Basic SciencePathology of the oesophagus and stomach
Section snippets
Atresia
During embryonic development of the upper gastrointestinal tract, the laryngotracheal diverticulum develops from the ventral foregut during week 4 of gestation. Anomalies occur from faulty division of the foregut into these oesophageal and tracheal channels. Tracheal dominance with oesophageal stenosis or atresia is the more common form of unequal division and a fistula is usually present. Pure oesophageal atresia without a fistula is rare. Oesophageal atresia with tracheo-oesopheal fistula is
Squamous papilloma
Squamous papilloma is the most common benign neoplasm of the oesophagus, which usually occurs in the lower third. The lesions have a multi-lobulated appearance with a granular, or warty surface and a firm consistency. They are usually small (15 mm diameter) and may be multiple. Histologically, they have a papillary architecture and a central core of vascular connective tissue covered by stratified squamous epithelium. There is no atypia or dysplasia. Cytological changes suggestive of Human
Gastritis and peptic ulcer disease
Peptic ulcer disease represents a heterogeneous group of disorders which are characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the gastric or duodenal mucosa that occurs when the normal mucosal defence system is overwhelmed by noxious stimuli such as acid, pepsin, bile, drugs and ischaemia. The main factors that may predispose to ulcer formation are NSAIDs, including aspirin, corticosteroids and Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastric ulcers are most common in the antral/pre-pyloric region.
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Gastric neoplasms
Gastric polyps are a heterogeneous group of lesions found in 6% of upper GI endoscopies. Epithelial polyps are the most prevalent type of gastric polyp, which can be further subdivided into hyperplastic polyps (and variants) and neoplastic polyps, including adenomas, which by definition exhibit dysplasia. Fundic gland (cystic) polyps (FGPs) have been traditionally regarded as hamartomatous lesions but increasing evidence suggests they may be neoplastic. FGPs are the most common gastric polyps
Lymphoma
The gastrointestinal tract accounts for 30–50% of primary extra-nodal lymphomas and the stomach is the most commonly involved site (50–60% of cases). In adults, non-Hodgkins lymphoma is the second most common neoplasm of the stomach, following adenocarcinoma. Lymphomas are the most common gastric tumour type in childhood. There is a preponderance for B-cell lymphomas, with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and marginal zone lymphoma of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma)
Gastro Intestinal Stromal Tumour (GIST)
GISTs are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the GI tract and are believed to arise from or show differentiation towards the gut pacemaker cells, or interstitial cells of Cajal. GISTs occur within the GI tract from the oesophagus to the anorectum, with the majority of cases developing within the stomach (50–60%), small intestine and less commonly the colorectum. GISTs are exceptionally rare in the oesophagus. Unlike GI epithelial carcinomas, GISTs originate within the deeper wall of the
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Prediction of recurrence of early gastric carcinoma after endoscopic submucosal dissection
2023, African Health Sciences