown in Fig. 1 for the different pairs. For like-sign pairs, the C 0 0 correlation goes below unity at low k * , reflecting the repulsive character of the mutual Coulomb interaction. For unlike-sign pairs, the effect is opposite (see also Fig. 2). For the C 1 1 correlation function, the deviation from unity is directly related to the emission asymmetry between the two particle species. The C 1 1 should be flat by symmetry and thus is a good check for detector and analysis biases.
For the Cartesian representation analysis, the reconstructed pairs were divided into two different correlation functions, namely C + (k * ) and C − (k * ), where the sign reflects the sign of k * out . These correlation functions represent two different scenarios where the first particle (by construction the pion) is faster or slower than the second one (the kaon). The difference between them reflects the space-time emission asymmetry.
It can be observed from Fig. 2 that the correlation function is not exactly equal to unity at large values of k * , but has some intrinsic slope mainly due to the presence of elliptic flow, resonance decays, and due to global conservation of energy and momentum. These background correlations have to be subtracted before fitting the correlation functions in both the SH and Cartesian representations. The procedure to estimate the non-femtoscopic background is described in detail in [41], where it is shown that for π ± K ± pairs the non-femtoscopic baseline can be parameterised by a common 6th order polynomial function for all pair combinations. The same approach is used to correct the effect of non-femtoscopic background in the present analysis and the resulting background estimation is shown in Fig. 2 as a solid black line for the C 0 0 and C 1 1 components of pion-kaon pairs of different charge sign combinations.

Fitting of the correlation functions
The experimental correlation functions in both representations are compared to theoretical functions calculated with the software package CorrFit [42]. These functions are calculated as where the four-vector r * = x * π − x * K is the space-time position difference of a pion and a kaon, S(r * ) is the source emission function which is the probability of emitting a pair of particles at a given position difference. The possible dependence of the source on k * has been neglected. This approximation has been proven for radii larger than 1-2 fm [15]. πK is the pion-kaon pair wave function. It accounts for the Coulomb and strong final-state interactions (FSI), the former being dominant for the correlation effect [28]. In order to be able to compare the resulting radii to those obtained from identical-particle femtoscopy, we parameterise the source in the longitudinally comoving coordinate system (LCMS), defined for each pair such that the longitudinal pair momentum vanishes. The relative two-particle source can be expressed as where R out , R side , and R long are the femtoscopic radii in the three directions and μ out is the emission asymmetry. In order to avoid a large set of fitting parameters, the relations R side = R out and R long = 1.3R out are used, which are based on measured radii from identical pion femtoscopy from the same experimental data [16]. In this approach only two independent parameters are needed to characterise the correlation function for the whole system: μ out and R out . In order to (numerically) compute the fit function corresponding to Eq. (3), the relative positions between pions and kaons are sampled from Eq. (4), while their momenta are sampled from the respective experimental distributions from the same data set. The positions and momenta are then boosted from the LCMS to the PRF. The fit value is the mean wave function squared in the PRF.
The fitting procedure also accounts for the purity of the sample, defined as the percentage of the properly identified primary particle pairs originating from the 3D Gaussian profile, referred to as the "Gaussian core". Products of decays of long lived resonances are considered as not correlated. Following the method proposed in [7], the values for the purity parameter depend on the misidentification, on the secondary contamination from weak decays, and on the percentage of pions and kaons that come from strongly decaying resonances constituting the long-range tails in the source distribution, outside the Gaussian core. These three purity factors are denoted as p, f , and g, respectively. The pair purity (also referred to as the primary fraction) is evaluated independently for each centrality class and magnetic field polarity and is defined as: All parameters except g are obtained from a detailed simulation of the detector response calculated using the HIJING Monte Carlo model with particle transport performed by GEANT3. The g values are taken from a calculation in [7] following the methodology used in [28]. The total value of the pair purity is 0.73 for the 0-5% centrality class and decreases smoothly to 0.61 for the 40-50% centrality class.
