A planar rectangular slot multiband patch antenna for GNSS/WLAN/X-band applications

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Abstract

A compact planar simple configuration four band antenna for GNSS/WLAN/X-band operation is discussed in this article. The antenna comprise of a λ4 rectangular slot in the radiating part and a rectangular slot at the ground plane. The inclusions of these slots helps the proposed antenna in achieving better gain and impedance matching. The antenna has a miniature size of 0.21λ0×0.21λ0×0.008λ0 where λ0 is the free space wavelength at the lower operating frequency of 1.6 GHz. The antenna shows operating performance at 1.6 (GNSS)/5.7 (WLAN)/7.1/7.8 (X-band) with S11 < −10 dB criteria impedance bandwidth of about 6.28% (1.54–1.64 GHz)/4% (5.55–5.78 GHz)/4.7% (6.85–7.18 GHz)/3% (7.62–7.92 GHz), respectively. The antenna has stable radiation pattern and total gain of about 5.7/3.79/3.5/5.4 dB at the operating frequencies 1.6/5.7/7.1/7.8 GHz.

Introduction

In wireless communication systems antennas are designed to operate over several bands of frequencies have received immense attention. Micro strip patch antennas are preferred to satisfy needs of diverse wireless applications. In comparison to conventional antennas, micro strip patch antennas have a less weight, low cost, ease of fabrication and conformity. In addition to this, they can provide and flexible integration with the monolithic integrated circuits [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14]. The micro strip patch antenna comprises radiating patch, a dielectric body and a ground plane. The dielectric body lies between the ground plane and the patch. Conducting materials like copper or gold are usually used to make the patch. The feed lines along with the radiating patch are etched on the body. To design a micro strip patch antenna, square, circular, rectangular, triangular, elliptical etc. shapes are generally used [4]. In order to have good antenna efficiency and gain, the height of the substrate (hs) is normally Structure.

This paper presents a multiband square-shaped microstrip patch antenna that operates at four bands i.e. 1.6 (GNSS), 5.7 (WLAN), 7.1 and 7.8 GHz (X-band). The substrate used is FR4 epoxy with height 1.6 mm, relative permittivity 4.4, and a loss tangent 0.02. In the proposed antenna two rectangular slots are introduced, one in the front patch and another in the ground plane. The slot in the front patch helps to increase the gain and to accommodate multiple bands. The ground plane slot helps to improve the impedance matching of the operating bands. The shape and size of the slots are finalized by varying the dimensions. The proposed design has the advantage of simple design configuration, more gain and multiband operation as compared to the design presented in [3], [4], [5], [6], [7].

Section snippets

Methodology

The proposed configuration is outlined with the help of flow chart as shown in Fig. 1. The proposed design is evolved from two prior stages and the optimum design is achieved as shown in Fig. 2. The first stage of the antenna is a basic micro strip patch antenna. The antenna design equations are given bellow [12]:Wp=c2f0εr+12Lp=c2f0εefc-0.824hsεefc+0.3Wphs+0.264εefc-0.258Wphs+0.8εeff=εrel+12+εrel-1211+12hsWpA=ZL60εrel+1212+εrel-1εrel+10.23+0.115εrelWfhs=8expAexp2A-2L_f=λ_g/4Where, Wp is the

Parametric analysis

The parametric analysis is performed by varying certain antenna dimensions while keeping the rest constant. The analysis is carried out by varying the width of the slot in the ground plane. It is observed that the optimum result is achieved when Wgs = 3 mm. When Wgs = 2.5 mm, the performance is not good at frequencies higher than 5 GHz as shown in Fig. 5.

The feed line width is varied and it is observed that the most optimum result occurs at Wf = 5 mm, as shown in Fig. 6.

The third part of the

Results

HFSS v.13.0 is used for simulation. Fig. 9 shows the S11 characteristics of the antenna. The antenna has an operating bandwidth of 6.28%, 100 MHz (1.54–1.64 GHz) centered at 1.6 GHz (GNSS), 4%, 230 MHz (5.55–5.78 GHz) centered at 5.7 GHz, 4.7%, 330 MHz (6.85–7.18 GHz) centered at 7.1 GHz, 3%, 300 MHz (7.62–7.92 GHz) centered at 7.8 GHz (X-band).

The input impedance of the antenna is outlined in Fig. 10. The first and second bands are inductive in nature with impedance of about (64 + j6.8) Ω and

Conclusion

A multiband slotted micro strip patch antenna is designed and simulated using HFSS and is analysed using FEM method. The two rectangular slots in the antenna, (i.e. one in the radiating element and the other in the ground plane) are placed and etched out in such a manner that it provides good gain and impedance matching. Parametric analysis are done to fix the antenna parameters and it can be seen that slight deviations from the fixed dimensions hampers the operational behaviour of the antenna.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

R.B. Jagadeesh Chandra: Conceptualization, Software, Writing - original draft. Tanweer Ali: Methodology, Data curation, Visualization, Investigation, Supervision. Omprakash Kumar: Software, Validation. M.M. Manohara Pai: Writing - review & editing.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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