Plastic pollution on eight beaches of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain): An annual study
Introduction
Since the beginning of the use of plastic, the possibilities of its application grew constantly. Today these organic polymers are present all over and it became almost impossible to live a plastic-free life. The possibility of this wide range of use and cost-effective fabrication led to a worldwide production of 335 million tons of plastic in 2016, with an upwelling trend (PlasticsEurope, 2018). But what if the plastics after its use cannot be recycled properly and end up as waste in the environment?
Until 2015 humankind produced already 6300 million metric tons of plastic waste, of which approximately only 9% were recycled (Geyer et al., 2017). Around 60% of all ever produced plastics are accumulating in landfills or in the natural environment (Geyer et al., 2017). According to Barnes et al. (2009) the major release of plastics to the environment is the result of improper human behavior, e.g. littering. The litter can originate from domestic, agricultural and industrial activities (Koutsodendris et al., 2008). Randomly disposed waste in landscape can be easily wind-blown and thus reach any water body (Barnes et al., 2009). On the other hand, synthetic fibers of clothing discharged from washing machines as well as microbeads from personal care products can enter the aquatic environment via sewage treatment plants (Browne et al., 2011; Rochman et al., 2015a).
The most frequently definition of microplastics are particles >5 mm as it was recommended by NOAA in 2008. Nevertheless a common definition for the size of plastic debris is still missing, but control of plastic emission will depend on an international agreed definition (GESAMP, 2015; Hartmann et al., 2019). Here we used the size classification for plastic debris based on the SI nomenclature as suggested by Hartmann et al. (2019).
Already since the early 70s it is known that plastic pollutes the oceans and is ingested by marine biota (Carpenter and Smith, 1972; Colton et al., 1974). At first mainly seen as an aesthetic problem and basically insignificant for research (Derraik, 2002), this subject gained relevance in recent years. Plastic is now considered the most common type of marine debris and represents a growing environmental problem (Barnes et al., 2009; Cole et al., 2011; Derraik, 2002; Moore, 2008; Thiel et al., 2013; Thompson et al., 2009) and aquatic pollution is reported from all over the world. Low density particles form garbage patches on the oceans' surface in the world's gyres (Eriksen et al., 2014, Eriksen et al., 2013; Law et al., 2010; Lebreton et al., 2018; Moore et al., 2001).Plastics with a higher density or because of fouling processes are reaching the deep sea (Van Cauwenberghe et al., 2013). Beaches of every continent have been reported to suffer plastic pollution of marine origin (Iñiguez et al., 2016; Li et al., 2016), even in the polar regions (Bergmann and Klages, 2012; Munari et al., 2017) or on remote islands (Barnes, 2005; Monteiro et al., 2018). This shows that plastic has the potential to drift far away from the original entry point.
The North Atlantic Gyre shows a high concentration of plastic waste (Eriksen et al., 2010; Law et al., 2010) and its main current passing over the Azores and Portugal stream into the Canary stream brings plastic waste to the Canarian Archipelago (Fig. 1). This not only leads to pollution of the islands, but eventually biota, which is hitch-hiking on the plastic particles, can pose a threat as invasive species (Gregory, 2009). Another entry source is the trade winds, which can bring waste from the nearby African continent to the Canary Islands.
The Canary Islands, because of their volcanic origin, their location and the topography have a sensitive ecosystem, which among other things also includes some endemic species and can therefore easily been disturbed.
For the Canary Islands, plastic pollution has been reported along the beaches of Fuerteventura, Lanzarote and La Graciosa (Baztan et al., 2014; Edo et al., 2019; Herrera et al., 2018). For Tenerife, the largest and most visited island in the archipelago and, therefore potentially more susceptible to pollution, studies are very scarce (Álvarez-Hernández et al., 2019; Villanova Solano et al., 2018). Both studies suggested a very low occurrence of plastic particles, except for Playa Grande (Poris). Sampling was conducted only one time per beach, in February 2018 and in October, November and December 2018, respectively. While Álvarez-Hernández et al. (2019) sampled approximately every 10 m along the high tide line of every beach, Villanova Solano et al. (2018) sampled only in one spot of each beach.
This study was conducted in 2016/2017 and thus represents the first investigation about marine debris stranded on beaches of Tenerife. For the first time the evolution of plastic accumulation on eight strandlines of the island along one year was assessed. The main objective of the present study is the determination of beach pollution along the coastline of Tenerife. Therefore, the temporal variability of debris accumulation during one year was studied. Furthermore the study aimed to analyze the spatial variability, not only between sampling sites, but also alongside each beach. This information not only is necessary to establish future monitoring protocols, but also to expand the data network in Europe, which in turn is crucial to help advise policymakers in their decisions (Rochman et al., 2016). Hence it is possible to invoke positive changes to mitigate environmental accumulation of plastic (Rochman et al., 2016).
Section snippets
Research area
A total of eight beaches of Tenerife were surveyed in intervals of five weeks between July 2016 and June 2017, two on the northern coastline and three on the southern and western coastline, respectively (Fig. 2). Strandlines hereafter were referred to as Almaciga, Arena, Cristianos, Gaviotas, Poris, Puertito, Socorro and Tejita. Beaches were chosen based on their accessibility, their orientation towards the main currents and their touristic pressure (Table 1).
Sampling
Based on the methods of previous
Total abundance
Overall, a total of 850 samples were obtained from eight locations throughout the months of July 2016 to July 2017. Depending on the length of every beach, most samples were taken on the strandlines of Tejita (280) and Cristianos (251), followed by Almaciga (63), Socorro (55), Gaviotas (46), Poris (44), Arena (40), and Puertito (30) (Fig. 2).
The total accumulation of plastic particles along the high tide line showed significant differences between locations (Kruskal-Wallis-Test, p-value <
Discussion
The plastic pollution values found were very wide ranged, not only between locations but also between the sampling dates on every beach. Values of plastic weight mainly supported values of the amount of particles found on every location. Nevertheless they showed more variability as it can be seen in the temporal variability of Arena and Gaviotas, as well as on position 3 and 6 of Almaciga (spatial variability). This might be due to the different types of existing plastic and their densities. No
Conclusion
Tenerife presents plastic pollution on every studied beach. The plastic concentration was variable during the year and different for every sampling site. Furthermore, the amount of plastic showed high variability between strandlines in general, but especially on Poris, Puertito and Almaciga high levels of contamination were found. Along the year each beach presented a consistent spatial pattern of accumulation.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgement
We are grateful to the IEO for the help to process the samples in this study. Also, we wish a special acknowledgement to all citizen participants who helped collect data, especially Gianfranco Villa, who spent many hours helping gathering samples. This work was funded by project MICROTROFIC (ULPGC2015-04) awarded to A. H. which was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship granted by Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-2014).
Author contributions
S.R. designed the experimental work, conducted the sampling, processed the samples in the laboratory, analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. A.H. performed statistical analyzes and graphics with R. C.H. contributed to design the experimental work. All authors contributed to the acquisition of the data and edited the article.
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