Measurement of photon – jet transverse momentum correlations in 5 . 02 TeV

Article history: Received 19 September 2018 Received in revised form 19 November 2018 Accepted 10 December 2018 Available online 13 December 2018 Editor: W.-D. Schlatter Jets created in association with a photon can be used as a calibrated probe to study energy loss in the medium created in nuclear collisions. Measurements of the transverse momentum balance between isolated photons and inclusive jets are presented using integrated luminosities of 0.49 nb−1 of Pb + Pb collision data at √sNN = 5.02 TeV and 25 pb−1 of pp collision data at √s = 5.02 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Photons with transverse momentum 63.1 < pγT < 200 GeV and ∣ηγ ∣∣ < 2.37 are paired with all jets in the event that have p T > 31.6 GeV and pseudorapidity ∣ηjet ∣∣ < 2.8. The transverse momentum balance given by the jet-to-photon pT ratio, xJγ , is measured for pairs with azimuthal opening angle φ > 7π/8. Distributions of the per-photon jet yield as a function of xJγ , (1/Nγ )(dN/dxJγ ), are corrected for detector effects via a two-dimensional unfolding procedure and reported at the particle level. In pp collisions, the distributions are well described by Monte Carlo event generators. In Pb + Pb collisions, the xJγ distribution is modified from that observed in pp collisions with increasing centrality, consistent with the picture of parton energy loss in the hot nuclear medium. The data are compared with a suite of energy-loss models and calculations. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded by SCOAP3.


Introduction
The energy loss of fast partons traversing the hot, deconfined medium created in nucleus-nucleus collisions can be studied in a controlled and systematic way through the analysis of jets produced in association with a high transverse momentum (p T ) prompt photon [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. At leading order in quantum chromodynamics, the photon and leading jet are produced back-to-back in the azimuthal plane, with equal transverse momenta. Measurements of prompt photon production in Au + Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) [8] and Pb + Pb collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) [9] have confirmed that, since photons do not participate in the strong interaction, their production rates are not modified by the medium [10]. Thus, photons provide an estimate of the p T and direction of the parton produced in the initial hard-scattering before it has lost energy through interactions with the medium. Measurements of jet production with different requirements on the photon kinematics can therefore shed light on how the absolute amount of parton energy loss depends on the initial parton p T .
Furthermore, photon-jet events offer a particularly useful way to probe the distribution of energy lost by jets in individual events, E-mail address: atlas .publications @cern .ch. and are complementary to measurements such as the dijet p T balance [11][12][13]. Whereas those measurements report the ratio of the transverse momenta of two final-state jets, both of which may have lost energy, photon-jet events provide an alternative system in which one high-p T object is certain to remain unaffected by the hot nuclear medium. Finally, jets produced in association with a photon are more likely to originate from quarks than those produced in dijet events at the same p T . Thus, when considered together with measurements of dijets or of inclusive jet [14][15][16] and hadron [17][18][19] production rates in Pb + Pb collisions, analysis of photon-jet events can help to further constrain the flavour (i.e. quark versus gluon) dependence of parton energy loss.
Studies of photon-hadron correlations, in which high-p T hadrons are used as a proxy for the jet, were first performed at RHIC [20][21][22], and measurements using fully reconstructed jets have since begun at the LHC [23,24]. In the LHC studies, the distribution of the photon-jet azimuthal separation, φ, was found to be consistent with that in simulated photon-jet events embedded into a heavy-ion background, and the jet-to-photon transverse momentum ratio, x Jγ = p jet T /p γ T , was studied for inclusive photon-jet pairs. The per-photon jet yield (1/N γ )(dN/dx Jγ ) distribution was shifted to significantly smaller values in Pb + Pb data.
In these previous measurements, the x Jγ distributions in Pb + Pb events were not corrected for detector resolution effects, which led to a substantial broadening of the reported distribu- tions in data. As a result, qualitative comparisons with models or even with the analogous distributions in proton-proton (pp) data could only be accomplished by applying an additional smearing to the comparison distributions to introduce detector effects. Recent measurements of dijet p T correlations [12] and inclusive jet fragmentation functions at large longitudinal momentum fraction [25] in Pb + Pb collisions used unfolding procedures to correct for binmigration effects and return the distributions to the particle level, i.e. free from detector effects.
