Charged Balanced Black Rings in Five Dimensions

We present balanced black ring solutions of pure Einstein-Maxwell theory in five dimensions. The solutions are asymptotically flat, and their tension and gravitational self-attraction are balanced by the repulsion due to rotation and electrical charge. Hence the solutions are free of conical singularities and possess a regular horizon which exhibits the topology S1 x S2 of a torus. We discuss the global charges and the horizon properties of the solutions and show that they satisfy a Smarr relation. We construct these black rings numerically, restricting to the case of black rings with a rotation in the direction of the S1.


INTRODUCTION
In four-dimensional spacetime, asymptotically flat electrovac black hole solutions are represented by the static Schwarzschild and Reissner-Nordström black holes as well as the rotating Kerr and Kerr-Newman black holes. These solutions possess a spherical horizon topology and are uniquely characterized by their global charges, i.e. their mass, angular momentum and charge [1]. In the context of string theory and brane world models, higherdimensional black holes have received much interest in the recent years, opening up the possibility of direct observation in future high energy collisions. The presence of extra dimensions can affect the properties of black holes dramatically. Concerning black holes with a spherical horizon topology, Tangherlini [1] has derived the counterpart to the Schwarzschild solution, whereas Myers and Perry [2] have obtained rotating vacuum black holes. Moreover, a static solution of pure Einstein-Maxwell theory has been found by Tangherlini [1] and Myers and Perry [2]. Higher-dimensional electrically charged stationary solutions are so far only known in closed form for some low energy effective actions related to string theory. However electrically charged rotating black holes have been derived perturbatively by Aliev and Frolov [3] in lowest order in the electric charge, and by Navarro-Lerida [4] and Allahverdizadeh et al. [5] up to fourth order. In addition, numerical solutions for the pure Einstein-Maxwell case have been constructed [6]. A fascinating development was the discovery of the black ring as a topologically different solution of the five-dimensional Einstein equations by Emparan and Reall [7,8]. This is a black hole with the horizon topology S 1 × S 2 of a torus -hence the name black ring. For the static case, the solution always suffers from the presence of a conical singularity, whereas balanced solutions with a regular horizon can be obtained for the station-ary case, the tension and gravitational self-attraction of the ring being balanced by its centrifugal repulsion. Within a certain parameter range, spherical black holes and black rings coexist, so black hole uniqueness is violated in five dimensions.
Numerous explicit examples of black rings have been found until now (see e.g. Emparan and Reall [9,10] and references therein). Concerning electrically charged black rings, static solutions have been discovered by Ida and Uchida [11] in Einstein-Maxwell theory, while Kunduri and Lucietti [12] and Yazadjiev [13] have derived static solutions in Einstein-Maxwell dilaton theory. Elvang [14] has obtained a rotating, electrically charged solution in the low-energy limit of heterotic string theory via a Hassan-Sen transformation. Similar to the case of black holes with a spherical horizon topology, a stationary black ring solution of pure Einstein-Maxwell theory is not known in closed form yet. However Ortaggio and Pravda [15] have obtained charged rotating black rings perturbatively for small charges. We here consider numerically obtained stationary, asymptotically flat black ring solutions of pure Einstein-Maxwell theory in five dimensions, which possess a regular event horizon of topology S 1 × S 2 and exhibit a rotation in the direction of the S 1 . We investigate the physical properties of these black objects. The mass M, the angular momentum J, the electric charge Q as well as the magnetic moment M ϕ are determined from an asymptotic expansion. We show that the gyromagnetic ratio deviates from the perturbatively found value g = 3 for higher values of the charge. The Hawking temperature T H and the horizon area A H are obtained from an expansion at the horizon. We further show that the solutions satisfy a Smarr formula. We apply an ansatz based on the rod structure and parameterization in terms of canonical coordinates employed by Harmark [16]. For the numerical construction of the black rings, how-ever, it has turned out to be more suitable to reparameterize the ansatz in terms of isotropic coordinates. In Sect. 2, we will recall the Einstein-Maxwell action and the respective equations for the metric and the gauge potential. The ansatz for a stationary and axially symmetric solution as well as the boundary conditions will be given in Sect. 3. In Sect. 4, the physical properies of the charged balanced black ring will be discussed. We present our numerical results in Sect. 5, focussing on large thin black rings. A conclusion and an outlook will be given in Sect. 6.

