Comparison of the effect of milk and pistachio snacks (pistacia vera) consumption on satiety status, body fat percent, and macronutrient intake in overweight or obese women: A randomized controlled trial
Introduction
Women are more facing an increased risk of obese than their male counterparts (Mitchell and Shaw, 2015). The weight-loss diet is the cornerstone of obesity management (Bray et al., 2016). Even so, recently published research has revealed that overweight or obese individuals have trouble losing and maintain weight successfully (Jackson and Hu, 2014). Estimations of attenuation rates in the weight-loss diet approach are high (30–60%) (Douketis et al., 2005). The achievement of a weight-loss diet has a close relationship with compliance, which, in turn, highly depends on hunger, appetite, and satiety (Chapelot and Payen, 2010). A satiety control strategy is a novel method for achieving and maintaining an optimal body weight (Hetherington et al., 2013). Satiety refers to the signals or processes occurs after a meal inhibiting eating before hunger returns (Morell and Fiszman, 2017). Simply put, satiety suppresses over-eating, leading to overweightness and obesity (Benelam, 2009). It is clear that the kind of snacks consumed has a significant role in satiety status (Furchner-Evanson et al., 2010). Snacking between meals can potentially enhance the satiety process and suppresses overeating during the subsequent meal (Drummond et al., 1996; Miller et al., 2013). Snacking patterns and snack food choices differ between obese and non-obese people (Cleobury and Tapper, 2014; Dougkas et al., 2012). Overweight and obese people usually make unhealthy snack choices (Cleobury and Tapper, 2014). With no specific guidance for snacking choices, many people may be unaware about the effects of snacking on health or the best food and drink choices to make when eating between meals (Miller et al., 2013). Milk and pistachio, as functional food (Bhat and Bhat, 2011; Terzo et al., 2017), can be a healthy snack choice. However, results are inconsistent regarding their effect on satiety (Carughi et al., 2019; Onvani et al., 2017; Wilson (2014)), when consumed as a mid-morning snack. The present study was to examine the effect of the consumption of milk and pistachio snacks on satiety as a primary outcome and body-fat percent and macronutrient was survived as a secondary outcome in overweight or obese women.
Section snippets
Design
This randomized cross-over trial lasted for over two one-months, with a 6-day wash-out period (Dougkas et al., 2012). All procedures involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declarations (IRCT20181024041448N1). Based on previous researches (Gibbons et al., 2014), sample size was estimated about sixty persons. All participants lived in the university's campus, with an almost similar
Results
Fifty-two subjects completed this trial. The mean age was 24.4 ± 4.2 years (range: 18–50) and the mean BMI was 27.89 ± 2.78 kg/m2 (range: 24.9<). The baseline characteristics of participants did not have any significant differences, in run-in period (Table 1). Furthermore, the satiety score between the pistachio and milk group (before breakfast) was not statistically different. As the results show, the possible carry-over effect was significantly different between two periods (p-value = 0.029);
Discussion
There were no significant differences in AUC of satiety from consumed milk and pistachio snacks. However, there was a statistically significant difference between the mean of satiety status scores after consuming milk and pistachio snacks at 2 min. The plateau was observed in satiety score crave after consuming milk snacks.
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Immediately after snacks consumed; average satiety score for pistachio was higher than milk: The consumption of nut create a satiety feeling due to the high energy, fiber,
Conclusion
This study was conducted on people who, despite being overweight or obese and unsatisfied with their body weight, were not reluctant to follow the suggested weight loss diet. The selected snacks were among the most common ones, which can be eaten by most people as a habitual eating behavior. Even small effect on satiety and decrease energy intake of these persons can make large beneficial effects from the public health point of view. We recommend that future research works consider the
Funding sources
This work was supported by Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences the under Grant [IR.AJUMS.REC.1397.529].
Ethics approval
All procedures involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declarations (IRCT20181024041448N1).
Author contributions
LSH, IR and MK designed the study. LSH did the literature search and screening data. SM-L, MK, and LSH analyzed and interpreted data and wrote the manuscript. MK finalized the manuscript and supervised the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Majid Karandish: designed the study, analyzed and interpreted data and wrote the manuscript, finalized the manuscript and supervised the study, Writing – original draft, Conceptualization, Methodology, Data curation, Writing – review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration. Leila Sheikhi: did the literature search and screening data, analyzed and interpreted data and wrote the manuscript, Writing – original draft, Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Data
Declaration of competing interest
No conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran the under Grant [IR.AJUMS.REC.1397.529].
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