This Letter reports a study of photon-jet correlations in Pb + Pb collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy The p T balance of photon-jet pairs for jets with p jet T > 31.6 GeV and η jet < 2.8 which are approximately back-to-back with the photon in the transverse plane, φ > 7π /8, is analysed through the per-photon yield of jets as a function of x Jγ , with all jets that meet this selection requirement counted separately. In Monte Carlo simulations, the fraction of photons paired with more than one jet rises from 1% to ≈ 15% over the reported photon p T ranges. The particular photon and jet p T ranges used in the measurement are chosen to be evenly spaced on logarithmic scales to facilitate the unfolding procedure described below. The yields are corrected via data-driven techniques for background arising from combinatoric pairings of each photon with unrelated jets in Pb + Pb events and from the contamination by neutral mesons in the photon sample. The resulting x Jγ distributions are corrected for the effects of the experimental resolution on the photon and jet p T via a two-dimensional unfolding procedure similar to that used in Ref. [12]. Due to higher-order effects, photon-jet events do not generally have the back-to-back leading order topology mentioned above. Thus the pp data, which includes these effects, provides the reference distributions against which to interpret the results in Pb + Pb events. This Letter directly compares photon-jet data in Pb + Pb and pp events, and with Monte Carlo event generators and analytic calculations [26][27][28][29].

Experimental set-up
The ATLAS experiment [30] is a multipurpose particle detector with a forward-backward symmetric cylindrical geometry and nearly 4π coverage. 1 This analysis relies on the inner detector, the calorimeter and the data acquisition and trigger system.
The inner detector comprises three major subsystems: the pixel detector and the silicon microstrip tracker, which extend out to |η| = 2.5, and the transition radiation tracker which extends to |η| = 2.0. The inner detector covers the full azimuth and is immersed in a 2 T axial magnetic field. The pixel detector consists of four cylindrical layers in the barrel region and three disks in each endcap region. The silicon microstrip tracker comprises four cylindrical layers (nine disks) of silicon strip detectors in the barrel (endcap) region.
1 ATLAS uses a right-handed coordinate system with its origin at the nominal interaction point (IP) in the centre of the detector and the z-axis along the beam pipe. The x-axis points from the IP to the centre of the LHC ring, and the y-axis points upward. Cylindrical coordinates (r, φ) are used in the transverse plane, φ being the azimuthal angle around the z-axis. The pseudorapidity is defined in terms of the polar angle θ as η = − ln tan(θ/2). Transverse momentum and transverse energy are defined as p T = p sin θ and E T = E sin θ , respectively. R is defined as The calorimeter is a large-acceptance, longitudinally-segmented sampling detector covering |η| < 4.9 with electromagnetic (EM) and hadronic sections. The EM calorimeter is a lead/liquid-argon sampling calorimeter with an accordion-shaped geometry. It is divided into a barrel region, covering |η| < 1.475, and two endcap regions, covering 1.375 < |η| < 3.2. The EM calorimeter has three primary sections, longitudinal in shower depth, called "layers", in the barrel region and up to |η| = 2.5 in the end cap regions. In the barrel and first part of the end cap (|η| < 2.4), with the exception of the regions 1.4 < |η| < 1.5, the first layer has a fine segmentation in η ( η = 0.003-0.006) to allow the discrimination of photons from the two-photon decays of π 0 and η mesons.
Over most of the acceptance, the total material upstream of the EM calorimeter ranges from 2.5 to 6 radiation lengths. In the transition region between the barrel and endcap regions (1.37 < |η| < 1.52), the amount of material rises to 11.5 radiation lengths, and thus this region is not used for the detection of photons. The hadronic calorimeter is located outside the EM calorimeter. It consists of a steel/scintillator-tile sampling calorimeter covering |η| < 1.7 and a liquid-argon calorimeter with copper absorber covering 1.5 < |η| < 3.2.
The forward calorimeter (FCal) is a liquid-argon sampling calorimeter located on either side of the interaction point. It covers 3.1 < |η| < 4.9 and each half is composed of one EM and two hadronic sections, with copper and tungsten serving as the absorber material, respectively. The FCal is used to characterise the centrality of Pb + Pb collisions as described below. Finally, zero-degree calorimeters (ZDC) are situated at large pseudorapidity, |η| > 8.3, and are primarily sensitive to spectator neutrons.
A two-level trigger system is used to select events, with a firstlevel trigger implemented in hardware followed by a softwarebased (high-level) trigger. Data for this measurement were acquired using a high-level photon trigger [31] covering the central region (|η| < 2.5). At the first-level trigger stage, the transverse energy of EM showers is computed within regions of φ × η = 0.1 × 0.1, and those showers which satisfy an E T threshold are used to seed the high-level trigger stage. At this next stage, reconstruction algorithms similar to those applied in the offline analysis use the full detector granularity to form the final trigger decision. The trigger was configured with an online photon-p T threshold of 30 GeV (20 GeV) in the pp (Pb + Pb) running period and required the candidate photon to satisfy a set of loose criteria for the electromagnetic shower shape [31]. For the Pb + Pb data-taking, the high-level trigger included a procedure to estimate and subtract the underlying event (UE) contribution to the E T measured in the calorimeter [9], ensuring high efficiency in high-activity Pb + Pb events.
In addition to the photon trigger, Pb + Pb data were recorded with minimum-bias triggers; these events are used to characterise the centrality of Pb + Pb collisions as described in Section 3. The minimum-bias triggers are based on the presence of a minimum amount of approximately 50 GeV of transverse energy in all sections of the calorimeter system (|η| < 3.2) or, for events that do not meet this condition, on substantial energy deposits in both ZDC modules and an inner-detector track identified by the highlevel trigger system.

Data selection and Monte Carlo samples
Photon-jet events in pp and Pb + Pb collisions are initially selected for analysis by the high-level triggers described above. The typical number of interactions per bunch crossing in the pp and Pb + Pb data-taking were one and smaller than 10 −4 , respectively.
Events are required to satisfy detector and data-quality requirements, and to contain a vertex reconstructed from tracks in the inner detector. An additional requirement in Pb + Pb collisions, based on the correlation of the signals in the ZDC and the FCal, is used to reject a small number of recorded events consistent with two Pb + Pb interactions in the same bunch crossing (pileup) [32]. The pile-up rate is largest in the most central events, where it is at most 0.1% and rejected with an efficiency greater than 98%. No pile-up rejection is applied in pp collisions.
The centrality of Pb + Pb events is defined using the total transverse energy measured in the FCal, evaluated at the electromagnetic scale and denoted by E T . The same observable was used to characterise 2010 and 2011 Pb + Pb data at √ s NN = 2.76 TeV [33] and a similar procedure, based on Monte Carlo Glauber modeling [34], is followed in 2015 data [35]. In this analysis, Pb + Pb events within five centrality ranges are considered that represent 0-10% (largest E T values and degree of nuclear overlap), 10-20%, 20-30%, 30-50% and 50-80% (smallest E T values and degree of nuclear overlap) of the population. The mean number of participating nucleons in minimum-bias Pb + Pb collisions, N part , ranges from 33.3 ± 1.5 in 50-80% events to 358.8 ± 2.3 in 0-10% events.
Monte Carlo simulations of √ s = 5.02 TeV pp photon-jet events are used to correct the data for bin migration and inefficiency effects, and for comparison with distributions measured in pp collision data. For all the samples described below, the generated events were passed through a full Geant 4 simulation [36,37] of the ATLAS detector under the same conditions present during datataking and were digitised and reconstructed in the same way as the data. For the primary simulation samples, the Pythia 8.186 [38] generator was used with the NNPDF23LO parton distribution function (PDF) set [39], and generator parameters which were tuned to reproduce a set of minimum-bias data (the "A14" tune) [40]. Both the direct and fragmentation photon contributions are included in the simulation. Six million pp events were generated with a generator-level photon in the p T range 50 GeV to 280 GeV. Additionally, a sample of 18 million events were produced with the same generator, tune and PDF, and were overlaid at the detectorhit level with minimum-bias Pb + Pb events recorded during the 2015 run. The relative contribution of events in this "dataoverlay" sample were reweighted on an event-by-event basis to match the E T distribution observed in the photon-jet events in Pb + Pb data selected for analysis. Thus the Pb + Pb simulation samples contain underlying-event activity levels and kinematic distributions of jets (used in the combinatoric photon-jet background estimation) identical to those in data. Additional samples of 0.3 million pp events and 6 million events overlaid with Pb + Pb data were produced with the Sherpa 2.1.1 [41] generator using the CT10 PDF set [42], as were 0.6 million pp Herwig 7 [43] events with the MMHT UE tune and PDF set [44]. The Sherpa samples were generated with leadingorder matrix elements for photon-jet final states with up to three additional partons, which were merged with the Sherpa parton shower. The Herwig events were generated in a way that includes the direct and fragmentation photon contributions. Both the Sherpa and Herwig samples were filtered for the presence of a photon in the required kinematic region, and are used because they contain different photon + multijet topological distributions and jet-flavour compositions. At generator level, photons are required to be isolated by requiring the sum of the transverse energy carried by primary particles 2 in a cone of size R = 0.3 around the photon, E iso T , to be 2 Primary particles are defined as those with a proper mean lifetime, τ , exceeding cτ = 10 mm. For the jet and isolation E T measurements, muons and neutrinos are excluded from the definition. smaller than 3 GeV. In the analysis, the background subtraction, described below, removes photons which pass the isolation cut in data but fail this isolation requirement at the particle level. Jets are defined by applying the anti-k t algorithm [45,46] with radius parameter R = 0.4 to primary particles within |η| < 4.9. In simulation, the jet flavour, i.e. whether it is quark-or gluon-initiated, is defined as the flavour of the highest-p T parton that points to the generator-level jet [47].

Photon reconstruction
Photon candidates are reconstructed from clusters of energy deposited in EM calorimeter cells, following a procedure used for previous measurements of isolated prompt photon production in Pb + Pb collisions [9]. The procedure is similar to that used ex- Reconstructed photon candidates are required to satisfy identification and isolation criteria. The identification working point (called "tight") includes requirements on each of several showershape variables [50]. These criteria reject two-photon decays of neutral mesons using information in the finely segmented first calorimeter layers, and reject hadrons which began showering in the EM section using information from the hadronic calorimeter. The isolation energy is required to be E iso T < 3 GeV in pp collisions. In Pb + Pb collisions, where UE fluctuations significantly broaden the distribution of E iso T values, this requirement is set to approximately one standard deviation of the Gaussian-like part of the distribution centred at zero, E iso In simulation, prompt photons in pp collisions have a total reconstruction and selection efficiency greater than 90%. At low p T ≈ 60 GeV in the most central Pb + Pb collisions, this efficiency is ≈ 60%, rising with increasing p T and in less central collisions. In all events, the p T scale, defined as the mean ratio of measured photon p T to the generator-level p T , for photons which satisfy these criteria is within 0.5% (1%) of unity in the barrel (endcap). The p T resolution decreases from 3% to 2% over the measured p T range.

Jet reconstruction
Jets are reconstructed following the procedure previously used in 2.76 TeV and 5.02 TeV pp and Pb + Pb collisions [14,15,52], which is briefly summarised here. The anti-k t algorithm [46] with R = 0.4 is applied to energy deposits in the calorimeter grouped into towers of size η × φ = 0.1 × 0.1. An iterative procedure, based entirely on data, is used to obtain an event-by-event estimate of the average η-dependent UE energy density, including that from pile-up, while excluding from the estimate the contribution from jets arising from a hard scattering. An updated estimate of the jet four-momentum is obtained by subtracting the UE energy from the constituent towers of the jet. This procedure is also applied to pp data. The p T values of the resulting jets are corrected for the average calorimeter response using an ηand p T -dependent calibration derived from simulation. An additional correction, derived from in situ studies of events with a jet recoiling against a photon or Z boson and from the differences between the heavy-ion reconstruction algorithm and that normally used in the 13 TeV pp data [53], is applied. A final correction at the analysis level is applied to correct for a deficiency in jet calibration due to it being derived from an event sample with a different jet flavour composition.
The distribution of reconstructed jet p T values was studied in simulation as a function of generator-level jet p T . In pp and Pb + Pb collisions, the jet p T scale is within 1% of unity. In pp collisions, the jet p T resolution decreases from 15% at p T ≈ 30 GeV to 10% at p T ≈ 200 GeV. In Pb + Pb collisions, the resolution at fixed jet p T becomes worse in more central collisions in a way consistent with the increasing magnitude of UE fluctuations in the jet cone. In the most central events and at the lowest jet-p T values, the resolution reaches 50%. At high p T , the resolution asymptotically becomes centrality-independent and, at 200 GeV, consistent with that in pp collisions. More information about the jet reconstruction and jet performance in this dataset may be found in Ref. [54].

Photon purity and yield
After applying the identification and isolation selection criteria in pp collisions, approximately 19 500, 7800, 4100 and 400 photons are selected with p γ T = 63.1-79.6 GeV, 79.6-100 GeV, 100-158 GeV and 158-200 GeV, respectively. In Pb + Pb collisions, the analogous yields are 15 400, 6300, 3500 and 300. These raw yields are determined as a function of p γ T and are then corrected for background and for the effects of p T bin migration.
First, the selected photon sample is corrected for the background contribution, primarily from misidentified neutral hadrons. For each p γ T and centrality range, the purity of prompt photons within this range is estimated with a double-sideband approach [9, 48,49], which is summarised in the following.
In addition to the nominal selection, background-enhanced samples of photon candidates are defined by selecting photons failing at least one of four specific shower-shape requirements (referred to as the "non-tight" selection), or by requiring that they are not isolated such that E iso T > 5 GeV in pp collisions or E iso T > 10 GeV in Pb + Pb collisions. Regions A and B are defined as those containing tight photons which are isolated and non-isolated, respectively, with region A corresponding to the signal photon selection. Regions C and D contain non-tight photons which are isolated and non-isolated, respectively. The number of photon candidates in each region is generally a mixture of signal and background photons, i.e. those arising from neutral mesons inside jets. The E iso T distribution for background photons is expected to be the same for the tight and non-tight selections such that the distribution of background photons "factorises" along isolation and identification axes. Separately, the probability that a prompt photon is found in regions B, C or D is determined from simulation. This information and the background factorisation assumption is then applied to the data to determine the purity of photons in region A, defined as the ratio of the number of signal photons to all selected photons. The purity increases systematically with p γ T over the measured p T range. In pp collisions, it rises from ≈ 85% at p γ T = 80 GeV to more than 95% at 100 GeV, while in Pb + Pb collisions it is typically ≈ 75-90% over the same kinematic range.
The background-corrected prompt photon yields are then corrected for the resolution of the p γ T measurement. This is performed by comparing the yields, evaluated separately as a function of reconstructed and generator-level p T , in simulation. Given the good p T resolution, these differ by 2% at most, and this small resulting correction is applied to the yields in data.

Jet background subtraction
The raw jet yields, measured as a function of x Jγ , are corrected for two background components using data-driven methods. The corrections are performed separately for each p γ T interval and separately in pp collisions and Pb + Pb collisions of different centrality ranges.
The first background arises from the combination of a high-p T photon with jets unrelated to the photon-producing hard scattering. These include jets from separate hard parton-parton scatterings and UE fluctuations reconstructed as jets. This background is negligible in pp collisions. Because of the inclusive jet selection in the analysis, the combinatoric background is purely additive and can be statistically subtracted after scaling to the total photon yield. The combinatoric jet yields are determined in the data-overlay simulation, by examining the yield of reconstructed jets separated from a generator-level photon by φ > 7π /8. Reconstructed jets that are not consistent with a generator-level jet, i.e. no generator-level jet with p T > 20 GeV within R < 0.4, are deemed to arise from the original Pb + Pb data event and are thus labelled as "combinatoric" jets. The combinatoric jet yields are subtracted from the measured x Jγ distributions in data.
The second background is related to the estimated purity of the selected photons. The x Jγ yields for photon candidates in region A contain an admixture of dijets, specifically jets correlated with misidentified neutral mesons. Since these hadrons pass experimental isolation requirements, they may be, for example, the leading fragment inside a jet. The shape of this background in the x Jγ distribution is determined by repeating the analysis for photon candidates in region C , since this region contains mostly neutral mesons that remain isolated at the detector level. The resulting per-photon x Jγ distributions are scaled to match the number of background photons, as determined above in Section 5.1, and their yields are statistically subtracted from the jet yields for photons in region A. Fig. 1 shows the size of these backgrounds in the lowest-p γ T interval, where they are the largest. The combinatoric jet background for Pb + Pb collisions contributes primarily to kinematic regions populated by p jet T < 50 GeV. It also depends strongly on centrality, being largest in 0-10% collisions but nearly negligible already in 30-50% collisions. The dijet background contributes to a broad range of p jet T values including the region x Jγ > 1, since the p T ratio of a jet to one of the hadrons in the balancing jet can generally be above unity. This background has a similar shape in all event types.
However, since the photon purity is lower in Pb + Pb events than in pp events, this correction is larger in the former.

Unfolding
The background-subtracted x Jγ yields are corrected for binmigration effects due to detector resolution via a Bayesian unfolding procedure [55,56]. To accomplish this, the reconstructed The Bayesian unfolding method requires a choice for the number of iterations, n iter , and an assumption for the prior for the initial particle-level distribution. The Pythia simulation does not include the effects of jet energy loss, and thus the underlying particle-level distribution in data is expected to have a shape different from the default prior in the simulation. An initial unfolding using the default Pythia prior is performed for each centrality selection, and the ratios of the unfolded distributions to the generator-level priors in Pythia are fitted with a smooth function in x Jγ in each p γ T interval. This function is evaluated to give a weight w = w(x Jγ , p γ T ) that is used to reweight the generatorlevel distribution in simulation and thus construct a nominal prior. Alternative reweightings, used in evaluating the sensitivity to the choice of prior, are determined by applying √ w (the geometric mean of the nominal reweighting and no reweighting) and w 3/2 to the sample. The reconstruction-level x Jγ distributions in simulation after each of these reweightings were examined to ensure that they span a reasonable range of values compared to that observed at the reconstruction level in data.
Before applying the unfolding procedure to data, it was tested on simulation. After the nominal reweighting, the Monte Carlo samples were split into two statistically independent subsamples. One subsample was used to populate the response matrix, which was then used to unfold the reconstruction-level distribution in the other subsample. The unfolded result was compared with the original generator-level distribution in the latter sample, which were found to be recovered within the limits of the statistical precision of the samples.
The values of n iter used for the nominal results are chosen following the same procedure as in Ref. [12]. For each centrality selection, the unfolded distributions are examined as a function of n iter . For each value of n iter , a total uncertainty is formed by adding two components in quadrature: (1) the statistical uncertainty of the unfolded data, which grows slowly with n iter , and (2) the sum of square differences between the results and those obtained with an alternative prior, which decreases quickly with n iter . The final values of n iter are chosen to minimise the total uncertainty, and are between two and four.
The unfolded x Jγ results are corrected for the jet reconstruction efficiency, evaluated in simulation as the p γ T -dependent probability that a generated jet at the given x Jγ is successfully reconstructed within the total (p γ T , x Jγ ) range used in the unfolding. This efficiency is typically > 99% for all events in the kinematic regions populated by jets with p T > 50 GeV. In pp collisions, this efficiency falls to ≈ 96% in the lowest-x Jγ region for each p γ T interval. In Pb + Pb collisions, the efficiency at fixed x Jγ decreases monotonically in increasingly central events, reaching a minimum of ≈ 75% in the lowest-x Jγ region in 0-10% centrality events.

Systematic uncertainties
The primary sources of systematic uncertainty can be grouped into three major categories: the measurement of p jet T ; the selection of the photon and measurement of p γ T ; the modelling and subtraction of the combinatoric background; and the unfolding procedure. For each variation described below, the entire analysis is repeated including the background correction steps and unfolding. The differences between the resulting x Jγ values and the nominal ones are taken as an estimate of the uncertainty from each source.
A standard set of uncertainties in the jet p T scale and resolution, following the strategy described in Ref.
[57] and commonly used for measurements in 2015 Pb + Pb and pp data [54,58], are used in this analysis. The impact of the uncertainties is evaluated by modifying the response matrix according to the given variations in the reconstructed jet p T . These include uncertainties in the p T scale derived from in situ studies of the calorimeter response [47,59], an uncertainty in the resolution derived using data-driven techniques [60], and uncertainties in both which result from a small relative energy-scale difference between the heavyion jet reconstruction procedure and that used in √ s = 13 TeV pp collisions [53]. All of the above uncertainties apply equally to jets in pp and Pb + Pb events. A separate, centrality-dependent uncertainty is included in 0-60% Pb + Pb collisions. This uncertainty accounts for a possible modification of the jet response after energy loss and is evaluated through in situ comparisons of the charged-particle track-jet and calorimeter-jet p T values in data and simulation. More details are provided in Refs. [54,57]. No additional uncertainty is included for 60-80% centrality events.
Uncertainties in the photon purity estimate are determined by varying the non-tight identification and isolation criteria used to select hadron background candidates and by considering a possible non-factorisation of the hadron background along the axes used in the double-sideband procedure. The sensitivity to the modelling of photon shower shapes in simulation is evaluated by removing the data-driven corrections to these quantities [50]. Finally, the photon p T scale and resolution uncertainties are described in detail in Ref.
[51], and their impact is evaluated by applying them as variations to the response matrices used in unfolding.
Modelling-or unfolding-related systematic uncertainties arise from several sources. The estimate of the combinatoric photon-jet rate in the data-overlay simulation is sensitive to the requirement on the minimum p T of a generator-level jet in the classification of a given reconstructed jet as a combinatoric jet, as opposed to a photon-correlated jet. To provide one estimate of the sensitivity to this threshold, it is varied in the range 20 ± 10 GeV. To assess the sensitivity to the choice of prior, the unfolding is repeated using the alternative priors which are systematically closer to and farther from the original Pythia prior. The sensitivity to statistical limitations of the simulation samples is determined through pseudo-experiments, resampling entries in the response matrices according to their uncertainty. Finally, the analysis is repeated using the Sherpa simulation to perform the corrections and unfolding, since this generator provides a different description of photonjet production topologies. Fig. 2 summarises the systematic uncertainties in each category, as well as the total uncertainty, for the lowest-p As an additional check on the features in the unfolded x Jγ distributions observed in data, the analysis was repeated with two modifications which change the signal photon-jet definition. First, the photon-jet φ requirement was changed from > 7π /8 to > 3π /4. With this alteration, the correlated jet yield changes only by a small amount, while the combinatoric background, which is constant in φ, doubles. Second, the analysis was repeated, but selecting only the leading (highest-p T ) jet in the event if it fell within the φ window. In this case, the combinatoric background contribution is no longer purely additive and the inefficiency when a higher-p T uncorrelated jet is selected instead of the photoncorrelated jet must be accounted for, similar to Ref. [12]. In both cases, the distributions in Pb + Pb exhibit a qualitatively similar modification pattern compared to the main results as a function of x Jγ . tervals shown in Figs. 4 and 5, the x Jγ distributions in the most central 0-10% events are so strongly modified that they decrease monotonically over the measured x Jγ range and no peak is observed. For the p γ T > 100 GeV region shown in Fig. 6, the x Jγ distributions retain a peak at or near x Jγ ≈ 0.9 even in the most central collisions. However, the magnitude of the peak is lower and significantly wider than the sharp peak in pp events. In both cases, the jet yield at small x Jγ is systematically higher than that in pp collisions, by up to a factor of two. In less central events, a peaklike structure develops at the same position as the maximum in pp events, near x Jγ ≈ 0.9. For the lowest-p γ T interval, this occurs only for 50-80% centrality events, while in the highest two p γ T intervals the distribution in 0-10% events is consistent with a local peak.

The unfolded (1/N γ )(dN/dx
As another way of characterising how the modified x Jγ distributions depend on centrality and p γ T , Fig. 8    The results are compared with the following theoretical predictions which include Monte Carlo generators and analytical calculations of jet energy loss: (1) a pQCD calculation which includes Sudakov resummation to describe the vacuum distributions and energy loss in Pb + Pb collisions as described in the BDMPS-Z formalism [26], (2) a perturbative calculation within the framework of soft-collinear effective field theory with Glauber gluons (SCET G ) in the soft gluon emission (energy-loss) limit [27], (3) the JEWEL Monte Carlo event generator which simulates QCD jet evolution in heavy-ion collisions and includes energy-loss effects from radiative and elastic scattering processes [28], and (4) the Hybrid Strong/Weak Coupling model [29] which combines initial production using Pythia with a parameterisation of energy loss derived from holographic methods, and includes back-reaction effects.
Figs. 9 and 10 compare a selection of the measured x Jγ distributions with the results of these theoretical predictions, where possible. Before testing the description of energy-loss effects in Pb + Pb events, the predicted x Jγ distributions are compared with pp data in Fig. 9. The Hybrid model and JEWEL, which use Pythia for the photon-jet production in vacuum, give a good description of pp events over the measured x Jγ range in both p γ T intervals shown. The BDMPS-Z and SCET G perturbative calculations capture the general features but predict distributions that are more and less peaked, respectively, than those in data.
In Pb + Pb events with low p γ T , shown in the left panel of Fig. 10, the JEWEL, Hybrid, and SCET G models successfully capture  several key features of the x Jγ distribution, including the absence of a visible peak, and the monotonically increasing behaviour with decreasing x Jγ . The BDMPS-Z model predicts a suppression of the yield near x Jγ ≈ 0.9 relative to what is predicted in pp events, consistent with the trend in data. However, it underestimates the yield at low x Jγ in both pp and Pb + Pb collisions. In the higher-p γ T interval, the Hybrid model and JEWEL successfully describe the reappearance of a localised peak near x Jγ ≈ 0.9. However, none of the models considered here describe the increase of the jet yield at x Jγ < 0.5 above that observed in pp events. Additional comparisons between these data and theoretical calculations which are differential in both p γ T and centrality will further constrain the description of the strongly coupled medium in these models.

Conclusion
This Letter presents a study of photon-jet transverse momentum correlations for photons with 63.1 < p γ T < 200 GeV in Pb + Pb collisions at √ s NN = 5.02 TeV and pp collisions at √ s = 5.02 TeV. The data were recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC and correspond to integrated luminosities of 0.49 nb −1 and 25 pb −1 , respectively. The data are corrected for the presence of combinatoric photon-jet pairs and of dijet pairs where one of the jets is misidentified as a photon. The measured quantities in data are fully corrected for detector effects and reported at the particle level. Per-photon distributions of the jet-to-photon p T ratio, x Jγ = p jet T /p γ T , are measured for pairs with an azimuthally balanced configuration, φ > 7π /8. In pp events, the data are well reproduced by event generators or models that depend on them, but are   not fully described in detail by approaches based on perturbative calculations.
In Pb + Pb collisions, x Jγ distributions are observed to have a significantly modified total yield and shape compared with those in pp collisions. These modifications have a smooth onset as a function of Pb + Pb event centrality and p γ T . In peripheral collisions at high p γ T , the distributions in Pb + Pb are statistically compatible with those in pp. In the most central Pb + Pb events at low p γ T , the yield decreases monotonically with increasing x Jγ over the measured range, in strong contrast to the sharply peaked distributions in pp events. However, in less central events or in higher-p γ T intervals, the x Jγ distributions retain a peak-like excess at an x Jγ value similar to that in pp collisions but with a smaller per-photon yield. This last observation suggests that the amount of energy lost by jets in single events has a broad distribution, with a small but significant population of jets retaining a pp-like p T correlation with the photon because they do not lose an appreciable amount of energy.
These results are sensitive to how partons initially produced opposite to a high-p T photon lose energy in their interactions with the hot nuclear medium. Taken together with other measurements of single-jet and dijet production, the data provide new, complementary information about how energy loss in the strongly coupled medium varies with the initial parton flavour and p T .

Acknowledgements
We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We