Synthesis of polyaniline nanorods and Fe3O4 microspheres on graphene nanosheets and enhanced microwave absorption performances
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Currently, serious electromagnetic (EM) interference pollution results from the rapid development of electromagnetic wave devices, such as network system, radar equipment [[1], [2], [3]]. Consequently, high-performance EM wave absorbers with thin thickness, broad bandwidth, lightweight, and strong absorption have attracted growing attention [4,5]. The EM wave absorbers can convert the incident EM wave into thermal energy or other energy [[6], [7], [8]]. According to different loss mechanisms of EM wave, the traditional microwave absorption materials can be divided into magnetic loss materials, such as ferrite [9,10], carbonyl iron [11], Co3O4 [12], Fe3O4 [[13], [14], [15]], and dielectric loss materials like carbon nanotubes [[16], [17], [18]], conducting polymers [[19], [20], [21]], graphene [[22], [23], [24], [25], [26]]. Compared with magnetic materials, dielectric loss materials possess light-weight, higher complex permittivity [27]. However, in terms of the EM energy principle, the dielectric materials alone can not meet nice impedance matching. Hence, it should be promising and meaningful to study the composite materials (including dielectric loss and magnetic loss), which can accord with the demand of high performance EM wave absorbers for suitable impedance matching feature.
Geng et al. fabricated PANI/graphene composites by in-situ polymerization method, the microwave absorption results showed that the maximum absorption capacity was only −17 dB at 5.6 GHz for a coating thickness of 5.5 mm [28]. Inspired by microstructure design, some reports have been devoted to investigate PANI morphology on the surface of graphene nanosheets. For instance, Wang et al. grew PANI nanorod arrays on the top of N-doped graphene, which showed a maximum RL of −38.8 dB with a thickness of 3 m [29]. Liu et al. reported graphene@polyaniline fim composite and the maximum RL could be up to −41.4 dB, the absorption bandwidth exceeding −10 dB was 4.2 GHz [30]. However, most of researches have been investigated the microwave absorption performances of graphene@PANI, and there are few reports concerning the introduction of magnetic particles on microwave absorption properties of graphene@PANI. The addition of magnetic particles can increase the impedance matching between permittivity and permeability, which is beneficial to enhanced EM wave absorption.
Based on the previous research, it can be concluded that apart from dielectric loss and magnetic loss, the impedance matching and synergistic effect can also be determined by size and shape of material, which makes much contribution to microwave absorption properties. In this work, the hierarchical structure of Fe3O4@graphene@PANI nanorod composite was fabricated and their EM wave absorption mechanisms were investigated. The introduction of PANI nanorods can increase interfacial polarization and orientation polarization, which is in favor of EM wave absorption. The maximum RL value of Fe3O4@graphene@PANI composite can achieve −43.7 dB at 10.7 GHz and absorption bandwidth below −10 dB is 5.4 GHz (6.8–12.2 GHz) for a thickness of 3 mm, which is superior to that of Fe3O4, Fe3O4@graphene.
Section snippets
Experimental
The graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized according to the previous literature process [31]. The synthesis of Fe3O4@graphene was carried out by a hydrothermal method. In detail, 0.3 g GO was dissolved in 300 mL ethylene glycol via ultraphonic treatment, then 1.2 g FeCl3 6H2O, 3.6 g CH3COONa and 12 mL ethylene diamine were added to the solution by stirring. The solution was placed to a Teflon-lined steel autoclave. After reacting at 200 °C for 8 h, the products were washed with ethanol and
Results and discussion
The crystal structures of Fe3O4@graphene, Fe3O4@graphene@PANI composite were analyzed by XRD, as shown in Fig. 1. For Fe3O4@graphene shown in Fig. 1b, the diffraction peaks at 30.1°, 35.6°, 43.2°, 53.7°, 57.2°, 62.7° are assigned to the (2 2 0), (3 1 1), (4 0 0), (4 2 2), (5 1 1) and (4 4 0) planes of Fe3O4, which is consistent with the standard card of Fe3O4 (JCPDS no. 19-0629) and no peaks of impurities are detected [32]. However, the peaks of graphene do not arise in Fe3O4@graphene due to
Conclusion
In this study, the hierarchical structure of Fe3O4@graphene@PANI was fabricated and exhibited improved microwave absorption properties compared with Fe3O4, Fe3O4@graphene. The maximum RL values of Fe3O4@graphene@PANI hierarchical structure is up to −43.7 dB at 10.7 GHz and the effective absorption bandwidth with RL below −10 dB ranges from 6.8 to 12.2 GHz with a matching thickness of 3 mm, owing to its moderate impedance matching, enhanced interfacial polarization and orientation polarization.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No 61701386, No 51303147, No 51502233 and No 21506167), Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China (Grant No 2017JQ5060, 2016JQ2034), Key Science and Technology Industrial Program of Shaanxi Province, China (No. 2016GY-204) and President's Fund of Xi'an Technological University (project No. XAGDXJJ16002).
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