The experimental finite momentum resolution has been incorporated in the fitting procedure. The ideal three-momenta of 20 000 randomly selected pairs from analysed data per k * bin used in the fitting routine were smeared by the momentum-dependent experimental momentum and angular resolutions. These were obtained from Monte Carlo simulations using a detailed description of the experimental set-up.
Each of the correlation functions obtained for the six event centralities, four charge combinations, and two polarities of the electric field have been fitted independently. The values of the radii and emission asymmetry are obtained using a χ 2 minimisation in the R out − μ out plane. The fitting is done in the range 0 < k * < 0.1 GeV/c using the CorrFit package [42]. A fit example of the C 0 0 (k * ) and C 1 1 (k * ) parts of the correlation function for π − K − and π − K + is shown in Fig. 3. Note that the poor χ 2 values reflect the residual deviations from a Gaussian distribution, rather than an improperly performed fit. The non-Gaussianity comes mainly from combining different pair transverse momenta, representing three spatial dimensions in a one-dimensional correlation function, and the presence of daughters of short-lived (up to ω) resonance decays.
The systematic uncertainties are estimated by varying the particle identification and selection criteria, the normalisation range of the correlation functions, the background fit range of the polynomial that is used for estimation of non-femtoscopic contributions, the fit range, and the momentum resolution parameters used for smearing. Values of these variations and their individual contributions to the systematic uncertainty are summarised in Table 2. All the systematic uncertainties are evaluated independently for each centrality class and the maximum value is reported in the table. The primary pair fractions are treated separately. They introduce a significant and correlated systematic error for all centralities.
The final uncertainty is obtained combining the systematic and statistical uncertainties using the covariance ellipses method. For each of the eight fit results (pair combinations and magnetic field polarities) as well as for each systematic variation, 10 4 points are generated following a two-dimensional Gaussian distribution in  Table 1 Loose and strict in Table 1 3  the R out -μ out space, where the mean and covariance are taken from the fit. The covariance ellipses are calculated from the sample of generated points in each centrality bin. The systematic uncertainties used for the final result are obtained using 1σ covariance ellipses. Negligible correlation between R out -μ out parameters is observed. Additionally, the analysis was done in the Cartesian representation [5] using the projected C + and C − correlation functions shown in Fig. 4. The results of this analysis are fully compatible with those from SH within uncertainties. However, these results are not incorporated as another source of systematic uncertainty since the Cartesian method yields three times larger statistical uncertainties of μ out .
Fits to correlation functions considering only Coulomb interaction show a systematic and centrality-dependent decrease for R out of the order of 33% with a significantly increased χ 2 of the fit.
For this reason these are not included in the evaluation of the uncertainties. However, the effect on the asymmetry parameter, supporting the prediction made in [28], is about 9%, in line with other variations and demonstrating the prevalence of the Coulomb interaction for the emission asymmetry measurement.

Results
The final extracted radii, R out , and emission asymmetry, μ out , are calculated as a weighted averages between the values obtained from the analysis of correlation functions corresponding to two magnetic field polarities and four possible charge combinations of charged pion-kaon pairs, using the SH representation. The obtained values are shown as a function of dN ch /dη 1/3 in Fig. 5.
The radius increases smoothly from 4 fm to 9 fm when going from the 40-50% centrality interval to 0-5%. At the same time, the emission asymmetry evolves from a starting value of μ out = −2.   default setting with no delay to a maximum of 3.2 fm/c extra emission time. This delay reduces the asymmetry produced naturally which originates from the collective behaviour of the expanding system created in the collisions modelled with THERMINATOR 2 [43]. The agreement between the measured and predicted radii is good for peripheral events but measurements are larger by 1.5 fm for the most central events. On the other hand, the emission asymmetry measurement follows the predicted trends for all centralities. The data points lie between the curves corresponding to time delays of 1.0 and 2.1 fm/c. The model-dependent systematic errors of 15% and 20% for the radii and asymmetry, respectively, are present also in the theo-retical prediction, as the same values for the fraction of particles within the Gaussian core are used to obtain the radii and emission asymmetry [7]. Therefore, this additional systematic uncertainty would synchronously move the results up and down and the prediction lines without changing their interpretation.

