14Be(p,n)14B reaction at 69 MeV in inverse kinematics

A Gamow-Teller (GT) transition from the drip-line nucleus 14Be to 14B was studied via the (p,n) reaction in inverse kinematics using a secondary 14Be beam at 69 MeV/nucleon. The invariant mass method is employed to reconstruct the energy spectrum. A peak is observed at an excitation energy of 1.27(2) MeV in 14B, together with bumps at 2.08 and 4.06(5) MeV. The observed forward peaking of the state at 1.27 MeV and a good description for the differential cross section, obtained with a DWBA calculation provide support for the 1+ assignment to this state. By extrapolating the cross section to zero momentum transfer the GT-transition strength is deduced. The value is found to compare well with that reported in a beta-delayed neutron emission study.

The Gamow-Teller (GT) transition, characterized by an angular momentum transfer of ∆L=0, a spin transfer of ∆S=1, and an isospin transfer of ∆T =1 between initial and final nuclei, represents one of the fundamental modes of nuclear excitations.Its properties are important not only for understanding spin-isospin correlations in nuclei [1], but also for their implications for a variety of astrophysical phenomena where weak processes play a key role, such as late stages of stellar evolution and neutrino nucleosynthesis [2].The rapid increase in the availability of Radioactive Isotope (RI) beams in recent years has made it possible to study GT strengths in nuclei far from the β-stability line.Although β decay has been the major source of information about such strengths, it might be expected that nuclear charge-exchange (CE) reactions play an important role [3], with their distinguishing feature of being unconstrained by any Q β limitations.We performed an experimental study of the (p, n) reaction on a neutron-rich nucleus 14 Be using the invariant mass method in inverse kinematics.The data on the 14 Be(g.s.) → 14 B(1 + 1 ) transition process enabled the extraction of B(GT) from forward angle (p, n) cross sections.Studies were also made on states populated in the 1 H( 14 Be, 13 B+n) reaction.
The 14 Be nucleus is located at the neutron drip line.A two-neutron halo structure has been suggested by inclusive [4,5] as well as exclusive [6] reaction studies.Unambiguous identification of the first 2 + state was made recently [7].The β decay of 14 Be is known to be dominated by one-neutron emission with a branching ratio compatible with 100% [8].A concentration of the decay strength in a state at 1.28 MeV, which is located just above the one-neutron separation energy of S n =0.97(2) MeV [11] in 14 B, was found in energy spectra of decay neutrons [9,10].The small log f t value of 3.68(5) [10] has indicated that the decay is due to a GT transition, providing the 1 + assignment to this state.
Existing CE studies on β-unstable nuclei have been based on two major methods: the first involves final states in a bound region and the missing mass technique was applied, where momenta of heavy charged ejectile were measured either by using a spectrograph in the 6 He(p, n) 6 Li [12,13] and 34 P( 7 Li, 7 Be+ γ) 34 Si [14] reactions, or a telescope in the 6 He(p, n) 6 Li reaction [15].The second method involves unbound final states, and the invariant mass technique was adopted.All particles from a decay of an unbound state were detected using a plastic counter hodoscope in the 11 Li(p, n) 11 Be [16] and 14 Be(p, n) 14 B [17] reactions; isobaric analog states in the residual nuclei were identified.Until now, there exist only a limited number of CE studies involving unstable nuclear beams; it is desirable to further explore experimental approaches which permit reliable determination of relevant nuclear structure information.The present study, succeeding to the latter works, represents the first extraction of the GT strength on an unstable nucleus, leading to a particle unbound state, in an inverse kinematics CE reaction.Independent detectors were used for different decay products, charged fragment and neutron, to achieve high enough acceptance near the threshold, together with a liquid hydrogen target to increase the reaction yield.In inverse kinematics, decay neutrons emit-ted from the unbound system, which is Lorentz boosted with a beam-like velocity in the laboratory, acquire high energies and can be detected with high efficiencies.With this new feature, it is shown that the inverse kinematics CE reaction accompanied by neutron decay provides an alternative approach for nuclear structure, to β-delayed neutron spectroscopy.
The extraction of the GT strength in CE reactions relies on the proportionality relationship between the reduced transition probability B(GT) and the cross section at zero momentum transfer (q=0) [18,19]: Here E i(f ) is the reduced energy in the initial (final) channel and |J στ | is the volume integral of the central part of the effective nucleon-nucleon (N N ) interaction in the spin-isospin channel.The distortion factor N D =(dσ/dΩ) DW q=0 /(dσ/dΩ) PW q=0 is the ratio of distortedwave (DW) and plane-wave (PW) cross sections.The cross section (dσ/dΩ) L=0 q=0 , defining the L=0 contribution at q=0, is obtained by extrapolating the 0 • cross section to q=0 using the ratio of distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA) cross sections at q=0 and 0 • , with an additional factor given by the ratio of the cross section calculated with only the central terms of the N N interaction and that with the full force components.Although the above relationship [Eq.( 1)] has been mainly used for CE reaction data at bombarding energies above 100 MeV/nucleon, it is expected to be applicable for (p, n) scattering data involving transitions with appreciable strengths, at energies of the present work (around E p =70 MeV), due to the simple reaction mechanism of the nucleon scattering and to the availability of modern nucleon-nucleus optical model potentials (OMPs).
The experiment was performed at the projectilefragment separator RIPS [20], which is a part of the RIBF accelerator complex operated by RIKEN Nishina Center.The setup was identical to the one used in Ref. [21].The radioactive beam of 14 Be was produced from a 100-MeV/nucleon 18 O beam, which impinged on a 6-mm-thick Be target.The typical beam intensity was 7 kcps with a momentum spread of ∆P/P =±2%.The beam profile was monitored by a pair of parallel-plate avalanche counters (PPACs), placed upstream of the target.The secondary target was a liquid hydrogen target [22] with a cylindrical shape: 3 cm in diameter and 229±6 mg/cm 2 in thickness.The average energy of 14 Be at the target center was 69 MeV/nucleon.The target was surrounded by a NaI(Tl) scintillator array to detect γ rays from charged fragments.The fragments bent by a dipole magnet behind the target were detected by a plastic counter hodoscope, which gave Z identification by ∆E.Their trajectory was measured by a set of multiwire drift chambers placed before and after the magnet, which, together with time of flight, gave mass identification.Neutrons were detected by two walls of plastic scintillator arrays placed 4.6 and 5.8 m downstream of the target.The neutron detection efficiency was 24.1 ± 0.8% for a threshold setting of 4 MeVee.The relative energy E rel of the final system was calculated from the momentum vectors of the charged fragment and the neutron.The bending magnet for the fragment allowed the two detector systems to be located separately.This, together with the kinematical focusing of the reaction products toward forward angles, ensured that the phase space volume of the final decaying system was covered efficiently.
Figure 1 shows relative energy spectra obtained at two different angular bins: (a) θ cm =0 • -16 • and (b) θ cm =16 • -48 • .The effects of finite detector acceptances were corrected.Background contributions due to window materials, measured with an empty target, were less than 0.1 mb/MeV, and were subtracted in the figure.Error bars are statistical ones.A sharp resonance peak, evident at E rel ≈0.3 MeV, is most prominent at forward angles.A bump structure at E rel ≈1.1 MeV is visible only at backward angles, and might correspond to the reported 4 − , 2.08 MeV state observed in the 14 C( 7 Li, 7 Be) 14 B [23] and 12 C( 14 C, 12 N) 14 B [24] reactions.Since this state is weakly populated, the energy of 2.08 MeV was adopted in the subsequent analysis.Another bump at E rel ≈3 MeV was observed for the first time in this study.For the three states no coincident γ rays were identified.
The spectra were analyzed using single Breit-Wigner shape functions as described in Ref. [25] to extract the resonance energy E r , width Γ r , and peak yield.The line shape was obtained in a Monte Carlo simulation which includes the detector response, beam profile, and target thickness.The relative energy resolution was well described by the relationship: ∆E rel =0.20 √ E rel MeV(rms).For strengths beneath the resonance, thermal emission of a neutron from the continuum [26] was assumed.A constant background, which simulates various effects such as overlapping broad resonances and decay to an excited residue was also introduced when needed.Solid lines in Fig. 1 are the results of the fit; the assumed continuum- It is to be noted that the single particle width, Γ sp , is an estimate of the total decay width derived within the oneparticle model in a simple nuclear potential, and that it provides an upper limit for the actual nucleus case where the configuration mixing is generally important.For the 2.08 MeV state, the width was not reliably extracted due to limited signal-to-background ratio near the resonance; it was assumed to be dominated by the resolution.Note that an experimental upper limit of Γ r =0.1 MeV [24] has been reported.For the 4.06 MeV state two different decay angular momenta, l=1 and 2, were considered.The deduced widths are shown in Table I.The resonance energy was similar in the two cases and varied within the errors.
Figure 2 shows differential cross sections leading to the observed states.These were obtained by subdividing the acceptance solid angle to have a spectrum at each angular bin, and applying the fitting procedure to extract the peak yields.Error bars are statistical ones; systematic uncertainties are estimated to be 6%, including those in the target thickness, neutron detection efficiency, and fitting procedure.The resolution in the scattering angle was estimated with the Monte Carlo simulation to vary from ∆θ cm =2.3 Microscopic DWBA calculations were performed to clarify the nature of states observed and to have a means to extrapolate the 1 + cross section to q=0.The OMP was taken from the semi-microscopic parametrization of JLMB [28].Within the local density approximation, the local value of the finite nucleus OMP was deduced from the nuclear matter OMP.The proton and neutron radial density distributions were calculated in a mean field using the SkX interaction [29].The effective N N interaction was the M3Y interaction [30] (force components labeled 1,4,11,14,16,17, and 20 were used).The transition density was obtained from the shell model using the code oxbash [31].The calculations used the WBT Hamiltonian [32] in the spsdpf model space within the 0hω configuration.The single-particle wave functions were generated in a harmonic oscillator well with an oscillator parameter b=2.04 (6) fm, chosen to reproduce the rms matter radius of 14 Be [33].The code dw81 [34] was used for the calculations.
The DWBA cross sections are shown as solid lines in Fig. 2. Normalization factors required for the theoretical curves to reproduce the data are also indicated.For the calculation of the 1.27 MeV state, the wave function of the first 1 + shell-model state predicted at 1.01 MeV was used, while for the 2.08 MeV state that of the first 4 − state at 1.75 MeV was used.The measured cross sections leading to these states, which exhibit characteristic angular distribution patterns, are well reproduced by the calculations, corroborating the earlier spin-parity (J π ) assignments of 1 + for the 1.27 MeV state [10] and 4 − for the 2.08 MeV state [23,24].For the 4.06 MeV state, the calculation was repeated by assuming different shell-model wave functions with various J π values.The angular distribution was found to be best described by the curve assuming the second 3 + state predicted at 4.20 MeV (red line).Another possible candidate was the second 3 − state at 5.70 MeV.Although the calculated cross section, shown in Fig. 2 as a black line, is slightly backward peaked, it is compatible with the data and the possibility could not be completely ruled out.With this a tentative J π assignment of 3 + or 3 − is made to this state.It would be interesting if we could distinguish the two cases by experiments with different sensitivity from the present one.
The extraction of B(GT) leading to the 1 + , 1.27 MeV state was done by using Eq.( 1).The DWBA framework as described above was utilized to calculate the parameter for momentum extrapolation and the distortion factor.In order to see the contribution from the noncentral terms of the N N interaction, two kinds of additional DWBA calculations were performed: one with only the central terms and the other with only the tensor terms, and the results of these calculations are shown as dashed and dotted lines in Fig. 2, respectively (the contribution from the spin-orbit terms turned out to be negligibly small).The ratio of the cross section calculated with only the central terms to that with full force components was 0.961 at θ=0 • , while it was closer to unity, 1.008, at q=0.Two additional sets of OMP parameters [35,36] were used to estimate the uncertainty due to the choice of the optical model.For calculations of the cross section at q=0, the distorting potential in the exit channel was re-evaluated at a neutron energy which satisfies the kinematical constraint.The volume integral |J στ | of the N N interaction can be deduced effectively by analyzing the existing (p, n) 0 + →1 + transition data at a similar incident energy, for which the B(GT) value is well established.The 12 C(p, n) 12 N(1 + , g.s.) reaction data at 61.9 MeV [27], with the corresponding B(GT) value of 0.875 (6) [37], were used for this purpose.In the DWBA analysis, three sets of OMP parameters [28,35,36] and the P(10-16)T shell-model wave function [32] were used.The oscillator parameter chosen was b=1.87 fm [38], which reproduces the maxima of the electron scattering form factors.A result of the fit of the theoretical curve, calculated with the JLMB [28] OMP, to the data is shown as a solid line in Fig. 2. Dashed and dotted curves are again DWBA cross sections calculated with only the central and tensor terms of the N N interaction, respectively.For this transition, switching off the tensor terms had an effect to reduce the cross section by 1.3% (−0.8%) at θ=0 • (q=0).By using Eq.( 1), |J στ | at 61.9 MeV was deduced to be 212.1±3.1(stat)±9.3(syst)MeV fm 3 , where the systematic error includes the uncertainty due to the choice of optical parameters (2%).The value turns out to be consistent with the tabulated ones for the M3Y interaction [39]: |J στ |=211(247) MeV fm 3 at E p =61(40) MeV.From the proportionality between the cross section at q=0 and B(GT) [Eq.( 1)], which assumes |J στ | at 69 MeV obtained by making energy extrapolation using values for the M3Y interaction, the B(GT) for the transition to the 1 + state at 1.27 MeV in 14 B was found to be 0.79±0.03(stat)±0.09(syst).The systematic error includes the uncertainty due to the choice of optical parameters (4%).The value is in good agreement with the β-decay value of B(GT)=0.80±0.09[10], calculated from the f t value using the relationship: B(GT)=(g A /g V ) −2 (6147/f t) [1].
The shell-model prediction obtained using the WBT interaction [32] and the effective GT operators [40], within the 0hω basis, is B(GT)=0.88,which is consistent with the data.This suggests that the ground state of 14 Be is predominantly of 0hω nature.Precision data and improved knowledge on effective GT operators will allow further detailed analyses of the admixtures of higher-hω intruder components [41], in terms of B(GT).
The 14 Be(g.s.) → 14 B(1 + 1 ) transition exhausts only a minor fraction (∼4%) of the GT sum rule: 3(N −Z)=18.Major GT strengths are expected to be located at previously unexplored high excitation energy regions [42,43].CE studies probing such strengths are a challenge (this might need either multiple-neutron detection within the current invariant mass scheme or recoiled-neutron detection in the missing mass scheme), but will shed new light on our understanding of spin-isospin correlations in nuclei at extreme conditions of isospin and binding energy.The present study, quantifying the accuracy for a procedure to extract B(GT) from forward angle (p, n) cross sections on radioactive beams to be of order 15%, paves the way for future investigations in this direction.
In summary, the (p, n) reaction on 14 Be was measured at 69 MeV/nucleon using the invariant mass method.In decay energy spectra three resonance states were observed.A comparison of measured cross sections with DWBA calculations yielded a confirmation of the earlier J π assignments of 1 + and 4 − for the 1.27 and 2.08 MeV states, respectively.It also led to a tentative J π assignment of 3 + or 3 − for a state newly observed at 4.06 MeV.By extrapolating the cross section to q=0, the B(GT) leading to the 1 + state was deduced, which compared well with the β-decay value, providing the first successful demonstration of an experimental capability of extracting GT strengths on unstable nuclei via decay spectroscopy following CE reactions in inverse kinematics.

FIG. 2 .
FIG. 2. Angular distributions of the differential cross section leading to the three states observed (open circles).Data for the 12 C(p, n) 12 N(1 + , g.s.) reaction at 61.9 MeV [27] (open squares) are also shown.Normalization factors applied to the DWBA curves (solid lines) are indicated in the figure.Additional curves, dashed and dotted lines, given for 0 + →1 + transitions are DWBA results obtained, respectively, with only the central and tensor terms of the N N interaction.

TABLE I .
31,10]]ce parameters in the present analysis.The excitation energy of Ex=2.08 MeV is from Refs.[23,24].+,3−)likestrengthsareindicatedasdashedlines.Resulting resonance parameters are summarized in TableI.The orbital angular momenta (l) of decay neutrons are also shown.The excitation energy (E x =E r +S n ) of 1.27(2)MeV for the peak at E rel ≈0.3 MeV agrees well with the reported value of 1.28(2) MeV for the first 1 + state in 14 B[9,10].The width of Γ r =0.16(2) MeV is consistent with the single-particle estimate of Γ sp =0.31MeV for an l=1 resonance calculated in a Woods-Saxon potential, while it is significantly larger than Γ sp =0.02 MeV for a d-wave, supporting the assumption of a p-wave decay.