EINSTEIN-MAXWELL ACTION
In order to obtain electrically charged black ring solutions of pure Einstein-Maxwell theory, we consider the fivedimensional Einstein-Maxwell action with the curvature scalar R, the five-dimensional Newton constant G 5 and the field strength tensor where A a denotes the gauge potential.
A variation with respect to the metric tensor leads to the Einstein equations where the Einstein tensor G ab and the energy-stress tensor T ab are given by: and The Maxwell equations are obtained by varying the action with respect to the gauge potential:

ANSATZ AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
The approach for the stationary axially symmetric black ring metric is based on the metric in canonical coordinates ρ, z and the rod structure used by Harmark [16], with the semi-infinite spacelike rod ρ = 0, −∞ ≤ z ≤ −a in ψ-direction, the finite timelike rod ρ = 0, −a ≤ z ≤ a, the finite spacelike rod Since the quantity a determines the length of the finite time-like rod, it can be related to the size of the S 2 . The quantity b, fixing the length of the finite ψ-rod, can roughly be seen as a measure of the radius of the S 1 [17,18], with large thin black rings corresponding to 2 < b and small fat black rings being obtained For the numerical calculations, we have found it to be more r=r 0 (ρ=0 a≥ z -≥a) event horizon g tt +Ω suitable to reparameterize the metric in terms of isotropic coordinates r, θ according to with r 2 0 = a being the horizon radius of the S 2 . This yields the following ansatz for the metric: Here the cross term in dϕdt represents a rotation in ϕ-direction, hence a rotation along the S 1 . All metric functions depend on r and θ only. The relation between isotropic and canonical coordinates is depicted in Fig. 1. In isotropic coordinates, the horizon is mapped to r = r 0 , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π 2 and infinity to r → ∞, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π 2 . The semi-infinite and the finite ψ-rod are located at r 0 ≤ r ≤ ∞, θ = π 2 and r 0 ≤ r ≤ r b , θ = 0 respectively. The semi-infinite ϕ-rod is mapped to Thus, the boundaries are all orthogonal to each other except for the finite ψ-rod and the semi-infinite ϕ-rod intersecting at θ = 0, r = r b . The ansatz for the gauge potential is given by At infinity, the metric functions should approach the Minkowski metric, hence we impose the boundary conditions On the ψ-rods we impose f 2 = 0 as well as ∂ θ f 0 = ∂ θ f 1 = ∂ θ f 3 = ∂ θ ω = 0 for the metric functions and ∂ θ A 0 = ∂ θ A ϕ = 0 for the gauge potential. The boundary conditions on the semiinfinite ϕ-rod are given by f 3 For the numerical calculations the metric functions f 1 , f 2 and f 3 are expressed as a product of background functions f 0 i times some functions F i displaying the deviation from the respective background function. Here we choose the background functions as the respective metric functions of the neutral static black ring, obtained by a transformation of the respective metric functions in canonical coordinates [16] to isotropic coordinates. By this choice, the desired rod structure is automatically fulfilled and discontinuities at r b as well as divergences of the functions f 2 and f 3 , coming from the imposed asymptotic behaviour, are absorbed. For the functions f 0 , ω, A 0 and A ϕ no background functions are introduced. The boundary conditions for the F i are F i = 1 at infinity, ∂ r F i = 0 on the horizon and ∂ θ F i = 0 along the rods, with the exception of F 1 F 3 = 1 along the semi-infinite ϕ-rod, following from the requirement of regularity.

THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
The horizon metric is given by so the horizon area A H of the black ring is calculated according to Here we have chosen ∆ψ = 2π, so the solution is asymptotically flat. By this choice, unbalanced solutions contain a conical singularity for the finite ψ-rod, in which case the ring is sitting on the rim of a disk-like deficit membrane preventing it from collapsing. The Hawking temperature T H is obtained by setting t = iτ and requiring regularity on the Euclidean section [18]: while the conical singularity δ on the finite ψ-rod is calculated according to [18] The mass M and the angular momentum J of the solution can be read off at infinity via the asymptotic expansion of the metric [19]  whereas the charge Q and the magnetic moment M ϕ are obtained from the asymptotic expansion of the gauge potential The gyromagnetic ratio is given by In order to analyze the physical properties of the solution, it is convenient to work with dimensionless quantities, obtained by dividing by an appropriate power of M or G 5 M. This gives the scaled horizon area a H and the scaled temperature t H a H = 3 16 as well as the scaled squared angular momentum j 2 and the scaled charge q

NUMERICAL RESULTS
For the numerical calculations, we introduce the compactified radial variable x = 1 − r 0 /r, which maps the semi-infinite region [r 0 , ∞] to the finite region [0, 1]. The resulting system of seven coupled non-linear elliptic partial differential equations is solved numerically with the help of the finite difference solver FIDISOL, based on the Newton-Raphson method. The parameters of the solution are given by the positions of the finite ψ-rod a and b (r 0 and r b , respectively), the charge parameter α = √ 4/3 · Φ H and the rotation parameter Ω H . We fix r 0 = 1 for all solutions and vary the other parameters. In the limit of Ω H = 0, we observe excellent agreement with the analytical solution by Yazadjiev [13], with a maximum deviation of order 10 −5 only. In the static case as well as for  Figure 3: Scaled horizon area a H versus scaled squared angular momentum j 2 for the neutral rotating black ring (see [9,10] for the analytical curve) generic values of the rotation parameter, the solutions suffer from a conical deficit. However for particular parameter values, we have obtained regular solutions whose horizons are smooth, where tension and gravitational self-attraction are balanced by the repulsion due to the rotation and the electric charge of the ring. We find that the conical singularity δ decreases with increasing α as well as with increasing b and Ω H . For given values of α and b, we vary Ω H , until the balanced solution is found. An alternative way for obtaining balanced solutions would be to increase the charge parameter for a fixed value of the rotation parameter. The rotation parameter however exhibits greater influence on the conical singularity. We have obtained balanced solutions for the neutral case first. As we increase Ω H from zero for fixed values of α and b, from the corresponding static black ring a branch of rotating solutions emerges, generically exhibiting a conical deficit. This upper branch extends up to a maximum value for Ω H , depending both on α and b. A second lower branch bends back from the maximal value of Ω H towards Ω H = 0. Along both branches, the mass M, the angular momentum J and the charge Q rise monotonically. In Fig. 2, the dependence of the conical deficit on the rotation parameter Ω H is shown for α = 0 and 1.8 ≤ b ≤ 12.0. While for small values of the parameter b the balanced solution is located on the lower branch, for larger values of b the balanced solution is already obtained before the maximum value of Ω H is reached. In Fig. 3, we exhibit the scaled horizon area a H versus the scaled squared angular momentum j 2 , showing that our numerically obtained balanced solutions agree excellently with the analytical solution by Emparan and Reall [7], with deviations of order 10 −4 only (see e.g. [9,10] for the analytical phase diagram).
The metric functions, the T 00 -component as well as the T 0ϕ -component of the energy-stress tensor T ab are shown in Fig. 4 for the charged balanced solution characterized by Since the numerical calculations are more difficult on the lower branch and in the transition region between the two branches, it gets increasingly demanding to obtain solutions for small values of b and hence for rings with decreasing radius of the S 1 . A full exploration of the parameter space is beyond the scope of this letter.
Calculating the physical quantities, we find that our solutions satisfy the Smarr relation [19,20] (with deviations after five digits only): where κ = 2πT H is the surface gravity.
The Hawking temperature T H is found to be constant on the horizon (with deviations after 6 digits only), as required by the zeroth law of black hole mechanics. Both the scaled temperature t H and the scaled horizon area a H decrease with increasing scaled charge q. The magnetic moment M ϕ rises with increasing scaled charge. In Fig. 5 we exhibit the gyromagnetic ratio g versus the scaled charge q for balanced solutions belonging to b = 5. We have found g = D − 2 = 3 for weakly charged rings, in accordance with Ortaggio and Pravda [15]. For increasing values of the scaled charge however, a negative deviation of g from this value can be observed, similar to the case of rotating electrically charged black holes with a spherical horizon topology and a single angular momentum [6].
In Fig. 6, we exhibit the scaled horizon area a H versus the scaled squared angular momentum j 2 and the scaled charge q for the charged balanced numerical solutions together with the neutral analytical solution by Emparan and Reall [7]. We observe that an increasing value of the scaled charge q makes the q=1.05 Figure 6: Scaled horizon area a H versus scaled squared angular momentum j 2 for the neutral rotating black ring (see [9,10] for the neutral analytical curve) and for the electrically charged balanced black ring  conical deficit vanish for lower values of the rotation parameter Ω H and hence lower values of the scaled squared angular momentum j 2 . The non-scaled angular momentum, however, increases with increasing charge. The complete phase diagram is under construction and will be given elsewhere. The location of the ergosurface g tt = 0 is depicted in Fig. 7, showing that the ergosurface moves farther away from the horizon with increasing charge and angular momentum.

CONCLUSIONS
We have considered rotating black ring solutions of fivedimensional Einstein-Maxwell theory. The solutions are asymptotically flat and possess a single angular momentum associated with a rotation along the S 1 of the ring. Whereas our approach has been analytical with respect to the expansions at the horizon and at infinity, the actual construction of the solution has been done numerically. Here we have parameterized the metric in terms of isotropic coordinates which are wellsuited for the numerical work. In the static case as well as for generic values of the rotation parameter, the solutions suffer from a conical deficit. For particular parameter values, however, we have succeeded in obtaining regular solutions whose horizons are smooth and whose tension and gravitational self-attraction are balanced by a repulsion provided by the rotation and the charge of the ring. Concerning the numerical accuracy, excellent agreement with the static analytical solution by Yazadjiev [13] and the neutral analytical solution by Emparan and Reall [7] has been found, with an accuracy of at least 10 −5 and 10 −4 , respectively. All solutions satisfy a Smarr relation, indicating the high accuracy of the numerical results. The solutions depend on four parameters. Having fixed the horizon radius (r 0 = 1), the solutions thus depend on the three remaining parameters. Those are the horizon angular velocity Ω H , the charge parameter α and the parameter b representing a rough measure for the radius of the S 1 . The physical properties of the solution have been extracted and their dependence on the charge has been examined. As required by the zeroth law of black hole mechanics, the Hawking temperature T H is found to be constant on the horizon. The conical singularity δ decreases both with growing values of the charge parameter α and the rotation parameter Ω H , and with increasing parameter b. The scaled temperature t H and scaled horizon area a H decrease with increasing scaled charge q. When examining the functional dependence of the scaled angular momentum j on the scaled charge q for the regular solutions, the scaled angular momentum is found to decrease with increasing scaled charge. Thus solutions with higher scaled charge need less scaled angular momentum to be balanced. While the gyromagnetic ratio for weakly charged rings has been found to be g = 3, in accordance with Ortaggio and Pravda [15], a negative deviation from this value has been observed for larger magnitudes of the electric charge similar to the case of black holes with a spherical horizon topology [6]. The ergosurface of the balanced solutions moves farther away from the horizon with increasing scaled charge. Since it is numerically increasingly difficult to find balanced solutions for smaller values of the parameter b, i.e. a decreasing size of the S 1 , the parameter space has not been fully explored yet. The complete phase diagram is under construction and will be presented elsewhere. A next step will be to include also rotation along the S 2 of the ring, leading to two additional metric functions and one further non-vanishing component of the gauge potential in ψ-direction. An interesting further step should be the inclusion of a Chern-Simons AF 2 term into the action, modifying the equations for the gauge potential while leaving the Einstein equations unaltered. Such an approach yields supersymmetric black rings for a Chern-Simons coupling value of λ CS = 1, for which an analytical solution has been obtained by Elvang et al. [21]. Here the phase diagram shows uniqueness of the solutions. It will be interesting to see how the phase diagram depends on the value of the Chern-Simons coupling constant λ CS , where so far only rotating black holes with spherical horizon topology have been constructed [19]. We hope that the numerical solutions presented in this work will be helpful for the analytical construction of the exact fivedimensional electrically charged rotating Einstein-Maxwell black ring solution.