Discussion
In this work the first femtoscopy analysis of pion-kaon pairs at the LHC is presented. The collective behaviour of the matter created in Pb-Pb collisions generates a natural asymmetry in the emission of pions and kaons due to their different masses. This is related to the kaon emission distribution, which is more strongly influenced by flow than pions [7]. The analysis was implemented using the spherical harmonics and the Cartesian representation of the femtoscopic correlation function. The non-femtoscopic background present in the raw ratios was subtracted using a combined fit to the four possible charge combinations. The final results are compared to state-of-the-art hydrodynamical calculations where an additional delay for kaons was introduced to mimic the behaviour during the hadron rescattering phase.
The radii values predicted by the theoretical calculation [28] have several assumptions included in the particle distributions which are different from the experiment. One of them is that the presence of the strong interaction does not modify the emission asymmetry visible in the correlation functions. Our analysis confirms this statement; removal of strong interaction from the fit has significant influence on the radii (33%) but moderate influence on the emission asymmetry (9%). Even though pions and kaons have been selected according to ALICE acceptance and momentum ranges, the optimisation of the purity of the data sample modified the transverse momentum distribution. This experimental effect biases the distributions towards lower momentum values, hence it increases the source radii.
The obtained width of the relative pion-kaon source, R out , can be compared to the pion and kaon source radii extracted from identical-particle correlation analyses added in quadrature. The pion-kaon pairs used in the current analysis are predominantly composed of soft pions (0.2 ≤ m T ≤ 0.3 GeV/c) and hard kaons (1.0 ≤ m T ≤ 1.3 GeV/c). The pion and kaon source radii measured  Ref.
[28] and the measured value, averaged over centrality and normalised to the total uncertainty of our measurement, is shown in Table 3.
The values obtained for the emission asymmetry are in line with those predicted by the hydrokinetic model [19], the broken m T scaling of the radii of kaons with respect to pions observed in [18], and from the short-lived resonances measured by ALICE [23][24][25]. This measurement is another confirmation of the hadron rescattering phase.
In order to better understand the relevant effects influencing the emission asymmetry, it would be natural to continue the studies measuring other systems. It would be especially interesting to measure the πp and Kp systems and probe the validity of the relation μ πp out = μ πK out + μ Kp out [7]. Final-state interactions such as the ones taking place in a long-lasting rescattering phase might modify or distort this picture.
In summary, the first measurement of the emission asymmetry of pions and kaons for different centralities at the LHC has been performed. R out was measured to be 9 fm for central collisions and decreases as a function of centrality to 4.5 fm for more peripheral collisions. At the same time, the magnitude of the emission asymmetry changed from μ out = −4.5 fm to μ out = −2 fm. This confirms the importance of the collective expansion of the system with the pions emitted closer to the centre of the collision and/or later than kaons. However, the collective motion is not enough to reproduce the trend of the emission asymmetry which according to state-of-the-art models based on 3+1 viscous hydrodynamics demands an additional time delay of 1-2 fm/c for kaons in order to reproduce the measured trend. This observation is in agreement with a hydrodynamic evolution of the expanding system and favors a stronger radial flow in central collisions together with a dense and long-lasting hadronic rescattering phase at the end of the evolution of the fireball at LHC energies.

Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements
The ALICE Collaboration would like to thank all its engineers and technicians for their invaluable contributions to the construc-tion of the experiment and the CERN accelerator teams for the outstanding performance of the LHC complex. The ALICE Collaboration gratefully acknowledges the resources and support provided by all Grid centres and the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG) collaboration. The ALICE Collaboration acknowledges the following funding agencies for their support in building and running the ALICE detector: